Tuesday, October 04, 2022

'Nobody' questioned slavery: DeSantis roasted for remarks about early U.S. history

Tiffany Terrell
October 03, 2022

Florida Governor Ron DeSantis visits 2019 Miami 
Open at the Hard Rock Stadium in 2019
. (Leonard Zhukovsky / Shutterstock.com)

A recent speech by Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis (R) is drawing criticism after he posted it to Twitter.

Multiple historians have accused Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis (R) of misconstruing facts — in which he declared that "nobody had questioned" slavery until the American revolution.

DeSantis made the remarks Sept. 20. He argued that it was the "American revolution that caused people to question slavery."
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"Nobody had questioned it before we decided as Americans that we are endowed by our creator with inalienable rights and that we are all created equal," he added. "Then that birthed abolition movements."

After making his speech, DeSantis posted a portion of it via Twitter and it quickly surpassed 900,000 views. It also attracted criticism. Speaking to Newsweek, historians weighed in with critical assessments of the Florida governor's remarks.

Professor Karin Wulf, who focuses on the study of eighteenth-century British American history at Brown University, said, "On at least three levels this is wrong. The idea of natural rights didn't originate with the American revolutionaries; they were reflecting ideas that were widespread among political thinkers, perhaps most obviously the 17th-century English political philosopher John Locke.

"The United States as a government did not act against slavery in any form until 1807 (prohibition of the Atlantic slave trade) and acted in key ways to protect it right up to the Civil War (the fugitive slave act)," she added.

"Most egregiously, the idea that 'no one' questioned slavery erases enslaved people themselves who were active in resisting slavery both as individuals and collectively and in refusing the logic and legality of their enslavement."

Seth Rockman, a Brown University associate professor who researches slavery economics, suggested that DeSantis' comments about Black Americans are part of a greater agenda stemming from white nationalism.

"DeSantis clearly has not done the reading for class, but his error here goes beyond ignorance of the last several decades of research on anti-slavery thinking and organizing over the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries," Rockman said. "What DeSantis does here is more pernicious because it places Black people outside the category of 'we' and 'Americans'— a move that can only be understood as part of DeSantis's strategy to ride white nationalism to higher office.

"This statement is yet another deliberate DeSantis move to 'trigger' or 'own the libs,' but let's think about the implications of DeSantis's statement here: When DeSantis says 'no one' he pretends that enslaved African and African-descended people aren't worth taking seriously as people whose opinions about slavery might matter, then or now," Rockman continued.

"The slaves who staged massive revolts in New York, South Carolina, and other mainland colonies throughout the colonial era, were they not questioning slavery?"
Wolves and beavers may be the key to restoring ecosystems in the American West

October 03, 2022
Celeste Headlee
Julia Corcoran
Allison Hagan

A beaver swims in the forest near Puerto Williams, Chile on February 05, 2020. 
(Pablo Cozzaglio/AFP via Getty Images)

Scientists have a plan to help restore wildlife habitat in the American West by moving grazing livestock off public lands and reintroducing two controversial species: wolves and beavers.

In a recent study published in the journal Bioscience, ecologists and biologists focus on what they call the Western Rewilding Network — 500,000 acres of federal public lands spread across 11 Western states. The plan is a response to the Biden administration's call to conserve 30% of American lands and waters by 2030.

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Ecologist George Wuerthner, executive director of Public Lands Media, co-authored the study and says the plan aims to address a significant loss of biodiversity in the U.S. by protecting the species’ habitats. The plan also provides a cost-effective way to store carbon in soil that can address extreme weather events like wildfires in the West, hurricanes back East and melting ice in the Arctic.

Wolves and beavers have massive impacts on their environments and other critters but are not always beloved by humans who live nearby.

“Both wolves and beavers are what we consider keystone species. Keystone refers to the idea of an archway and the last stone that goes in and holds the whole arch together,” Wuerthner says. “Certain species are like that for their ecosystems.”

For decades, wolves have been one of the most hotly debated issues in the West. By eating certain prey species, wolves have effects throughout the ecosystem. In Yellowstone National Park, for example, bringing back wolves caused red fox populations to increase because the number of coyotes declined.

As the top predator, wolves require large spaces, so reintroducing the species creates a big reserve area. Without wolves, livestock and some native species like elk can over-graze riparian areas, Wuerthner says.

“Riparian areas are the wetlands and vegetation affected by water along streams and waterways that are very crucial in Western landscapes for all kinds of wildlife,” he says. “Up to 70% of the native species in the West rely on riparian areas at some point in their lifecycle, so recovering riparian areas is really essential to this whole idea of trying to bring back habitat for wildlife.”

Humans often complain about industrious beavers, whose dams sometimes flood roads and areas people want to keep dry. These “ecosystem engineers” lived across the West at one point in history, Wuerthner says.

On federal lands, the impact on individuals from beavers causing floods would be minimal, he says.

“[Beavers’] dams slowed the flow of water, so we had less flooding,” he says. “The way that the dams trap sediment meant the water quality was better and the creation of these wetlands and protection of the repaired areas provided all this habitat for wildlife.”

Reducing the amount of livestock on public land would reduce the number of conflicts with species like wolves, Wuerthner says. That solution might sound great to environmentalists and biologists, but ranchers may not agree.

Back in 2016, there was a standoff with the federal government at the Mellon National Wildlife Refuge in Oregon. And another conflict over grazing areas for livestock on public land broke out on the Bundy ranch in Nevada in 2014. Ecologists like Wuerthner are proposing a buyout for ranchers who graze on these public lands.

“The thing to remember is that it is public land and it means it's owned by all citizens. And any use by commercial industry, including the livestock industry, is a privilege,” he says. “It is not something that is guaranteed.”

Cattle make ranchers a marginal profit in the West because of the arid climate — which is also the reason why the animals do so much damage to the landscape, Wuerthner says. Ranchers can use the buyout money to retire or buy more private land to continue raising cattle, he says.

And the federal government spends more administering grazing allotments than it makes back from the fees, he says.

“Carbon storage is worth far more on these lands,” Wuerthner says, “and that would be improved by the elimination of cattle.”

Julia Corcoran produced and edited this interview for broadcast with Peter O'Dowd. Allison Hagan adapted it for the web.


This segment aired on October 3, 2022.

Dr. Bob Bond grew up going to Priest Lake, the remote Idaho wetlands at center of Supreme Court case

October 03, 2022
Bob and Georgene Bond's property on Lake Priest. (Bob and Georgene Bond)

On Monday, the first day of its new term, the Supreme Court is hearing a big environmental case. It involves a couple who tried to fill in wetlands on their property to build a house until the Environmental Protection Agency said stop.

The court's ruling could have significant repercussions on how the government regulates wetlands and handles attempts to develop them. The wetlands at issue in the Supreme Court case are near Priest Lake, a remote spot in northern Idaho.


"This case implicates millions of acres of wetlands throughout the entire country," said Camille Pannu, associate professor at Columbia Law School. "So it's a really critical case in terms of how we protect wetlands and also the role that wetlands play when we think about protecting our freshwater sources."

Here & Now's Celeste Headlee speaks with Dr. Bob Bond, who has been coming to the lake since 1939 shortly after he was born. He's now 83. His Dad built a cabin there, not on wetlands, where Bond and his wife live for part of the year.

This segment aired on October 3, 2022.

Hurricane Fiona exposes social inequality in Puerto Rico

On September 16, two days before Hurricane Fiona hit Puerto Rico, a video El Apagón—Aquí vive gente was posted in YouTube, featuring “Apagón” (Blackout), a song by Puerto Rican singer Bad Bunny about the blackout crisis on the island. 

The video, with its powerful message denouncing the growing inequality on the island, exposes the power crisis, which followed the privatization of the public utility after Hurricane Maria and the bankruptcy restructuring of the island. At the time LUMA Energy promised reliable, better and less expensive service. All three assurances had long been exposed as lies when the video documentary was released. 

People clean debris from a road after a mudslide caused by
 Hurricane Fiona in Cayey, Puerto Rico, Sunday, September 18, 2022.
[AP Photo/Stephanie Rojas]

“Apagón” depicts the popular anger that exists in Puerto Rico, long before the hurricane that hit two days after its release. Five days after its release “Apagón” had been shared 6.4 million times.

“God has been good to us and kept us safe this time when things could have been much worse,” said Vice-Governor Anya Williams, downplaying the disastrous flooding and mudslides and the wholly inadequate response by federal and local authorities and LUMA management. 

No disaster is purely a natural event; it also has political and social content. The frequency and severity of hurricanes is bound up with climate change and the refusal of capitalist governments to take any serious measures to address it. Moreover, the catastrophic impact that Hurricanes Katrina (New Orleans, 2005), Maria, Fiona and so many others is conditioned by the vast socioeconomic inequality that defines Puerto Rico, the United States and the rest of the world. 

Both Governor Pedro Pierluisi and the electricity monopoly LUMA Energy had to walk back their promise that electricity would be restored within days. Predictably, the wealthy neighborhoods in San Juan and the beach condos were first in line.

This week, President Biden pledged “100 percent assistance” for Puerto Rico. What has in fact been offered is a pittance in “emergency aid.” Deanne Criswell, who heads Biden’s Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA), told Governor Pedro Pierluisi that it was making available an insulting $700 in aid per household. Criswell went out of her way to emphasize that this was way over the $500 offered in 2017 after the landing of Hurricane Maria.

This is Biden’s version of the infamous tossing of rolls of paper towels to people by President Trump five years ago. Despite all assurances in 2017, five years later less than one-third of the promised reconstruction has taken place and the island’s electricity grid is in the hands of a profit-driven private firm. 

President Biden also appoints the voting members of the Financial Control Board, which has placed the Puerto Rican economy on rations since the 2017 bankruptcy.

A week after the hurricane, 62 percent of households are still without power and face fuel shortages to power their generators, if they have them. Forty percent of households still lack running water. One thousand people are stuck in public shelters. Those most affected live in working class urban and rural municipalities. 

As with Hurricanes Irma and Maria, the real human cost of this storm is being concealed. Five years ago, between 3,000 and 5,000 people died from Hurricane Maria, which did not flood the island like Fiona has done. Over 30 inches (76 centimeters) of water fell in parts of the island. The report of only four casualties has been met with skepticism.

As flood waters recede, the devastating impact of this storm is becoming clearer. A preliminary estimate from the Puerto Rican Agriculture Department is that wind and flood damage exceeds $100 million, including the loss of this year’s banana and coffee crops and green vegetables. In addition, the storm virtually wiped out the bee industry. The Agriculture Department warned that when the full data is in, actual damages will surely exceed Friday’s account.

The collapse of roads and bridges from the flooding left scores of households isolated in six municipalities. Short on resources, local authorities report having to rely on volunteers, religious groups, NGOs (non-governmental organizations) and individuals to deliver food and first aid while waiting for government and FEMA assistance to clear roads and repair bridges.

Mexico City’s El Proceso news magazine interviewed Manuel Veguilla in a mountain region near Caguas, south of San Juan. “We are all incommunicado,” declared Veguilla, adding that he was worried about the elderly residents of the municipality, including his brother, who lack the strength to walk to the nearest community. Veguilla doubted that city workers would be able to reach the area, describing large boulders that have been left by the receding flood waters. Meanwhile neighbors are sharing water and food left by a volunteer group. The community still lacks electricity and must rely on spring water.

On September 1, two weeks before the hurricane hit, a mass protest of workers and students took place in San Juan denouncing the LUMA Energy debacle and social inequality. In addition to demanding that LUMA’s 15-year contract be rescinded, protesters carried signs calling for the restoration of social services, including the reopening of hundreds of schools that had been closed in the last decade. 

This was the latest in a series of protests, marches and rallies against the devastating social conditions in the US territory. Eighteen days ahead of Hurricane Fiona’s appearance, one demonstrator, José Rodriguez from Río Piedras, said he had come to the rally during the hurricane season because he was afraid that a total blackout would take place. “As an individual, I can survive,” declared Rodriguez, “but I must think about the more than 30,000, which are bed-ridden. I must think about what happened after Hurricane Maria.”

US could make green card process easier,

changes for H-1B too. Here's how


US Green Card: The commission's recommendations on the

green card include reducing the adjudication and processing

time for the applications to just six months.

Green Card: The recommendations were made in May this year.(Reuters File)
Green Card: The recommendations were made in May this year.(Reuters File)

As the White House looks into recommendations of a commission to reduce adjudication and processing of Green Card applications, it could become easier for immigrants to US to get the Green Card. The Green Card, known as a Permanent Resident Card, is issued to immigrants to the US as evidence of permanent residency.

The commission's recommendations on the green card include reducing the adjudication and processing time for the applications to just six months. Removing all backlogs by April next year is also part of the recommendations, PTI reported.

“If there is a query or more information is needed, USCIS (the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services) and the Department of State (DOS) shall continue to process the applications outside the six-month goal and adjudicate decisions in a timely fashion. If an application is not completed in six months, then it will not be terminated and will continue to be processed in a timely fashion ongoing,” the commission said.

The recommendations would be very helpful as amid Covid related closures resulting in staff cuts, processing of green cards has been slow and difficult.

Out of the annual 226,000 green cards available, only 65,452 family-based preference green cards were issued in 2021.

The commission said in its report that family-based visa backlog exceeds 7.5 million applications and therefore speeding up the process was important. 

Additionally, the commission also recommended automatic extension of work permit renewal to 365 days. Work permit holders apply for renewals for an automatic 180-day extension if their authorisation lapses.

Additionally, the committee has also recommended adjudicating requests for temporary work programmes, such as the H-1B and H-2A visas within two months.

Former Germany Chancellor Angela Merkel wins UN refugee agency prize over welcome of Syrians

Angela Merkel, the former German Chancellor, received the prestigious awards for her efforts in welcoming more than 1 million refugees into the country, notably Syrians fleeing the country's civil war.


The UNHCR Nansen Refugee Award - received by Merkel - honours individuals, groups or organisations that go "above and beyond the call of duty" to protect refugees and stateless people [Getty]

The UN refugee agency said Tuesday it's giving its highest award to former German Chancellor Angela Merkel for her efforts to welcome more than 1 million refugees - mostly from Syria - into Germany, despite some criticism both at home and abroad.

Matthew Saltmarsh, spokesman for the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, said Merkel had been selected as the latest recipient for the Nansen award, which is handed out annually by the Geneva-based UN agency.

"Under the then-Federal Chancellor Merkel’s leadership, Germany welcomed more than 1.2 million refugees and asylum-seekers in 2015 and 2016, which, as you will remember, was the height of the conflict in Syria, and there was deadly violence in other parts of the world," Saltmarsh told reporters. "Dr. Merkel helped to highlight the plight of refugees globally".

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Merkel's decision to let in so many migrants boosted the far-right Alternative for Germany party and resulted in protests by a vocal minority. She was also blasted by some governments for being too friendly to refugees, when some European Union partner states were closing borders to refugees and asylum-seekers.

The award includes a $150,000 prize. Merkel is expected to travel to Geneva next Monday to receive the award, Saltmarsh said. Four regional winners were also announced.

The UNHCR Nansen Refugee Award honours individuals, groups or organisations that go "above and beyond the call of duty" to protect refugees, other displaced and stateless people, the agency says.

More than 60 laureates have received the award since it was founded in 1954 to celebrate Fridtjof Nansen, a Norwegian scientist, explorer and diplomat who was the first commissioner for refugees in the League of Nations - the predecessor of the United Nations

The recipient in 2021 was the Jeel Albena Association for Humanitarian Development in Yemen, for its support for displaced Yemenis.
Bangladesh's national grid collapses, causes blackout in several districts

Bangladesh's national power transmission grid failed on Tuesday afternoon, causing a nationwide blackout and leaving millions of people in the dark.

ANI | Dhaka | Updated: 04-10-2022

Bangladesh's national power transmission grid failed on Tuesday afternoon, causing a nationwide blackout and leaving millions of people in the dark. The grid which failed at 2 pm local time caused the widespread blackout, barring some northern parts of the country, Dhaka Tribune reported.

The transmission line tripped somewhere in the eastern part of the country, especially in districts on the east of Jamuna river, according to the officials at Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) and Power Grid Company of Bangladesh (PGCB). The power supply will be fully restored by 8 pm, said Bangladesh's State Minister of ICT Division Zunaid Ahmed Palak.

Bangladesh's national trade organization, representing all mobile telecom operators, said telecommunication services may disrupt some parts of the country due to a national power grid failure. "Due to national power grid failure, telecommunication services may disrupt in some parts of the country. We are sorry for the inconvenience," AMTOB said in a statement.

Bangladesh State Minister for Power and Energy Nasrul Hamid told United News Bangladesh that the power supply is expected to be fully restored by 7 pm, according to Dhaka Tribune. "We have already restored electricity supply at Bangabhaban and Ganabhaban and also some parts in Mirpur and other areas," he said.

Back in May 2017, a similar incident of grid failure happened in 32 districts. (ANI)
GOING, GOING....
Shares in leading Swiss bank Credit Suisse plunge 10pc after its executives try to reassure investors that it is sound


Swiss and UK regulators are monitoring the situation and working together


Credit Suisse's new CEO Ulrich Koerner


Oliver Hirt and Michael Shields
October 04 2022 

Shares in Swiss banking giant Credit Suisse slid by as much as 10pc yesterday, reflecting market concerns ahead of a restructuring plan due to come with third-quarter results at the end of October.

Swiss regulator FINMA and the Bank of England in London, where the lender has a major hub, were monitoring the situation at Credit Suisse and working closely together, a source familiar with the situation said.

Credit Suisse’s recent problems were well known and there had been no major recent developments, the source added.

The Bank of England, FINMA and the Swiss finance ministry declined to comment.

CEO Ulrich Koerner last week told staff that Credit Suisse, whose market capitalisation had dropped to 9.73bn Swiss francs (€10bn) on Monday, has solid capital and liquidity.

And bank executives spent the weekend reassuring large clients, counterparties and investors about its liquidity and capital, the Financial Times reported on Sunday.

A Credit Suisse spokesman declined to comment on the FT report, which said the weekend calls followed a sharp rise in spreads on the bank’s credit default swaps (CDS), which offer protection against a company defaulting on its debt.

Credit Suisse’s euro-denominated bonds dropped to record lows, with the Swiss bank’s longer-dated bonds suffering the sharpest declines.


In July, Credit Suisse announced its second strategy review in a year and replaced its CEO, bringing in restructuring expert Mr Koerner to scale back investment banking and cut more than $1bn (€1.02bn) in costs.

It has said it was considering measures to strengthen its flagship wealth management franchise, scale back its investment bank into a “capital-light, advisory-led” business, and evaluate strategic options for the securitised products business.

Citing people familiar with the situation, Reuters reported last month that Credit Suisse was sounding out investors for fresh cash as it attempts its overhaul.


JP Morgan analysts said in a research note that, based on its financials at the end of the second quarter, they view Credit Suisse’s capital and liquidity as “healthy”.

Given the bank has indicated a near-term intention to keep its CET1 capital ratio at 13pc to 14pc, the second-quarter end ratio is well within that range and the liquidity coverage ratio is well above requirements, the analysts added.

Credit Suisse had total assets of 727bn Swiss franc (€750bn) at the end of the second quarter, of which 159bn francs was in cash and due from banks, while 101bn was trading assets, it noted.

While Credit Suisse’s CDS spreads have widened, this should be seen in the context of widening credit spreads across the sector, which was expected in an environment of rising interest rates with ongoing macroeconomic uncertainty, the analysts said.

Over the past three quarters, Credit Suisse’s losses have added up to nearly 4bn Swiss francs. The bank’s financing costs have surged. Deutsche Bank analysts in August estimated a capital shortfall of at least 4bn francs.




Discoveries about Ancient Human Evolution Win 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Svante Pääbo’s work on sequencing the DNA of Neandertals and Denisovans, which won the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, revealed surprising interbreeding among human species

By Tanya Lewis on October 3, 2022
Credit: vanbeets/Getty Images (medal)

This year’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Svante Pääbo for his discoveries about the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution.

Pääbo, a Swedish geneticist and director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, was honored for his groundbreaking research on sequencing the genome of the Neandertals, an extinct relative of humans, and discovering a new hominin species, Denisovans. He also demonstrated that humans—Homo sapiens—interbred with these species after migrating out of Africa.

His work addresses important questions about humanity’s origins, including where we came from, why some species went extinct and what makes us uniquely human.

“Svante’s work is the definition of pioneering,” says Katerina Harvati-Papatheodorou, a paleoanthropologist at the University of Tübingen in Germany. “It has pushed boundary after boundary over the last couple of decades, achieving what was previously considered impossible: not only recovering ancient DNA from fossil bones, but also sequencing entire genomes of our extinct relatives and even retrieving their DNA from the ancient sediments of the caves in which they lived.”

Harvati-Papatheodorou says this Nobel “underscores the important implication that evolution and ancient processes have on people today.” And overall, she is “happy that the field of human origins research is receiving this amazing distinction and honor.”

Homo sapiens arose in Africa about 300,000 years ago, research suggests. Neandertals (also spelled Neanderthals), meanwhile, arose outside Africa and lived in Europe and western Asia from about 400,000 years ago until they went extinct roughly 30,000 years ago. Groups of Homo sapiens left Africa around 70,000 years ago, and spread throughout the world. They co-existed with Neandertals in Eurasia for tens of thousands of years, but little was known about the relationship between the two groups.

The Nobel Assembly has awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Svante Pääbo for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution.
 Credit: Niklas Elmehed © Nobel Prize Outreach

Pääbo was born in Stockholm in 1955, and was interested in early human history from a young age. His Nobel-winning research initially focused on extracting ancient DNA from our closest hominin relatives, Neandertals. But ancient DNA is extremely challenging to study because it degrades into tiny fragments and is easily contaminated by DNA from other sources.

First, Pääbo focused on mitochondrial DNA—genetic material found in the energy-producing structures within our cells. He sequenced mitochondrial DNA from a 40,000-year-old piece of bone and showed it was different from the mitochondrial DNA of both modern humans and chimpanzees.
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Next, using sophisticated DNA sequencing methods, he and his colleagues went on to sequence the full Neandertal genome, publishing their findings in 2010. The team found that the most recent common ancestor of Homo sapiens and Neandertals lived about 800,000 years ago, and that the two species interbred over thousands of years. About 1 to 4 percent of the genomes of modern humans of European or Asian descent comes from Neandertals.

Previously, researchers had speculated about whether modern humans and Neandertals interbred. “When the first Neandertal genome [was] sequenced it was one of those amazing moments in science when suddenly the extent of human knowledge and the scope for further studies had just grown so much larger,” says Sharon Browning, a statistical geneticist at the University of Washington’s Department of Biostatistics. Scientists have since sequenced multiple Neandertal genomes, a Denisovan genome, and genomes from humans and animals that lived tens of thousands of years ago, she says, adding, “Studying these genomes has led to huge insights into human history, domestication of animals, and evolution.”

Pääbo and his colleagues also made the startling discovery of a new hominin species, Denisovans. The researchers sequenced the genome of a 40,000-year-old finger bone fragment from Siberia and showed that it was distinct from both Homo sapiens and Neandertals. Interbreeding also occurred between humans and Denisovans, and up to 6 percent of the DNA of people in Melanesia and parts of Southeast Asia is Denisovan.

This research established paleogenomics as an entirely new scientific discipline. The work revealed much about the influence of ancient hominins on modern humans, including a Denisovan gene that helps modern Tibetans survive at high altitude and a Neandertal gene that affects the immune response to infections.

Richard E. Green, then a postdoctoral scholar in Pääbo’s laboratory, led the study of the first sequenced Neandertal genome. When he heard the Nobel news, he was “super happy and a little bit surprised,” he says. “Svante was really the visionary, even from back in the eighties—the person who imagined that DNA may stick around for long, long periods of time,” says Green, who is now a professor of biomolecular engineering at the University of California. Pääbo was “always focused on the big picture, which is rare,” Green says. When members of the research team suggested projects, he recalls, “Svante would say, ‘how is this going to win me the Nobel Prize?’” It seems he was on to something.

The findings also reveal information about what makes humans special. Like humans, Neandertals used tools. But Homo sapiens developed complex cultures and art, and developed the ability to cross open water. Perhaps future research will unravel the mysteries of why these ancestors died out while our species flourished.

“We’re living with the legacy of Neanderthal genes,” and we’re just beginning to understand the consequences, Green adds. “It lets us see what makes us uniquely human, and understand this very last, profoundly important chapter in human evolution.”

Nobel prize: What’s so special about the DNA of extinct hominids?

Scientist rewrote the book on Neanderthal genome



4 October 2022

DNA is no friend to time. As the millennia wear on, DNA degrades to a point that sequencing the genome is almost entirely impossible, but only by revealing genetic differences that distinguish all living humans from extinct hominins, can we provide the basis for exploring what makes us unique.

That is why the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has gone to Svante Pääbo – whose team published the first Neanderthal genome sequence in 2010 and has since pioneered genomic analysis into both Neanderthals and the mysterious ‘Denisovans’.

The researcher has been awarded the prize ‘for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution’ and his research gave rise to an entirely new scientific discipline – paleogenomics.

Paleogenomics


Our genes tell a story about our history. Where we’ve come from and who we’ve mingled with along the way.

But as biologist Eric Lander, who helped lead the effort to sequence the first human genome put it: “Genome: Bought the book; hard to read.” Ancient DNA has a different problem – the book is in tatters.

Because DNA degrades over time, being able to extract even limited information is difficult. In 1997 Pääbo made his first breakthrough by reconstructing the first mitochondrial DNA from a Neanderthal.

Mitochondria – known as the ‘powerhouse of the cell’ – has its own set of DNA which is passed down from the mother.

Because there’s so many mitochondria in each cell, this DNA – which is called mtDNA – is the most accessible, and easiest to sequence – especially in ancient, degraded cells.

Pääbo was conducting his work only seven years after the Human Genome Project had begun and six years before it would be even moderately completed – DNA sequencing was still in its relative infancy.

The researchers continued refining the mitochondrial DNA, and also began looking a step further – trying to sequence the nuclear DNA of a Neanderthal.

Neanderthal DNA

Pääbo and his team steadily improved the methods to isolate and analyse DNA from archaic bone remains. The research team exploited new technical developments, which made sequencing of DNA much more efficient. Pääbo also engaged several critical collaborators with expertise on population genetics and advanced sequence analyses.

In 2010 Pääbo’s team made a second major breakthrough – they published a paper with the first draft of the Neanderthal nuclear genome sequence. Imagine this as a carefully reconstructed book, some pages sticky taped back together, while others having to be brought in from elsewhere to fill the gaps.

Having this entire genome means that we can now work out how Neanderthals and humans are different. Comparative analyses demonstrated that the most recent common ancestor of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens lived around 800,000 years ago, while more recently we discovered that Neanderthals and humans likely interbred, meaning that most of us have a few percentage points of DNA from this cross over.

Denisovans

In 2008 a 40,000-year-old fragment from a finger bone was discovered in the Denisova cave in the southern part of Siberia. The bone contained exceptionally well-preserved DNA, which Pääbo’s team sequenced.

The results caused a sensation – the DNA sequence was unique when compared to all known sequences from Neanderthals and present-day humans.

Pääbo and the team had discovered a previously unknown hominin, which was given the name Denisova. And, seemingly as these things go, comparisons with contemporary human genomes from different parts of the world showed that gene flow had also occurred between Denisova and Homo sapiens too.

“Pääbo’s discoveries have had a profound impact on the understanding of our evolutionary history, and they have galvanized research in the area,” wrote Gunilla Karlsson Hedestam and Anna Wedell, professors at the Karolinska Institute, in a background article about the prize.




“We now know that at least two distinct hominin groups, Neanderthals and Denisovans, inhabited Eurasia when anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) emerged from Africa.”

You can read more about Pääbo’s Nobel prize announcement here.


Originally published by Cosmos 



AUSTRALIA
New Threatened Species Action Plan aims for no new extinctions, but the funding is nowhere near adequate

A shift in how we fund the recovery of threatened species and ecological communities is desperately needed.


Yellow Mountain Bell (Darwinia collina) has been uplisted 
from endangered to critically endangered. 
Credit: © Em Lamond via iNaturalist (CC-BY)

4 October 2022/

Scientists have largely welcomed the Government’s Threatened Species Action Plan unveiled today, but say the funding announced with the program isn’t nearly enough.

The Minister for the Environment and Water, Tanya Plibersek released its Threatened Species Action Plan: Towards Zero Extinctions – which sets out a pathway for threatened species conservation and recovery for the next decade.

But the government has only committed to spending $224.5 million on the Saving Native Species Program over an unspecified time, nowhere close to the $1.69 billion per year that researchers have estimated is actually needed to recover Australia’s listed threatened species.

The need for immediate and decisive action to protect Australia’s animals, plants, and ecosystemswas highlighted by the 2021 State of the Environment report released in July.

This new Action Plan sets out targets to be reached by 2031, including “preventing any new extinctions of plants and animals” and protecting and conserving at least 30% of Australia’s land mass and 30% of our oceans.
Read more: In Danger: How plants and animals are declared threatened species

Plibersek says: “Australia is the mammal extinction capital of the world . The Threatened Species Action Plan strengthens our commitment to stopping the extinction of Australia’s plants and animals.

“These are the strongest targets we’ve ever seen.

“Based on input from researchers and experts from the community, this plan identifies 20 priority places and 110 priority species and will guide recovery actions that will benefit a broad range of threatened species and their habitats,” says Plibersek.

It supersedes the 2021-2031 Threatened Species Strategy, which identified 100 priority threatened species and 20 priority places, to help prioritise action and investment in conservation.

“Our current approach has not been working. If we keep doing what we’ve been doing, we’ll keep getting the same results.

“The need for action has never been greater. I will not shy away from difficult problems or accept environmental decline and extinction as inevitable.”

The new Action Plan recognises and aims to increase the involvement of First Nations Peoples in the management and recovery and threatened species and ecological communities. Other key objectives over the next ten years include reducing the risk of extinction for all priority species and improving the condition for all priority places.

But many scientists say the $224.5 million allocated is well short of what’s actually needed to make significant, substantial gains.

Euan Ritchie, Professor of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation at Deakin University, says unless more money is forthcoming, the plan will fail.

“They have this goal of zero new extinctions and that’s just not going to occur unless we have very large increases in spending on conservation and recovery of threatened species and big systems,” Ritchie told Cosmos.

“$1.69 billion might sound like a lot to some people, but as a proportion of the total Australian budget its tiny.”

To put that amount in context, according to research released earlier this year Australia’s fossil fuel subsidies cost $11.6 billion in 2021-22 across all federal, state and territory governments.

Brendan Wintle, Professor in Conservation Ecology at the University of Melbourne, and first author of the 2019 study on Australia’s conservation funding, says the strategy does not go far enough.

“Australia has around 1850 species listed under our threatened species legislation as at risk of extinction. This government has set out a plan to act on just 6% of them.

“Last year we spent $30.7 billion on our cats and dogs. We can afford the $2 billion a year needed to prevent any further extinctions of Australia’s unique threatened plants and animals.”

AUSTRALIA HAS SNAKES NZ DOESN'T
Grey snake (Hemiaspis damelii), added as endangered under the EPBC Act today. 
Credit: dhfischer via iNaturalist (CC-BY-NC)

The Minister also announced today the listing decisions for 20 threatened species and 3 threatened ecological communities.

15 species and 3 ecological communities have been added to the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (EPBC Act), four species have been upgraded to a higher threat species, and only one retained its current threat category.

Ritchie also suggests that we need greater change in terms of the legislation regarding the threats facing species and ecosystems in the first place. For instance, the Labor Government’s goal of a 43% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2031 is not ambitious enough to keep global warming to 1.5°C by 2100.
Read more: The Climate Change bill passes the House of Reps: what next?

James Watson, a Professor of Conservation Science at the University of Queensland praised the government’s plan but with caveats. “It’s great this government is taking its international obligations more seriously than the previous one.

“But Australians must understand that securing 30% of land and sea will not secure species unless there is far greater investment in the actual management of these places and that this won’t achieve much at all if land clearing, logging and inappropriate fishing continue unabated.

Listing decisions under EPBC Act announced today:

PlantsJohnson’s Cycad – added as endangered
Pretty Beard Orchid – added as endangered
Bertya sp. Clouds Creek (M.Fatemi 4) – added as endangered
Bird Orchid or Duck’s-head wasp orchid – added as endangered
Pomaderris gilmourii var. gilmourii – added as endangered
White Star-bush – added as critically endangered
Coastal Leek Orchid – added as critically endangered
Large-fruited Denhamia – added as endangered
Headland Commersonia – added as critically endangered
Yellow Mountain Bell – uplisted from endangered to critically endangered
Stirling Range Dryandra – uplisted from endangered to critically endangered
Corokia whiteana – uplisted from vulnerable to endangered
Grey Deua Pomaderris – uplisted from vulnerable to critically endangered
AnimalsWestern Beautiful Firetail – added as endangered
Malanda Rainbowfish – added as critically endangered
Oxleyan Pygmy Perch – retained as endangered
Parma Wallaby – added as vulnerable
Grey Snake – added as endangered
Gravel Downs Ctenotus – added as critically endangered
Key’s Matchstick Grasshopper – added as endangered
Ecological CommunitiesMount Kaputar land snail and slug community – added as endangered
Ben Halls Gap Sphagnum Moss Cool Temperate Rainforest – added as critically endangered
Subtropical eucalypt floodplain forest and woodland of the New South Wales North Coast and Southeast Queensland bioregions – added as endangered