AUSTRALIA
Sexual harassment an 'open secret' in Victoria's legal profession, report finds

By Tom Maddocks
4/18/2021

Helen Szoke's report found everyday sexism was accepted as part of the job.

(ABC News: Emma Machan)


Sexual harassment in Victoria's legal profession is an '"open secret" and the silence surrounding the behaviour is perpetuated by power inequalities in the court setting, a new report has found.

Key points:
The report by Helen Szoke found sexual harassment was frequently perpetrated by barristers
There were significant obstacles in reporting harassment in the courts
Almost two-thirds of women experienced sexual harassment in the workplace

The review was commissioned in the wake of sexual harassment allegations made against now-retired High Court judge Dyson Heydon and initiated by former Victorian attorney-general Jill Hennessy and Supreme Court Chief Justice Anne Ferguson.

"Many women and some men told their stories of the 'open secret' of sexual harassment," said Helen Szoke, who led the review.

"Women also spoke of the everyday sexism and a culture that often sees women and junior staff 'less than'.

"Sexually suggestive comments or jokes, intrusive questions about their private life and unwelcome comments on their physical appearance were accepted as part of the job."

The report referred to a 2019 survey of legal professionals that found almost two-thirds of women had experienced sexual harassment in the workplace.

Dr Szoke said the review found that sexual harassment was frequently reported as being perpetrated and experienced by barristers and that there were significant obstacles preventing victim-survivors from reporting sexual harassment in the courts.

"The review was told that sexual harassment and the silence surrounding these behaviours is perpetuated by the power inequalities in the court setting and a legal profession requiring patronage and a network to progress," she said.

Dr Szoke found the power imbalance made it difficult for victims to report sexual harassment.(ABC News: Justine Longmore)

The review made 20 recommendations including:

Implement a sexual harassment policy that covers all staff and contractors

Change the appointment process for judicial officers to require that they are of good character

Adopt victim-survivor centred responses to gender-related misconduct

Develop an awareness-raising campaign for the courts, VCAT and the wider legal profession

Provide targeted sexual harassment training to staff

Conduct an annual survey to track progress on sexual harassment incidents

To give the Judicial Commission more power to investigate allegations

To establish a formal internal complaint mechanism that can be anonymous

Min's experience with 'flirt'

The review found there were serious instances of sexual harassment with significant impacts on its victim-survivors.

Dozens of people shared their experience, mostly anonymously, with a selection published in the report.

"A judicial officer that I'd seen asking my colleague out for lunch came up to my desk and started licking his lips and said to me, 'Oh, have they told you how much of a flirt I am'," said Min, who did not want her surname used.

"I'd never really experienced anything like that before, but I spoke with a senior judicial officer about it, who basically said, 'Look, I understand this has happened. Do you want me to take it further?'"

"And because I was very new to the job at the court at the time, even actually going to the senior judicial officer and reporting it was quite stressful.

"I thought, 'No, I don't want to take it further

"Unfortunately, I continued to experience similar incidents at the court, often from judicial officers — sexual innuendo or being called 'gorgeous'."
Zero tolerance for sexual harassment

The review was told the court hierarchy and resulting power imbalance existed in all realms of the professional working life of court staff.

"I can't think of any other power imbalance that is that uneven," said one participant in the review.

"Any other industry you work in, they … have some sort of governing body — for example, in the law firms, if it got bad enough, HR could get involved and something could happen.


"There is literally nothing you can do in the courts."

Chief Justice Anne Ferguson said the courts must and will do more to prevent sexual harassment.(Supplied: Supreme Court Of Victoria)

"I want to make it clear we will not put up with any form of wrongful conduct in our courts or VCAT," Justice Ferguson said.

"There will be zero tolerance for sexual harassment.

"I want to acknowledge the harm that has occurred in our workplaces – the Courts and VCAT.

"It is clear that our responses to date have not been good enough and we must – and we will – do more."

Justice Ferguson said the courts and VCAT supported all of the recommendations and work had already started to make the changes.

Attorney-General Jaclyn Symes said the report was shocking.

"Probably the most chilling component of it is those that are exposed to sexual harassment … find it impacts their soul and if they do report it they're concerned it will impact their career," Ms Symes said.

"We will not stand for this behaviour anymore and this is our opportunity to ensure that people are protected in their workplaces."

Ms Symes said they would implement all four of the recommendations relating to the government.

Trump supporters claim to be journalists,

 as they fight criminal charges related to Capitol riot

4/18/2021

Hundreds of people face charges for participating in the US Capitol riot.

(Reuters: Leah Millis)


It was supposed to be another routine day in American democracy, but January 6, 2021 went down in history as anything but.

Key points:

 

At least eight people charged in the riots claim they were acting as journalists

 

Many of those who marched livestreamed and posted to social media

 

Experts say it will be hard to prove without proper accreditation

On that day, five people were killed, with scores more injured, as hordes of rioters broke into the US Capitol to overturn congressional certification of what former President Donald Trump falsely claimed was a "stolen" election.

Now, some of the very same people who were in those crowds claim they were there as journalists, and not rioters, as they attempt to fend off criminal charges.

How did protesters get into the heavily-guarded Capitol building?


Rioters made it into the House Chambers, where US politicians had to be evacuated, and also into the offices of some officials.Read more

At least eight people charged in the January 6 riot have identified themselves as a journalist or a documentary filmmaker, including three people arrested this month, according to an Associated Press review of court records in nearly 400 federal cases.

In the US, free speech is constitutionally protected by the First Amendment, but it is unclear if this will bolster the legal defences of those charged with participation in what authorities say was an attempted insurrection.

Shawn Witzemann, a plumber from New Mexico who attended the riot, told a local news station he does "everything that a journalist is" following his arrest earlier this month.

"I seek truth. I speak to sources. I document. I provide commentary," he claimed.
Journalism definition isn't broad when tested in court
Space to play or pause, M to mute, left and right arrows to seek, up and down arrows for volume.

WATCH
Duration: 1 minute 24 seconds1m 24s
Trump supporters claim to be journalists, as they fight criminal charges related to Capitol riot - ABC News

The day swelled from a protest outside the Capitol to a break-in.

While the internet has given more people a platform to use their voice, the definition of a "journalist" is not that broad when put into practice in court, said Lucy Dalglish, dean of the University of Maryland's Philip Merrill College of Journalism.

She said it is an easy case to make that Capitol riot defendants were not journalists because they would have had official media accreditation to work in the building on that day.

Dr Dalglish, who used to practice media law as an attorney, added that any defendant captured on video encouraging rioters could not credibly claim to be a journalist.

"You are, at that point, an activist with a cellphone, and there were a lot of activists with copyrighted videos who sold them to news organisations," Dr Dalglish said.

"That doesn't make them journalists."

Mr Witzemann was one of the thousands who moved through the Capitol after it was breached by pro-Trump supporters.

While he claims he was inside the Capitol during the riot as a journalist to livestream video of the protests, he faces charges relating to riot participation.

It remains unclear if he had official media accreditation on the day.

The plumber also hosts talkback-style videos on YouTube on a page called the 'Armenian Council for Truth in Journalism' — a title Mr Witzemann's lawyer says is satirical.

The show, which has around 300 subscribers, bills itself as a home for "irreverent and thought-provoking commentary and analysis, on an eclectic range of subjects".

One recent episode is titled, 'Economic Non-recovery, Justifiable Homicide, and How To Riot Properly In The Age of the Troll'.

He did not respond to interview requests from the AP on social media or via email.
Far-right extremists among self-proclaimed journalists

US authorities have since confirmed that the riots drew together various far-right groups.(Getty: Lev Radin)

Some of the defendants identifying as journalists are tied to an extremist group or movement by US federal authorities.

This includes Nicholas DeCarlo, who told the Los Angeles Times he was not a rioter, but a journalist.

But according to the FBI, Mr DeCarlo is a self-identified member of the Proud Boys, a far-right extremist group, and a content producer for an online forum called 'Murder the Media News'.

Prosecutors allege Mr DeCarlo scrawled the phrase, 'Murder The Media' on a door in the Capitol.

WATCH
Duration: 1 minute 42 seconds
Trump supporters claim to be journalists, as they fight criminal charges related to Capitol riot - ABC News

Mr DeCarlo is accused of scrawling this phrase on Capitol doors.

When authorities later searched his home, they found a framed photo of Mr DeCarlo and another alleged rioter posing in front of the door with a thumbs-up.

Another defendant with far-right links citing the journalism defence is Samuel Montoya, a video editor for the far-right conspiracy website, Infowars.

He was arrested Tuesday in Texas on charges including impeding passage through the Capitol grounds.

On the day of the riot, he recorded and narrated a video while walking through the building, occasionally referring to himself as a journalist while wearing a red 'Make America Great Again' hat.

"We're gonna do whatever it takes to MAGA," he said, according to the FBI.

But some experts say it's unlikely that any of these self-proclaimed journalists can mount a viable legal defence on free speech grounds, if it is proven they broke the law on the day of the riot — especially if prosecutors can argue they acted like rioters instead of impartial observers.

Even credentialed reporters and news photographers are not immune from prosecution if they break a law on the job, said Jane Kirtley, who teaches media ethics and law at the University of Minnesota.


"It's not a get-out-of-jail-free card," Dr Kirtley said.

ABC/AP
4/18/2021

 

98-Million-Year-Old Pollen-Feeding Beetle Found Preserved in Amber

Apr 14, 2021 by News Staff / Source 

Paleontologists have found an exceptionally preserved short-winged flower beetle and associated pollen aggregations and coprolites in a piece of mid-Cretaceous amber originating from northern Myanmar. The discovery provides the direct evidence of pollen-feeding in a Cretaceous beetle and confirms that diverse beetle lineages visited early angiosperms (flowering plants) in the Cretaceous period.

Ecological reconstruction of Pelretes vivificus in the Burmese amber forest; the flowers in the reconstruction are based on Lijinganthus revoluta. Image credit: J. Sun.

Beetles are often cited as likely candidates for the earliest pollinators of angiosperms due to their long evolutionary history.

Ii has been suggested that early associations between beetles and angiosperms in the Cretaceous played a key role in the diversification of both groups.

Until now, pollination in beetles has been determined only on the basis of amber inclusions being preserved alongside pollen grains, possessing morphological features interpreted as possibly facilitating pollination, and having living relatives that are known to feed on pollen.

The newly-identified pollen-feeding beetle, named Pelretes vivificus, lived 98.2 million year ago in what is now Myanmar.

Its closest relatives are short-winged flower beetles (family Kateretidae) that today occur in Australia, visiting a diverse range of flowers and feeding on their pollen.

“Pelretes vivificus is associated with clusters of pollen grains, suggesting that short-winged flower beetles visited angiosperms in the Cretaceous,” said Professor Chenyang Cai, a paleontologist at the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology.

“Some aspects of the beetle’s anatomy, such as its hairy abdomen, are also adaptations associated with pollination.”

The piece of amber examined by the team came from a mine in the Hukawng Valley, Kachin State, northern Myanmar.

“Besides the unparalleled abundance of fossil insects, the amber dates back to the mid-Cretaceous, right when angiosperms were taking off,” said Dr. Erik Tihelka, an entomologist and paleontologist at the University of Bristol.

Photomicrographs of Pelretes vivificus from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber: (a) habitus, dorsal view, with inset highlighting a Tricolpopollenites pollen grain; (b) head of Pelretes vivificus, dorsal view; (c) habitus, ventral view; (d) head of Pelretes vivificus, ventral view (area indicated in c); (e) protarsus of Pelretes vivificus; (f) metatarsus of Pelretes vivificus; (g) abdominal apex of Pelretes vivificus, dorsal view (area indicated in a), with arrowheads highlighting pollen grains. Abbreviations: a1–11 – antennomeres 1–11; abd – abdomen; el – elytra; ey – eye; he – head; ma – mandibles; mp4 – maxillary palpomere 4; mtt1–5 – metatarsomeres 1–5; pg – pollen grain; mtv – metaventrite; pr – pronotum; ps – prosternum; pt2, 4 and 5 – protarsomeres 2, 4 and 5; se – sensory cell. The images in a, b, e and f were obtained under normal reflected light; the others were obtained under confocal laser scanning microscopy. Scale bars – 200 μm in a and c; 100 μm in b, d and g; 50 μm in e and f. Image credit: Tihelka et al.,

 doi: 10.1038/s41477-021-00893-2.

While Pelretes vivificus is not the first pollinating beetle to be described from Cretaceous amber, this unique specimen preserves a bizarre clue about its diet.

The fossil is associated with beetle coprolites that provide a very unusual but important insight into the diet of short-winged flower beetles in the Cretaceous.

The coprolites are completely composed of pollen, the same type that is found in clusters surrounding the beetle and attached to its body, which suggest that Pelretes vivificus visited angiosperms to feed on their pollen.

This finding provides a direct link between early flowering plants in the Cretaceous and their insect visitors.

It shows that these insect fossils were not just incidentally co-preserved with pollen, but that there was a genuine biological association between the two.

“The pollen associated with the beetle can be assigned to the fossil genus Tricolpopollenites,” said Dr. Liqin Li, a fossil pollen specialist at the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology.

“This group is attributed to the eudicots, a living group of derived angiosperms, that includes the orders Malpighiales and Ericales.”

“This shows that pollinators took advantage of early angiosperms soon after their initial diversification and visited a diverse range of groups by the mid-Cretaceous,” Professor Cai added.

The team’s paper was published in the journal Nature Plants.

_____

E. Tihelka et al. Angiosperm pollinivory in a Cretaceous beetle. Nat. Plants, published online April 12, 2021; doi: 10.1038/s41477-021-00893-2

 

China’s Bitcoin Miners Will Consume as Much Energy as Mid-Sized Country within Three Years

Apr 14, 2021 by Enrico de Lazaro

Given the current trends in Bitcoin mining, Chinese researchers estimate that the energy consumption from this process in their country alone will peak in 2024 at 296.59 Twh (terawatt-hours) and generate 130.5 million metric tons of carbon emission.

The annual energy consumption of the Bitcoin blockchain in China is expected to peak in 2024 at 296.59 Twh and generate 130.50 million metric tons of carbon emission. Image credit: Aaron Olson.

As Bitcoin attracted considerable amount of attention in recent years, its underlying core mechanism, namely blockchain technology, has also quickly gained popularity.

Due to its key characteristics such as decentralization, auditability, and anonymity, blockchain is widely regarded as one of the most promising and attractive technologies for a variety of industries, such as supply chain finance, production operations management, logistics management, and the Internet of Things.

Despite its promises and attractiveness, mining Bitcoin requires constantly expending and/or expanding computer processing power, which is associated with increasing energy consumption.

In new research, Dr. Shouyang Wang from the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and colleagues investigated carbon emission flows of Bitcoin blockchain operation in China using a simulation-based Bitcoin blockchain carbon emission model.

They found that without any policy interventions, the annual energy consumption of the Bitcoin blockchain in China will peak in 2024 at 296.59 Twh and generate 130.50 million metric tons of carbon emission.

These amounts exceed the entire annual greenhouse gas emissions outputs of entire mid-sized countries such as the Czech Republic and Qatar.

“Policy interventions are critical to reduce these impacts,” the researchers said.

“Feeding different scenarios into the model, however, we found that current policies like carbon taxation are not effective at curbing emissions from the Bitcoin industry.”

“Instead, we found that individual site regulation policies for Bitcoin miners represent the best way to alter the current energy consumption structure and reduce future emissions from the blockchain operation.”

A paper on the findings was published in the journal Nature Communications.

_____

S. Jiang et al. 2021. Policy assessments for the carbon emission flows and sustainability of Bitcoin blockchain operation in China. Nat Commun 12, 1938; doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22256-3

 

Aboriginal Australians Used Boomerangs as Retouchers

Apr 14, 2021 by News Staff / Source

New research by Griffith University and University of Cape Town scientists provides the first traceological evidence of multipurpose nature of Australian hardwood boomerangs.

Australian Luritja man demonstrating method of attack with boomerang under cover of shield, c. 1920. Image credit: National Museum of Australia.

“Australian lithic assemblages contain a great number of retouched tools,” said lead author Eva Martellott from the Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution at Griffith University and her colleagues.

“Despite this fact, however, material evidence for, and studies, on the retouching tools utilised to create these technologies are limited, especially regarding their use in percussion retouch.”

“Indirect evidence found in ethnographic literature suggests that wooden items — specifically boomerangs — were frequently utilised as retouchers.”

In the study, the researchers analyzed microscopic traces on the surfaces of 100 ancient boomerangs from across each Australian state and territory.

By using a traceological method, they were able to more clearly see what tasks the boomerangs were used for by Aboriginal Australians in the past.

Retouch-induced marks were identified on 26% of the boomerangs examined by Martellotta et al. and were comparable to those traces observed on the surfaces of ancient European bone retouchers. Image credit: Martellotta et al., doi: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102967.

“Not all boomerangs come back. Most are used for hunting and fighting purposes, whereas the returning ones are often children’s toys or used for games and learning purposes,” Martellotta said.

“We found specific marks related to the shaping of stone tools.”

“These marks are not new in archaeology — they are also identified on bone fragments in archaeological sites in Europe.”

“Here, the Neanderthals used them to modify the shape of stone tools, starting 500,000 years ago.”

“Our findings constitute the first traceological identification of hardwood boomerangs being used for shaping stone tools in various Aboriginal Australian contexts and emphasises the multipurpose nature of daily tools like boomerangs in Aboriginal culture.”

The findings were published in the Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports.

_____

Eva Francesca Martellotta et al. 2021. New data from old collections: Retouch-induced marks on Australian hardwood boomerangs. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 37: 102967; doi: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102967

 

Neanderthal Nuclear DNA Found in Paleolithic Cave Sediments

Apr 16, 2021 by News Staff / Source

An international team of scientists has developed new methods for the enrichment and analysis of nuclear DNA from sediments, and applied them to cave deposits in Europe and Siberia dated to between approximately 200,000 and 50,000 years ago.

Vernot et al. extracted Neanderthal nuclear DNA from cave sediments. Image credit: Tyler B. Tretsven.

Skeletal remains are important sources of Pleistocene hominin DNA, but are rarely recovered at archaeological sites.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been retrieved from cave sediments, but provides limited value for studying population relationships.

Although nuclear DNA contains far more information, its retrieval from sediments presents substantial challenges. It’s far less abundant than mtDNA and difficult to distinguish from other non-hominin mammalian and microbial DNA, which dominates the genetic material often present in ancient sediments.

To address these challenges, Dr. Benjamin Vernot from the Department of Evolutionary Genetics at the Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and his colleagues developed methods to recover, enrich and analyze nuclear DNA from cave sediments.

“There are lots of places in the human genome that are very similar to a bear’s DNA, for example,” Dr. Vernot said.

“We specifically targeted regions in the genome where we could be confident of isolating only human DNA, and we also designed methods to measure our success in removing non-human DNA.”

“We wanted to be confident that we weren’t accidentally looking at some unknown species of hyena.”

Specifically, the researchers applied their approach to extract nuclear DNA from more than 150 sediment samples from three caves: Galería de las Estatuas in northern Spain and Chagyrskaya and Denisova caves in the Altai Mountains of southern Siberia.

They detected a population replacement in Spain approximately 100,000 years ago, accompanied by a turnover of mtDNA.

They also identified two radiation events in Neanderthal history during the early part of the Late Pleistocene.

“The dawn of nuclear DNA analysis of sediments massively extends the range of options to tease out the evolutionary history of ancient humans,” Dr. Vernot said.

“By freeing the field of ancient DNA from the constraints of finding human remains and expanding the number of sites potentially suitable for investigation, we can now study the DNA from many more human populations, and from many more places, than has previously been thought possible,” added Dr. Matthias Meyer, also from the Department of Evolutionary Genetics at the Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

The findings were published in the journal Science.

_____

Benjamin Vernot et al. Unearthing Neanderthal population history using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA from cave sediments. Science, published online April 15, 2021; doi; 10.1126/science.abf1667

 

New Fossils of Homo erectus Found in Kenya

Apr 13, 2021 by News Staff / Source

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Paleoanthropologists have uncovered two new specimens of Homo erectus at the East Turkana site in Kenya. They’ve also verified the age of a skull fragment of Homo erectus — one of the oldest specimens attributable to this species — found earlier at the same site.

This is an artist’s reconstruction of Homo erectus. Image credit: Yale University.

“Homo erectus is the first hominin that we know about that has a body plan more like our own and seemed to be on its way to being more human-like,” said Dr. Ashley Hammond, a researcher at the American Museum of Natural History.

“It had longer lower limbs than upper limbs, a torso shaped more like ours, a larger cranial capacity than earlier hominins, and is associated with a tool industry — it’s a faster, smarter hominin than Australopithecus and earliest Homo.”

In 1974, scientists at the East Turkana site in Kenya found one of the oldest specimens of Homo erectus: a 1.9-million-year-old skull fragment. The specimen is only surpassed in age by a 2-million-year-old skull specimen in South Africa.

But there was pushback within the field, with some paleoanthropologists arguing that the East Turkana specimen could have come from a younger fossil deposit and was possibly moved by water or wind to the spot where it was found.

To pinpoint the locality, Dr. Hammond and colleagues relied on archival materials and geological surveys.

‘We had to go through hundreds of pages from old reports and published research, reassessing the initial evidence and searching for new clues,” said Dr. Dan Palcu, a geoscientist at the University of São Paulo and Utrecht University.

“We also had to use satellite data and aerial imagery to find out where the fossils were discovered, recreate the scene, and place it in a larger context to find the right clues for determining the age of the fossils.”

Although located in a different East Turkana collection area than initially reported, the skull specimen was found in a location that had no evidence of a younger fossil outcrop that may have washed there. This supports the original age given to the fossil.

A partial pelvis of Homo erectus found at the East Turkana site in Kenya. Image credit: A. Hammond / American Museum of Natural History.

Within 50 m of the reconstructed location, the researchers found two new specimens: a partial pelvis and a foot bone.

“Although they could be from the same individual, there’s no way to prove that after the fossils have been separated for so long,” they said.

“But they might be the earliest postcrania specimens yet discovered for Homo erectus.”

“Our work also suggests that this early Homo erectus was found in a paleoenvironment that included primarily grazers that prefer open environments to forest areas and was near a stable body of water, as documented by freshwater sponges preserved in the rocks.”

The findings were published in the journal Nature Communications.

_____

A.S. Hammond et al. 2021. New hominin remains and revised context from the earliest Homo erectus locality in East Turkana, Kenya. Nat Commun 12, 1939; doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22208-x

 

Black Phosphorus-Based Coating Has Antimicrobial Activity

Apr 13, 2021 by News Staff / Source

Few-layered black phosphorus is highly antimicrobial toward resistant bacteria and fungal species; it is one of the thinnest antimicrobial coatings developed to date and could be used on wound dressings and implants, according to a paper published in the journal ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces.

Black phosphorus is effective at killing microbes when spread in nanothin layers on surfaces like titanium and cotton. Image credit: RMIT University.

Antimicrobial resistance has rendered many conventional therapeutic measures, such as antibiotics, ineffective.

This makes the treatment of infections from pathogenic microorganisms a major growing health, social, and economic challenge.

“Finding one material that could prevent both bacterial and fungal infections is a significant advance,” said Dr. Aaron Elbourne, a researcher in the School of Science at RMIT University.

“These pathogens are responsible for massive health burdens and as drug-resistance continues to grow, our ability to treat these infections becomes increasingly difficult.”

As black phosphorus breaks down, it oxidizes the surface of bacteria and fungal cells. This process, known as cellular oxidisation, ultimately works to rip them apart.

Dr. Elbourne and colleagues tested the effectiveness of nanothin layers of black phosphorus against five common bacteria strains, including Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), as well as five types of fungus, including Candida auris.

In just two hours, up to 99% of bacterial and fungal cells were destroyed.

Importantly, black phosphorus also began to self-degrade in that time and was entirely disintegrated within 24 hours — an important feature that shows the material would not accumulate in the body.

The authors also identified the optimum levels of black phosphorus that have a deadly antimicrobial effect while leaving human cells healthy and whole.

“Black phosphorus breaks down in the presence of oxygen, which is normally a huge problem for electronics and something we had to overcome with painstaking precision engineering to develop our technologies,” said Dr. Sumeet Walia, a researcher in the School of Engineering at RMIT University.

“But it turns out materials that degrade easily with oxygen can be ideal for killing microbes — it’s exactly what the scientists working on antimicrobial technologies were looking for. So our problem was their solution.”

_____

Z.L. Shaw et al. Broad-Spectrum Solvent-free Layered Black Phosphorus as a Rapid Action Antimicrobial. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, published online April 12, 2021; doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c01739