Most new doctors face some form of sexual harassment, even after #MeToo

Pair of new studies in first-year residents shows some encouraging trends, variation in experiences, and increased recognition of what constitutes harassment

MICHIGAN MEDICINE - UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

More than half of all new doctors face some form of sexual harassment in their first year on the job, including nearly three-quarters of all new female doctors and a third of males, a new study finds.

 

That’s actually down somewhat from the percentage of new doctors who experienced the same five or six years before, according to the paper published in JAMA Health Forum by a team from the University of Michigan Medical School and Medical University of South Carolina.

 

And today’s new doctors are more likely than their predecessors to recognize that what they experienced qualifies as harassment, whether it was gender-biased comments or jokes, persistent unwanted romantic overtures, or pressure to engage in sexual activity for job-related reasons.

 

But the new study and another paper published recently in JAMA Network Open suggest that medical schools and hospitals need to do more to educate about, and address, all forms of sexual harassment. Some institutions and specific medical specialties have more work to do than others, the research shows.

 

That’s especially true for profession-related sexual coercion, which increased across the six years studied, though it was much rarer than gender-based verbal or work environment harassment.

 

In all, more than 5% of female first-year residents, also called interns, said in 2023 that they had been in a situation where they felt pressured to engage in a sexual activity in order to get favorable professional treatment. That was more than double the percentage who said so in 2017. The rate in men stayed the same, at less than 2%.

 

“The overall decrease in sexual harassment incidence over recent years suggests a move in the right direction, however rates of sexual harassment experienced by physician trainees are still alarmingly high,” said Elena Frank, Ph.D., lead author of the new study and an assistant research scientist at the Michigan Neuroscience Institute.

 

The findings come from surveys of thousands of doctors who took part in the Intern Health Study, based at the institute. Each summer, the study enrolls thousands of recent medical school graduates who volunteer to take a variety of smartphone-based surveys and wear activity trackers for their entire intern year.

 

Recognizing harassment

 

The new JAMA Health Forum study includes data from nearly 4,000 doctors who finished intern year in 2017, 2018 or 2023. In addition to being asked a general question about whether they had experienced sexual harassment, they were also asked whether and how often they had had specific experiences that qualify as gender-based harassment, unwanted sexual attention and sexual coercion.

 

That allowed the researchers to measure interns’ recognition of what constitutes sexual harassment. To do so, they analyzed how many interns said they had had at least one of those specific experiences, and compared that with each person’s answer on the general question of whether they’d experienced sexual harassment.

 

In all, 55% of the interns in the 2023 group had experienced at least one form of sexual harassment. But only about 18% of that group recognized that they had experienced sexual harassment, and there was a big gap between women and men in recognition.

 

Recognition of what constitutes sexual harassment has improved, the study shows; in 2017 less than 9% of those who had a sexual harassment experience recognized it as such. Recognition improved fivefold in surgical specialties.

 

“The persistent gap between the experience and recognition of sexual harassment identified in our study illustrates the importance of looking beyond policy compliance, to challenge the deeply entrenched cultural norms that have enabled sexual and gender-based harassment to continue largely unquestioned in medicine for so long,” said Frank, who directs the Intern Health Study team. The society-wide #MeToo movement for sexual harassment awareness and prevention has likely made a difference too.

 

Variation in experiences

 

The team explored differences between types and locations of medical training in their JAMA Network Open paper, which is based on 2,000 interns who finished intern year at 28 institutions in 2017.

 

Interns training in surgery and emergency medicine were 20% more likely than those training in pediatrics or neurology to have experienced sexual harassment in 2017. And interns at some hospitals were 20% more likely to have experienced sexual harassment than those at hospitals with the lowest number of interns reporting any sexual harassment.

 

Elizabeth Viglianti, M.D., M.P.H., M.Sc., lead author of the JAMA Network Open study and an assistant professor of internal medicine at U-M, notes that the variation between specialties and institutions seen in the study she led suggests that residency programs and hospitals play a key role in combating harassment.

 

She notes that surgical training programs, which include general surgery and specialties that include surgical training such as gynecology, urology, otolaryngology, neurosurgery, plastic surgery and orthopedic surgery, have the most work to do.

 

“Until administrators, faculty, and trainees truly understand that sexual harassment is not and should not be an expected or accepted part of the training experience, an equitable and safe learning environment for physicians cannot be achieved,” Frank said.

In addition to Frank and Viglianti, the authors of the two papers include Intern Health Study co-investigator Constance Guille, M.D., of the Medical University of South Carolina; Intern Health Study principal investigator Srijan Sen, M.D., Ph.D., who is also the director of the Eisenberg Family Depression Center and a professor of psychiatry and neuroscience at U-M; other U-M faculty Amy Bohnert, Ph.D., M.H.S., Andrea Oliverio, M.D., M.Sc., and Lisa Meeks, Ph.D.  as well as Intern Health Study team members Zhuo Joan Zhao, M.S., Yu Fang, M.S.E., Jennifer Cleary, a doctoral student in psychology at U-M, and Karina Pereira-Lima, a Ph.D. student at the University of Sao Paolo.

The Intern Health Study is funded by the National Institute of Mental Health (MH101459). Additional NIH funding was also used for the two studies.

Trends in Sexual Harassment Prevalence and Recognition During Intern Year, JAMA Health Forum, doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2024.0139

 

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JOURNAL

JAMA Health Forum

DOI

10.1001/jamahealthforum.2024.0139 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Survey

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

People

ARTICLE TITLE

Trends in Sexual Harassment Prevalence and Recognition During Intern Year

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

22-Mar-2024

 

Scientists uncover evidence that microplastics are contaminating archaeological remains

Researchers have for the first time discovered evidence of microplastic contamination in archaeological soil samples

UNIVERSITY OF YORK

 

IMAGE: 

RESEARCHERS IDENTIFIED 16 DIFFERENT MICROPLASTIC POLYMER TYPES ACROSS BOTH CONTEMPORARY AND ARCHIVED SAMPLES.

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CREDIT: YORK ARCHAEOLOGY

Researchers have for the first time discovered evidence of microplastic contamination in archaeological soil samples.

The team discovered tiny microplastic particles in deposits located more than seven metres deep, in samples dating back to the first or early second century and excavated in the late 1980s.

Preserving archaeology in situ has been the preferred approach to managing historical sites for a generation. However, the research team say the findings could prompt a rethink, with the tiny particles potentially compromising the preserved remains.

Microplastics are small plastic particles, ranging from 1μm (one thousandth of a millimetre) to 5mm. They come from a wide range of sources, from larger plastic pieces that have broken apart, or resin pellets used in plastic manufacturing which were frequently used in beauty products up until around 2020.

The study, published in the journal Science of the Total Environment, was carried out by the universities of York and Hull and supported by the educational charity York Archaeology.

Professor John Schofield from the University of York’s Department of Archaeology, said: “This feels like an important moment, confirming what we should have expected: that what were previously thought to be pristine archaeological deposits, ripe for investigation, are in fact contaminated with plastics, and that this includes deposits sampled and stored in the late 1980s.

“We are familiar with plastics in the oceans and in rivers. But here we see our historic heritage incorporating toxic elements. To what extent this contamination compromises the evidential value of these deposits, and their national importance is what we'll try to find out next.” 

David Jennings, chief executive of York Archaeology, added: “We think of microplastics as a very modern phenomenon, as we have only really been hearing about them for the last 20 years, when Professor Richard Thompson revealed in 2004 that they have been prevalent in our seas since the 1960s with the post-war boom in plastic production,” 

“This new study shows that the particles have infiltrated archaeological deposits, and like the oceans, this is likely to have been happening for a similar period, with particles found in soil samples taken and archived in 1988 at Wellington Row in York.”

The study identified 16 different microplastic polymer types across both contemporary and archived samples.  

“Where this becomes a concern for archaeology is how microplastics may compromise the scientific value of archaeological deposits.  Our best-preserved remains – for example, the Viking finds at Coppergate – were in a consistent anaerobic waterlogged environment for over 1000 years, which preserved organic materials incredibly well.  The presence of microplastics can and will change the chemistry of the soil, potentially introducing elements which will cause the organic remains to decay.  If that is the case, preserving archaeology in situ may no longer be appropriate,” added David Jennings.

The research team say further research into the impact of microplastics will be a priority for archaeologists, given the potential impact of these man-made chemicals on archaeological deposits. 

The study, ‘The contamination of in situ archaeological remains: A pilot analysis of microplastics in sediment samples using μFTIR’, has been published in Science of the Total Environment.

 ENDS

 

 

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JOURNAL

Science of The Total Environment

DOI

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169941 

ARTICLE TITLE

The contamination of in situ archaeological remains: A pilot analysis of microplastics in sediment samples using μFTIR

 

WVU technology innovations position West Virginia to lead hydrogen economy

WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY

 

IMAGE: 

ED SABOLSKY, A WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR, WORKS WITH MATERIALS SCIENCE DOCTORAL CANDIDATE SAAD WASEEM TO PREPARE A SOLID OXIDE ELECTROLYSIS CELL TEST. SABOLSKY IS LEADING A PROJECT, FUNDED BY $9.3 MILLION FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, TO DESIGN A FURNACE FOR SOEC MANUFACTURING THAT USES MICROWAVE ENERGY.

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CREDIT: WVU PHOTO/SAVANNA LEECH

West Virginia University engineers have received a wave of federal support for research projects that will help slash the cost of clean hydrogen.

The three U.S. Department of Energy grants for WVU studies total $15.8 million and are part of funds authorized by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law for research that advances the “Hydrogen Shot” goal of cutting the cost of clean hydrogen production to $1 per kilogram.

The projects happening at the WVU Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources all focus on improving the manufacture or design of a technology called the “solid oxide electrolysis cell” or SOEC. SOECs split water into hydrogen and oxygen through the process of electrolysis, which is powered by electricity that can come from renewable energy sources.

Edward Sabolsky, professor in the Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, received $9.3 million in DOE support to design a furnace for SOEC manufacturing that uses microwave energy for heat.

In the same department, Xingbo Liu, professor, associate dean for research and Statler Chair of Engineering, leads a research group that received $4.5 million to develop a “proton-conducting” SOEC capable of outperforming conventional “oxygen-conducting” SOECs.

Wenyuan Li, assistant professor in the Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, received $2 million for WVU contributions to a three-year study. Like Sabolsky, Li is looking at better ways to manufacture SOECs. However, he’s focused not on microwaves, but on a process called “ultrafast high-temperature sintering,” which can achieve temperatures up to 2,000 degrees Celsius within minutes. Compared to a conventional system, Li’s design improves energy and time efficiency while reducing carbon emissions, energy consumption and costs for capital, maintenance and labor.

“The different WVU teams are each taking their own approach,” Sabolsky said. “Our shared goal is to develop these SOEC systems to produce hydrogen, which would then be implemented into all the industries that currently use fossil energy sources for manufacturing and transportation. One example would be to replace the industrial fuel coke with hydrogen when processing steel. This would remove the use of carbon, a major driver of climate change.”

Sabolsky explained that “electrolysis is positioned to replace the traditional hydrogen generation technology, steam methane reforming, which produces significant greenhouse gases. SOECs can operate at up to 100% efficiency and run on waste heat from adjacent industrial processes.”

To make SOECs, multiple ceramic layers need to be processed to temperatures between 1,000 and 1,400 degrees Celsius. According to Sabolsky, that process is time-consuming and energy intensive.

“It typically takes nearly a week to heat up and cool down the materials multiple times,” he said. “We need a method that’s much more efficient if we’re going to commercialize SOECs at the level the DOE Hydrogen Shot requires in the next five years.”

That’s why Sabolsky is replacing traditional thermal processing with “microwave-assisted processing.”

“In traditional thermal processing, energy heats an element in a furnace, then that heat is transferred into the product we want to make hot,” he said. “When we use microwaves, the energy goes directly into the product, improving heating rates and energy efficiency. Using materials called ‘susceptors’ to ensure irregularities in a material don’t cause the microwaves to heat it unevenly, our lab has demonstrated SOEC fabrication using only 10% of the energy and 10% of the time compared to standard thermal processing.”

Sabolsky is conscious that commercialization of his technology can create job opportunities and stimulate local economic growth as Appalachia builds a regional infrastructure for hydrogen generation. Once the hardware is ready, his team will start demonstrating it to fuel cell companies, offering them a demonstration lab for testing the system on their proprietary ceramics. Sabolsky said he wants to see the first sales of the new furnace design less than a year after the four-year research period ends.

He foresees his furnace design can support the immediate launch of two startup companies in collaboration with the WVU Innovation Corporation, an incubation chamber for growing manufacturing and high technology jobs.

“One startup potentially will be an extension of an existing business, manufacturing parts of our system or our whole system within West Virginia,” he said. “The second would manufacture advanced electrical materials and powders, and high-temperature processing insulation and containers.”

Liu underlined the work happening at WVU “will help make this region a leader in the hydrogen economy. With the technologies researchers are developing, West Virginia is going to leverage the natural gas we have here in the Marcellus Shale to make cheap, clean hydrogen,” he said.

In 2023, Liu and his team received the DOE Hydrogen Program’s Hydrogen Production Technology Award for their work developing SOECs that conduct protons rather than oxygen ions. Now, he said, it’s time to build on that innovation and arrive at a high performance system that can run at a low temperature.

“We’re enhancing for efficiency, stability and performance. Our proton-conducting SOECs can be manufactured on a large scale with minimal complexity and cost. We expect this research to unlock the full potential of SOEC technology, supporting a future powered by clean, renewable hydrogen at $1 a kilogram.”

Additional faculty involved with the studies include GE Plastics Professor Debangsu Bhattacharyya; professor John Hu, Statler Chair in Engineering for Natural Gas Utilization and director of the WVU Center for Innovation in Gas Research and Utilization; associate professor Terence Musho; and associate professor Fernando Lima.

 

Enormous ice loss from Greenland glacier

Melt rates of 130 metres per year measured under the 79° N-Glacier

ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE, HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH

 

IMAGE: 

OLE ZEISIG STARTING PRES (RADAR) MEASUREMENT ON 79 NORTH GLACIER

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CREDIT: ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE / NIKLAS NECKEL

Ground-based measuring devices and aircraft radar operated in the far northeast of Greenland show how much ice the 79° N-Glacier is losing. According to measurements conducted by the Alfred Wegener Institute, the thickness of the glacier has decreased by more than 160 metres since 1998. Warm ocean water flowing under the glacier tongue is melting the ice from below. High air temperatures cause lakes to form on the surface, whose water flows through huge channels in the ice into the ocean. One channel reached a height of 500 metres, while the ice above was only 190 metres thick, as a research team has now reported in the scientific journal The Cryosphere.

A rustic camp in northeast Greenland was one of the bases for deploying autonomous measuring devices with modern radar technology by helicopter in a part of the 79° N-Glacier that is difficult to access. Measurement flights with the polar aircraft of the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) and satellite data were also incorporated into a scientific study that has now been published in the scientific journal The Cryosphere. This study examines how global warming affects the stability of a floating ice tongue. This is of great importance for the remaining ice shelves in Greenland as well as those in Antarctica, as instability of the ice shelf usually results in an acceleration of the ice flow, which would lead to a greater sea level rise.

“Since 2016, we have been using autonomous instruments to carry out radar measurements on the 79° N-Glacier, from which we can determine melt and thinning rates,” says AWI glaciologist Dr Ole Zeising, the first author of the publication. “In addition, we used aircraft radar data from 1998, 2018 and 2021 showing changes in ice thickness. We were able to measure that the 79° N-Glacier has changed significantly in recent decades under the influence of global warming.”

The study shows how the combination of a warm ocean inflow and a warming atmosphere affects the floating ice tongue of the 79° N-Glacier in northeast Greenland. Only recently, an AWI oceanography team published a modelling study on this subject. The unique data set of observations now presented shows that extremely high melt rates occur over a large area near the transition to the ice sheet. In addition, large channels form on the underside of the ice from the land side, probably because the water from huge lakes drains through the glacier ice. Both processes have led to a strong thinning of the glacier in recent decades.

Due to extreme melt rates, the ice of the floating glacier tongue has become 32 % thinner since 1998, especially from the grounding line where the ice comes into contact with the ocean. In addition, a 500-metre-high channel has formed on the underside of the ice, which spreads towards the inland. The researchers attribute these changes to warm ocean currents in the cavity below the floating tongue and to the runoff of surface meltwater as a result of atmospheric warming. A surprising finding was that melt rates have decreased since 2018. A possible cause for this is a colder ocean inflow. “The fact that this system reacts on such short time scales is astonishing for systems that are actually inert such as glaciers,” says Prof Dr Angelika Humbert, who is also involved in the study.

“We expect that this floating glacier tongue will break apart over the next few years to decades,” explains the AWI glaciologist. “We have begun to study this process in detail to gain maximum insight into the course of the process. Although there have been several such disintegrations of ice shelves, we have only been able to collect data subsequently. As a scientific community, we are now in a better position by having built up a really good database before the collapse.”

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JOURNAL

The Cryosphere

DOI

10.5194/tc-18-1333-2024 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Data/statistical analysis

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

Not applicable

ARTICLE TITLE

Extreme melting at Greenland’s largest floating ice tongue

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

22-Mar-2024

Disclaimer: AAAS 

 

All countries’ agri-environmental policies at a glance

University of Bonn researchers publish dataset of over 6,000 policies from all over the world

Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF BONN

 

IMAGE: 

THE CHARTS SHOW THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PERCENTAGE OF A COUNTRY’S GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GENERATED BY THE AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY AND HOW MANY NATIONAL AGRI-ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES IT HAS. RICHER COUNTRIES TEND TO INTRODUCE MORE SETS OF AGRI-ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS.

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CREDIT: CHART: WUEPPER ET AL., “NATURE FOOD,” 2024

There can be no analysis without data. In this spirit, researchers from the University of Bonn and the Swiss Federal Institution of Technology (ETH) Zurich have published a database containing over 6,000 agri-environmental policies, thus enabling their peers as well as policymakers and businesses to seek answers to all manner of different questions. The researchers have used two examples to demonstrate how this can be done: how a country’s economic development is linked to its adoption of agri-environmental policies and how such policies impact soil erosion. Their study has now been published in “Nature Food.” Embargo: Don´t publish before March 22, 2024, 11 AM CET!

Although agriculture is vital for our survival and well-being, it is also responsible for significant greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss and soil degradation. Countries are therefore adopting all manner of different policies to make agriculture sustainable, from regulations to paying for agri-environmental services. Every year, new laws, programs, and schemes are introduced all over the world while others are abolished, making it hard to keep track of developments. This is a problem for researchers and policy decision-makers alike: how are they to go about making comparisons? How can they tell which measures work in which circumstances? Together with colleagues at ETH Zurich, Professor David Wuepper from the Institute for Food and Resource Economics at the University of Bonn has now put together an extensive, easy-to-use database containing 6,124 policies from over 200 countries that were adopted between 1960 and 2022.

In their work, the team focused on measures that meet certain criteria: “First and foremost, the measure has to be relevant in some way to agriculture, such as land use, nitrogen fertilizers or pesticides. But forest conservation is included too, because it’s linked to agriculture in many countries,” explains Wuepper, who is also a member of the PhenoRob Cluster of Excellence at the University of Bonn. The measures also have to have national significance, meaning that they cannot be focused too strongly on the local level, for example. New thematic areas can be added to the database at any time. “We deliberately gave it a modular structure so we can keep on expanding it.”

Old question meets new data

Wuepper and his co-authors were quick to use their database to shine new light on an old but contentious question: how does a country’s economic development tie in with its adoption of agri-environmental policies? “You might expect higher-income countries to implement a larger number of eco-friendly measures because the environment is becoming increasingly important in relative terms on the policy front,” Wuepper explains. And, thanks to his database, he has now been able to confirm that this is indeed the case. “We’ve shown that richer countries actually do introduce more measures, generally speaking.” Here too, however, it is the exceptions that prove the rule. “This trend doesn’t apply across the board. For instance, the Middle Eastern have relatively few agri-environmental policies in place given their income level. This demonstrates that countries need to make an active effort to implement sustainable policies and that it won’t happen by itself.” What these policies then actually achieve, however, is another question entirely. “But this is also something that can—and should—be investigated with the help of the database,” Wuepper says, and in fact an initial analysis of this kind is included in the article that has been published.

National policies help fight the problem of soil erosion

The database helped Wuepper answer a question that had been on his mind for some time: in a previous research project at ETH Zürich (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-019-0438-4), he had studied what impact countries have on soil erosion. “Comparing levels of soil erosion along national borders showed that countries exert significant influence,” Wuepper reveals. “At the time, we were able to demonstrate a link to agriculture, and we also thought that national policies might be an influencing factor. However, we couldn’t look into it because we didn’t have the data on the countries’ relevant policies to compare on a global scale.” Armed with their new policy database, the researchers have now been able to investigate the extent to which this significant influence that countries exert on global erosion can be explained by their policies. They have found that national soil management policies account for at least 43 percent of a country’s impact on soil erosion.

The database is accessible to the general public at  https://zenodo.org/records/10842614

Institutions involved and funding secured

The University of Bonn and ETH Zurich were involved in the study, which was funded by the European Research Council and the PhenoRob Cluster of Excellence.

Although agriculture is vital for our survival and well-being, it is also responsible for significant greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss and soil degradation. Countries are therefore adopting all manner of different policies to make agriculture sustainable, from regulations to paying for agri-environmental services. Every year, new laws, programs, and schemes are introduced all over the world while others are abolished, making it hard to keep track of developments. This is a problem for researchers and policy decision-makers alike: how are they to go about making comparisons? How can they tell which measures work in which circumstances? Together with colleagues at ETH Zurich, Professor David Wuepper from the Institute for Food and Resource Economics at the University of Bonn has now put together an extensive, easy-to-use database containing 6,124 policies from over 200 countries that were adopted between 1960 and 2022.

In their work, the team focused on measures that meet certain criteria: “First and foremost, the measure has to be relevant in some way to agriculture, such as land use, nitrogen fertilizers or pesticides. But forest conservation is included too, because it’s linked to agriculture in many countries,” explains Wuepper, who is also a member of the PhenoRob Cluster of Excellence at the University of Bonn. The measures also have to have national significance, meaning that they cannot be focused too strongly on the local level, for example. New thematic areas can be added to the database at any time. “We deliberately gave it a modular structure so we can keep on expanding it.”

Old question meets new data

Wuepper and his co-authors were quick to use their database to shine new light on an old but contentious question: how does a country’s economic development tie in with its adoption of agri-environmental policies? “You might expect higher-income countries to implement a larger number of eco-friendly measures because the environment is becoming increasingly important in relative terms on the policy front,” Wuepper explains. And, thanks to his database, he has now been able to confirm that this is indeed the case. “We’ve shown that richer countries actually do introduce more measures, generally speaking.” Here too, however, it is the exceptions that prove the rule. “This trend doesn’t apply across the board. For instance, the Middle Eastern have relatively few agri-environmental policies in place given their income level. This demonstrates that countries need to make an active effort to implement sustainable policies and that it won’t happen by itself.” What these policies then actually achieve, however, is another question entirely. “But this is also something that can—and should—be investigated with the help of the database,” Wuepper says, and in fact an initial analysis of this kind is included in the article that has been published.

National policies help fight the problem of soil erosion

The database helped Wuepper answer a question that had been on his mind for some time: in a previous research project at ETH Zürich (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-019-0438-4), he had studied what impact countries have on soil erosion. “Comparing levels of soil erosion along national borders showed that countries exert significant influence,” Wuepper reveals. “At the time, we were able to demonstrate a link to agriculture, and we also thought that national policies might be an influencing factor. However, we couldn’t look into it because we didn’t have the data on the countries’ relevant policies to compare on a global scale.” Armed with their new policy database, the researchers have now been able to investigate the extent to which this significant influence that countries exert on global erosion can be explained by their policies. They have found that national soil management policies account for at least 43 percent of a country’s impact on soil erosion.

The database is accessible to the general public at  https://zenodo.org/records/10842614

Institutions involved and funding secured

The University of Bonn and ETH Zurich were involved in the study, which was funded by the European Research Council and the PhenoRob Cluster of Excellence.

The chart shows the number of national agri-environmental policies in each country. It can be seen that there are a particularly large number of agri-environmental policies in the EU member states.

CREDIT

Chart: Wuepper et al., “Nature Food,” 2024

JOURNAL

Nature Food

DOI

10.1038/s43016-024-00945-8 

ARTICLE TITLE

Countries’ Agri-Environmental Policies from 1960 to 2022

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

22-Mar-2024

The backlash against Dobbs could do more than defeat Trump

John Stoehr
March 22, 2024

Former President Donald Trump Justin Sullivan/Getty Images

I have been saying for a while now the U.S. Supreme Court is lost. It will be dominated by a rightwing majority for years, decades. The best thing citizens can do, if they care about democracy, individual liberty and liberal values, is dominate the institutions of lawmaking, especially the U.S. House. Thanks to Donald Trump, they have a chance to do that.

Trump recently took a firm position – well, firm enough – on the idea of a national abortion ban. In February, the Times reported he privately supported the proposition of a 16-week national abortion ban, with exceptions for rape and incest. Trump denied the report, however, for fear of radicalizing voters who’ve been radicalized by the fall of Roe.

The former president seems to have misplaced his previous fear. On Tuesday, during a radio interview, he said he was open to a 15-week ban. He said it was a “reasonable” position, but stopped short of endorsing it. Trump has been coy since 2022, when the Supreme Court invalidated abortion rights. That is, when he’s not taking credit for it.

The reason he’s even talking about a national abortion ban is because supporters are unsatisfied with letting states decide how to regulate abortion, even though state’s rights were key to the Dobbs ruling. They are unsatisfied, because the anti-abortion movement was never about abortion, but instead a woman’s place in society relative to a man’s.

Trump knows he’s treading on thin ice. He knows the backlash against Dobbs – and, therefore, against him – is the reason GOP candidates have been losing elections since 2022. Even in red states, activists have been fighting to put the question to voters in ballot initiatives. In some, like Ohio, they enshrined abortion rights in their state constitution.

Trump could say nothing and maintain all the support he needs from white evangelical Protestants and other diehard anti-abortionists while letting swing voters, who don’t love abortion but hate bans on it, come to their own conclusions about him. He doesn’t need a position on a national ban, yet here he is, playing footsie with the idea. Perhaps he can’t help himself. He's a showman. He has to pander to the crowd.

In any event, playing footsie with a national abortion ban just might jolt blue-state Democrats out of their sense of complacency. They may be appalled by the sight of what’s happening in Texas, where the “exceptions” to its abortion ban turned out to be farcical and where pregnant women face the horror of birthing dead babies. But they are largely unconcerned about abortion restrictions in their own states.

That’s partly due to blue states generally having liberal abortion laws. But it’s also partly due to believing the anti-abortionists when they say their goal is protecting life, beginning the moment a human sperm touches a human egg. They don’t care about that. They care about controlling women. They care about that so much they’re prepared to ditch previous overtures to state’s rights in favor of a national ban.

A 15-week national abortion ban would threaten to invalidate liberal abortion laws blue-state Democrats currently take for granted. Depending on the Supreme Court’s rightwing majority, it might even invalidate amendments to state constitutions currently enshrining abortion rights. Moreover, Trump and congressional Republicans wouldn’t stop at 15 weeks. That number was made up to give the impression of a middle ground. They would find a way to zero.

To do that, Trump would need a Republican Congress. That’s where blue states come in. More than 20 House Republicans come from California and New York alone, whose liberal abortion laws are taken for granted by Democratic voters in those states. If they remain complacent, and if Trump wins, House Republicans from those states could, and probably would, help enact a national ban on abortion. If, however, Democratic voters from just those two states drop their complacency, they could avoid that fate by driving each of those Republicans out of office, denying Trump the majority he’d need.

The conventional wisdom is the reaction to Dobbs is going to defeat Donald Trump. But the reaction to Dobbs could be much more than that. Indeed, it must be. The American principle of checks and balances are out of balance thanks to a rightwing majority on the Supreme Court. Whereas previous generations came to see the high court as the giver of rights, subsequent generations will almost certainly see it as the taker of rights. The only way to counterbalance that is by dominating the institutions of lawmaking, namely the House.

The Senate isn’t enough. Though the Senate is where judges are confirmed, and though judges determine through the common law what the law is, they can be, and probably will be, overruled by a rightwing majority if it doesn’t like their jurisprudence. And anyway, the distribution of votes in the Senate is almost evenly divided, and there’s probably not much that’s going to change about that soon.

However, if the Democrats hold the House – for years, hopefully longer – they can take the necessary action, during those times when the Senate is in Democratic hands, to restore rights and protections, such as the right to an abortion, that the rightwing majority of the Supreme Court has taken away and will almost certainly continue to take away.

The backlash against Dobbs shouldn’t only defeat Trump. It should restore balance to a constitutional order desperately in need of it.

N.J. food factory fined $463K over unsafe working conditions, OSHA says

2024/03/19


A food company is facing hefty fines after federal safety inspectors say its New Jersey plant harbored unsafe working conditions.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration last Wednesday said it proposed fines against Aunt Kitty’s Food Inc. for operating deficiencies at its factory on North Mill Road in Vineland. OSHA proposed the company pay $463,000 in fines, the agency said.

The company is a subsidiary of Hanover Foods Inc. It manufactures canned foods including soups, sauces, pasta, vegetables and gravy. Hanover sells products under the the Bickel’s Snacks, Castleberry’s, John Cope’s, Spring Glen and Wege Pretzels brands.

Attempts by NJ Advance Media to reach a representative for the company were unsuccessful on Tuesday.

OSHA investigators began probing the South Jersey plant following a complaint in 2023, the agency said last week. Inspectors said they found one willful violation and two repeat and four serious infringements.

Aunt Kitty’s is accused of allowing workers to both service and clean equipment without procedures to prevent machinery from starting unexpectedly. It also failed to develop and implement “lockout/tagout program and written procedures for maintenance and sanitation staff that worked on and cleaned production equipment in the canning and filling department.”

“Ensuring lockout/tagout procedures are established and used can make the difference between an employee ending a shift safely and suffering a serious, life-altering injury,” OSHA Area Director Paula Dixon-Roderick said in a statement.

The plant is also accused of leaving workers vulnerable to injuries by not installing proper guarding on conveyor belts and providing baseline and annual audiograms.

The company has 15 days from receiving the proposed fines to respond to OSHA.

The citations aren’t the only instance where Aunt Kitty’s faced operation woes in the past year.

In October, the U.S. Department of Agriculture said the company was recalling nearly 13,000 pounds of canned chicken pot pie soup over mislabeling undeclared allergens. Those cans were sent to nearby states, including Maryland, Virginia and Pennsylvania and as far away as Texas.

Penn Live Staff Writer Chris Mautner contributed to this report.

Is Walmart screwing customers? Former Secretary of Labor says so

2024/03/24

Robert Reich, Secretary of Labor under President Bill Clinton and a member of the administrations of Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter, has accused Walmart of “price gouging.”

 (Associated Press | Gene J. Puskar)

Robert Reich, Secretary of Labor under President Bill Clinton and a member of the administrations of Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter, has accused Walmart of “price gouging.”

On Saturday, he tweeted: “Walmart hiked prices on its Great Value food brands. The result? Its net income spiked 93% to $10.5 billion toward the end of 2023. Walmart rewarded shareholders with $5.9 billion in buybacks and dividends. When I say price gouging is driving inflation, this is what I mean.”

Reich, in previous essays, has written: “Businesses have been using the coverof inflation to justify price increases, so consumers accept them.” He adds that inflation hasn’t been being propelled by an overheated economy. “It’s being propelled by overheated profits.”

Walmart is the largest company by revenue in the world and the largest private company employer in the U.S. The department store and grocery giant recently settled a class-action lawsuit for $45 million after customers accused Walmart of overcharging customers who purchased weighted groceries or bagged fruit. Customers claimed the company inflated product weight, mislabeled bagged produce weight and overcharged for clearance items.

In taking on the country’s largest retailer, Reich is echoing charges by the current administration. In his State of the Union Address on March 7, President Biden pointed his finger at “big pharma” and the “biggest corporations” that “pad their profits” with “shrinkflation,” “price gouging,” “deceptive pricing,” “exorbitant prices” and “price-fixing,” according to a Wall Street Journal scorecard.

“Big Profits and High Prices: There Is a Connection,” a WSJ headline blared.

In addition to calling out corporate greed on every-day pricing, Biden has taken aim at “junk fees,” which the Council of Economic Advisers estimates costs the average household more than $650 each year. These are charges which companies declare as mandatory but aren’t clearly disclosed fees.

Biden also urged Congress to pass a bill that targets “shrinkflation” — the practice of deceptively giving the consumer less while disguising it.

According to The Guardian, a report, compiled by the progressive Groundwork Collaborative thinktank, found that corporate profits accounted for more than half of inflation during last year’s second and third quarters. In the 40 years prior to the pandemicProfits drove just 11% of price growth, the report said.

Lindsay Owens of the Groundwork Collaborative wrote that companies are ”openly bragging to investors about how well it’s working.” Here’s one of many examples she offered:

“I think we’ve done a great job with our pricing,” boasted the CFO of Hormel, a maker of popular grocery brands. “I think it’s been very effective.” As prices went up, the company improved its operating income by 19 percent in the first quarter of 2022 compared to 2021.

Owens report said that while prices for consumers rose by 3.4% over the past year, costs for producers increased by just 1%, based on data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis.

The days of trickle-down economics are over

John Stoehr
March 23, 2024

If you read only headlines or news summaries for the State of the Union address, you almost certainly missed the bigger story, as most of them, at least those I have seen, were about optics and vibes.

Here’s CBS News with a representative sample: “Joe Biden on Thursday delivered his third State of the Union, taking a defiantly political tone amid the gridlock in Congress and addressing his predecessor and likely opponent, former President Donald Trump, ahead of what will likely be a nasty rematch between the two in November.”

True, but this is also true: The president delivered an era-defining speech – precisely, an era-ending speech. He closed a long chapter in American history that began in the last quarter of the last century when another Democratic president himself delivered another State of the Union address that itself ended a long chapter in American history.

“We know big government does not have all the answers,” Bill Clinton said in his 1996 State of the Union. “We know there’s not a program for every problem. We know and we have worked to give the American people a smaller, less bureaucratic government in Washington, and we have to give the American people one that lives within its means. The era of big government is over.”

Clinton went on to qualify that statement. (Though “the era of big government was over,” he said in the very next breath, people who need help shouldn’t be left to fend for themselves). But that’s what people remember, and that’s almost certainly what Clinton himself wanted people to remember in the run-up to that year’s election.

A Democratic president had picked up where his conservative predecessors had left off in rolling back some of the safety net and social justice programs in Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal and Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society. Where Ronald Reagan and George HW Bush launched a period marked by low taxation and low regulation, and by the general retreat by the federal government from the economic lives of the citizenry, Bill Clinton deepened and consolidated it. It was “trickle-down economics,” but with a fresh face, “neoliberalism.”

From that period came virtually all the economic consequences that have haunted us for more than 20 years – the offshoring of jobs, the hollowing out of domestic manufacturing, the immiseration of the middle class, the celestial wealth of the .01 percent and, according to some thinkers, the rise of Donald Trump. We were told empowering the rich would empower us all, but all it did was make them greedier and meaner, make the rest of us poorer and meaner, and trigger endless combat over crumbs between everybody and everyone.

The conventional wisdom is that Joe Biden ran for president to save the soul of America. While that was true in the beginning of his 2020 campaign, his thinking changed, as it became clearer that the covid crisis, and the mismanagement of it, had exposed deep structural problems – such as the yawning gap between normal people and the very obscenely rich – that had been destabilizing the country for two decades. Saving the soul of America meant more than beating Trump and restoring order. It meant establishing a new economic order.

“The days of trickle-down economics are over,” Biden said Thursday.

That should have been the headline from last week’s address. It was era-defining, as was Clinton’s in 1996. Precisely, it was era-ending. Just as Clinton’s economic policies finally ended the presidencies of Roosevelt and Johnson, Biden’s economic policies are finally ending the presidencies of Reagan and Clinton. A huge portion of his speech was dedicated to illustrating just how the Democrats have been upending the last 40 years of economic thought, so that the federal government, long beholden to the few, is now serving the greater common good.

When the president talked about “America’s comeback,” he wasn’t just talking about rebounding from the worst public health and economic disaster in a century. He was talking about going back to the original republican idea that a government should be of, by and for the people. “America’s comeback is building a future of American possibilities, building an economy from the middle out and the bottom up, not the top down, investing in all America, in all Americans, to make sure everyone has a fair shot and we leave no one, no one behind,” he said.

He went further. By talking about what’s good for everyone, Biden was implicitly talking about what’s bad for a minority whose interests are at odds with the interests of the majority – in other words, billionaires, “Wall Street,” corporations and the GOP elites who serve them. Over and over, the president made clear where he stands: for people who work for a living and against people who own so much they don’t have to work. At one point, after hearing some Republican grumbling in objection to the claim the Trump tax cuts mostly benefited the very obscenely rich, the president turned to the TV cameras, and asked: “Folks at home, does anyone really think the tax code is fair?

“Do you really think the wealthy and big corporations need another $2 trillion tax break? I sure don’t. I’m going to keep fighting like hell to make it fair. Under my plan, nobody earning less than $400,000 a year will pay an additional penny in federal taxes. Nobody. Not one penny.”

Billionaires, “Wall Street,” corporations and the GOP elites who serve them – these are today’s equivalent of what Roosevelt once called “economic royalists” who hated the concept of investing in the greater common good, and by extension him. Roosevelt, knowing his political advantage with the people, famously said he welcomed their hate.

Biden never said that, but he expressed the same “bring it on” spirit. “Over 100 million of you can no longer be denied health insurance because of pre-existing conditions,” he said. “But my predecessor, and many in this chamber, want to take those prescription drugs away by repealing the Affordable Care Act. I am not going to let that happen.

“We stopped you 50 times before and we will stop you again.”

The implication couldn’t have been clearer. “We” meant the democratic will of the American people, with Biden as its champion. “You” meant special interests. “There are 1,000 billionaires in America,” Biden later said. “You know what the average federal tax is for these billionaires? They are making great sacrifices: 8.2 percent. That’s far less than the vast majority of Americans pay. No billionaire should pay a lower federal tax rate than a teacher, a sanitation worker or a nurse.”

It wasn’t just a speech. On Monday, the White House released a budget plan calling for increased taxes on major corporations and the rich to pay for programs that lower the cost of health care, housing and consumer good, all while paying off $3 trillion in debt over 10 years. The proposal is dead on arrival in a House controlled by Republicans, but that’s not the point. The point is getting Americans who are used to thinking in terms of scarcity, rather than abundance, to dream big.

“Imagine what we could do,” Biden said Monday, according to the Post, “from cutting the deficit, to providing child care, to providing health care, to continuing to provide our military with all they need. Folks, look, this is not beyond our capacity.”

We used to think so. We used to think, as Bill Clinton said, that we wanted “a smaller, less bureaucratic government in Washington,” one “that lives within its means.” Then came the covid crisis, and all the structural and destabilizing problems that it exposed. Biden could have limited himself to saving the soul of America. He could have tried to save the existing economic order. Thank God, he didn’t. Now he’s encouraging Americans to dream. If nothing else, that’s transformative.