Dongguk University researchers create clove essential oil-based pickering emulsions
Researchers demonstrate how modifying the properties of clove essential oil can improve emulsifying efficiency and enhance antibacterial effects
Dongguk University Evaluation and Audit Team
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The study reveals how waste from clove oil can be transformed into powerful antibacterial emulsifiers.
Credit: Jun-Won Kang from Dongguk University
Foodborne diseases pose a significant challenge to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3 of Good Health and Well-Being. Such ailments typically occur due to bacterial contamination during food production, processing, transportation, and storage and can even prove fatal. Therefore, it is imperative to prevent contamination due to microbes at all stages.
In this regard, the food industry currently utilizes chemicals such as benzoate and nitrate. Unfortunately, these preservatives are not deemed as safe and effective natural antibacterial agents. Scientists have recently proposed essential oils, volatile substances produced through the secondary metabolism of plants, as promising alternatives.
In a breakthrough, a team of researchers led by Jun-Won Kang, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Food Science and Biotechnology at Dongguk University, has come up with a novel clove essential oil-based Pickering emulsion formulation with enhanced antibacterial properties. Their findings were made available online on 3 December 2024 and published in Volume 503 of the Chemical Engineering Journal on 1 January 2025.
According to Dr. Kang, “Clove essential oil is known to exhibit excellent antibacterial properties. However, its application has been limited by low water solubility. To overcome this, we decided to explore oil-based Pickering emulsions.”
In this study, the researchers developed a sustainable Pickering emulsion using carbon quantum dots (CQDs), promising solid particles for food applications, derived from clove essential oil residue. Specifically, they synthesized four kinds of CQDs using ultrapure distilled water and ethanol, finding that CQDs with 40% ethanol demonstrated the highest emulsifying efficacy.
CQDs increase the surface roughness of the emulsion, enhancing bacterial adhesion and leading to stronger antibacterial activity compared to conventional emulsions. The present approach not only enhances the antibacterial efficiency of emulsions but also offers a green and eco-friendly alternative to traditional chemical surfactants such as Polysorbate 80. It showcases the upcycling of essential oil extraction byproducts into valuable emulsifying agent nanomaterials, contributing to sustainable material development and waste valorization.
This work is expected to find several interesting applications across numerous fields. The developed Pickering emulsion can be used in food preservation and packaging to enhance shelf life by naturally preventing bacterial contamination. Additionally, since essential oils are already widely used in skincare products, the proposed emulsion could be used in natural cosmetics and topical antimicrobial formulations.
Moreover, the antimicrobial properties of emulsion suggest potential applications in wound dressings, antiseptic formulations, or drug delivery systems. The formulation could also be applied to biopesticides or plant protection products that require stable emulsions with antimicrobial action.
“To summarize, the novelties of our clove essential oil-based technology include reduction of chemical surfactants, health benefits, sustainability, waste reduction, circular economy promotion, advanced antimicrobial features, medical applications, and potential for widespread industrial adoption,” concludes Dr. Kang.
Here’s hoping that this research soon leads to new regulatory standards favouring eco-friendly, bio-based, and non-toxic emulsifiers over synthetic ones, shaping the landscape of multiple industries!
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Reference
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.158247
About the institute
Dongguk University, founded in 1906, is located in Seoul, South Korea. It comprises 13 colleges that cover a variety of disciplines and has local campuses in Gyeongju, Goyang, and Los Angeles. The university has 1300 professors who conduct independent research and 18,000 students undertaking studies in a variety of disciplines. Interaction between disciplines is one of the strengths on which Dongguk prides itself; the university encourages researchers to work across disciplines in Information Technology, Bio Technology, CT, and Buddhism.
Website: https://www.dongguk.edu/eng/
About the author
Professor Jun-Won Kang, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Food Science and Biotechnology at Dongguk University, applies cutting-edge nanotechnology to control foodborne pathogens and antibiotic-resistance genes, contributing to food safety and public health. Expanding his research scope, he recently explored probiotic engineering to develop functional and therapeutic food microbiomes. His work spans microbial safety and engineering beneficial microorganisms, aiming to pioneer next-generation probiotics that address global health challenges while ensuring food sustainability. Through interdisciplinary approaches, he advances innovations in food microbiology.
Journal
Chemical Engineering Journal
Method of Research
Experimental study
Subject of Research
Not applicable
Article Title
Synthesis and characterization of clove residue-derived carbon quantum dots: Application in Pickering emulsion with enhanced antibacterial properties
Compound found in common herbs inspires potential anti-inflammatory drug for Alzheimer’s disease
Scripps Research scientists created a stable form of carnosic acid, observing greater memory function and other disease improvements in mice.
Scripps Research Institute
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Microscopy images show fluorescently stained mouse brains expressing genes that cause Alzheimer’s disease. Compared with an Alzheimer’s-like brain (left), the more intense green color (right) indicates more neuronal synapses—connections between nerve cells that underlie learning and memory—upon treatment with the drug diAcCA.
view moreCredit: Scripps Research
LA JOLLA, CA—The herb rosemary has long been linked with memory: “There’s rosemary, that’s for remembrance,” says Ophelia in Shakespeare’s Hamlet. So it is fitting that researchers would study a compound found in rosemary and sage—carnosic acid—for its impact on Alzheimer’s disease. In the disease, which is the leading cause of dementia and the sixth leading cause of death in the US, inflammation is one component that often leads to cognitive decline.
Carnosic acid is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound that works by activating enzymes that make up the body’s natural defense system. While pure carnosic acid is too unstable to be used as a drug, scientists at Scripps Research have now synthesized a stable form, diAcCA. This compound is fully converted to carnosic acid in the gut before being absorbed into the bloodstream.
The research, published in Antioxidants on February 28, 2025, showed that when diAcCA was used to treat mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease, it achieved therapeutic doses of carnosic acid in the brain and led to enhanced memory and synaptic density, or more synapses (representing the connections between nerve cells), in the brain. Because the decline of neuronal synapses is also closely correlated to dementia in Alzheimer’s disease, this approach could counteract the progression of cognitive decline.
Analysis of tissue samples showed the drug also markedly decreased inflammation in the brain. This unique drug is activated by the very inflammation that it then combats and thus is only active in areas of the brain undergoing inflammatory damage. This selectivity limits the potential side effects of carnosic acid, which is on the US Food and Drug Administration’s “generally regarded as safe” (GRAS) list, easing the way for clinical trials.
“By combating inflammation and oxidative stress with this diAcCA compound, we actually increased the number of synapses in the brain,” says senior author and professor Stuart Lipton, MD, PhD, the Step Family Foundation Endowed Chair at Scripps Research and a clinical neurologist in La Jolla, California. “We also took down other misfolded or aggregated proteins such as phosphorylated-tau and amyloid-β, which are thought to trigger Alzheimer’s disease and serve as biomarkers of the disease process.”
Lipton’s group had previously determined that carnosic acid crosses the blood-brain barrier and activates the Nrf2 transcriptional pathway, which turns on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory genes. But the compound oxidizes easily, making it unsuitable as a drug because of its short shelf-life.
In this new study, Lipton and co-author Phil Baran, PhD, the Dr. Richard A. Lerner Endowed Chair in the Department of Chemistry at Scripps Research, synthesized a range of carnosic acid derivatives and selected diAcCA as the best candidate because of its stability, bioavailability, and other drug-like properties. Lipton’s group then treated mouse models with the compound over the course of three months. The group examined the mice by testing their spatial learning and memory in behavioral tests and then analyzing brain tissue under the microscope.
“We did multiple different tests of memory, and they were all improved with the drug,” Lipton says. “And it didn’t just slow down the decline; it improved virtually back to normal.” Analysis of tissues also showed increased neuronal synaptic density and decreased formation of phosphorylated-tau aggregates and amyloid-β plaques.
The mice tolerated diAcCA well. In toxicity studies, the compound even soothed baseline inflammation in the esophagus and stomach as it was converted to carnosic acid.
The group also found that the mice took up about 20% more carnosic acid after ingesting diAcCA than they did after taking plain carnosic acid. Because most carnosic acid oxidizes while being stored or upon ingestion, “diAcCA produces more carnosic acid in the blood than if you took carnosic acid itself,” Lipton explains.
Lipton sees a potential for diAcCA to work in tandem with Alzheimer’s treatments currently on the market. Not only could the drug work on its own by combating inflammation, but “it could make existing amyloid antibody treatments work better by taking away or limiting their side effects” such as a form of brain swelling or bleeding known as ARIA-E and ARIA-H, he says.
Lipton hopes diAcCA can be fast-tracked through clinical trials because of its safety profile. He thinks it could also be explored as a treatment for other disorders marked by inflammation, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and other forms of neurodegeneration such as Parkinson’s disease.
In addition to Lipton and Baran, authors of the study “diAcCA, a Pro-Drug for Carnosic Acid That Activates the Nrf2 Transcriptional Pathway, Shows Efficacy in the 5xFAD Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease” include Piu Banerjee, Yubo Wang, Lauren N. Carnevale, Parth Patel, Charlene K Raspur, Nancy Tran, Xu Zhang, and Amanda J. Roberts of Scripps Research and Ravi Natarajan of Socrates Biosciences.
This work was supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health (U01 AG088679, R01 AG056259, R35 AG071734, RF1 AG057409, R01 AG056259, R56 AG065372, R01 DA048882, DP1 DA041722 and S10 OD030332).
About Scripps Research
Scripps Research is an independent, nonprofit biomedical institute ranked one of the most influential in the world for its impact on innovation by Nature Index. We are advancing human health through profound discoveries that address pressing medical concerns around the globe. Our drug discovery and development division, Calibr-Skaggs, works hand-in-hand with scientists across disciplines to bring new medicines to patients as quickly and efficiently as possible, while teams at Scripps Research Translational Institute harness genomics, digital medicine and cutting-edge informatics to understand individual health and render more effective healthcare. Scripps Research also trains the next generation of leading scientists at our Skaggs Graduate School, consistently named among the top 10 US programs for chemistry and biological sciences. Learn more at www.scripps.edu.
Journal
Antioxidants
Article Title
diAcCA, a Pro-Drug for Carnosic Acid That Activates the Nrf2 Transcriptional Pathway, Shows Efficacy in the 5xFAD Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
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