Thursday, December 19, 2019

ALL THE NEWS THAT FITS - TECH XPLORE

 Tech Xplore


Security
'Inconsistent and misleading' password meters could increase risk of cyber attacks

Robotics
Toyota's humanoid duplicates movements in robotic mobility

Business
Uber to pay $4.4 million to end federal sex harassment probe

Internet
Eight-year-old is highest paid YouTuber, earns $26 million in year

Internet
China targets tech giants in app privacy crackdown

Security
Open-source system securing software updates 'graduates' to protect leading cloud services

Business
Uber vows to stop airport service after Phoenix raises fees

Engineering
Study highlights the potential of nanotube digital electronics

Energy & Green Tech
Solar power from 'the dark side' unlocked by a new formula

Robotics
A soft robotic insect that survives being flattened by a fly swatter

Energy & Green Tech
House size a factor in tackling global climate emergency

Engineering
Commuting in the sky: Flight system tech in demo debut

Computer Sciences
Efficient methods to simulate how electromagnetic waves interact with devices

Consumer & Gadgets
Apple, Google, Amazon eye common standard for smart home devices

Engineering
New coating hides temperature change from infrared cameras

Engineering
Chicago to Cleveland in 32 minutes? A hyperloop system could make that possible. But first, the technology has to work.

Internet
Email users should have 'more control' over post-mortem message transmission

Business
UK watchdog set to challenge Google, Facebook ad dominance

Engineering
A self-healing sweat sensor

Telecom
How the price of bandwidth can be cut in African countries

Robotics
AI-powered astronaut assistant returns to space with 'emotional intelligence'

Consumer & Gadgets
Apple Watch shopper's guide: What you need to know before buying

Business
Sanctions-hit Huawei plans components plant in Europe

Internet
Calif consumer privacy law can affect businesses across U.S.

Internet
Online hate speech could be contained like a computer virus, researchers say

Internet
A more intuitive online banking service would reinforce its use among the over-55s

Energy & Green Tech
A new smart-facade lift for older buildings
Internet

ALL THE NEWS THAT FITS - MEDICINE & SCIENCE 

Medical Xpress


Alzheimer's disease & dementia
Is there a link between lifetime lead exposure and dementia?

Cardiology
Long work hours at the office linked to both regular and hidden high blood pressure

Health
'Turning point' as number of male smokers drops: WHO

Medical research
Battery-powered headgear could short-circuit joint pain

Overweight & Obesity
Study estimates that half of US adults will be obese by 2030


Pediatrics
Large UK study shows teenage girls far more likely to self-harm

Diseases, Conditions, Syndromes
Samoa law embeds compulsory measles shots

Medical research
CBT for social anxiety may have a protective effect on cells

Health
Psychiatrists most likely to speed while cardiologists most likely to drive luxury cars: study

Health
Eating too much—not exercising too little—may be at core of weight gain, study finds

Overweight & Obesity
Close to half of US population projected to have obesity by 2030

Cardiology
Researchers identify possible link between cannabis use and structural changes to heart

Alzheimer's disease & dementia
Are herpes virus infections linked to Alzheimer's disease?

HIV & AIDS
Researchers support new strategies for HIV control

Alzheimer's disease & dementia
Alzheimer's study shows promise in protecting brain from tau

Psychology & Psychiatry
Study suggests early-life exposure to dogs may lessen risk of developing schizophrenia

Medical research
Specialized dye, delivered along with a vaccine, could enable 'on-patient' storage of vaccination history

Oncology & Cancer
Scientists discover a new mechanism in childhood kidney cancer

Medical research
Zika vaccine protects fetus in pregnant monkeys

Immunology
Antibody therapeutic candidate reduces immune complexes involved in autoimmune diseases

Genetics
Different mutations in a single gene can wreak many types of havoc in brain cells

Neuroscience
Study: Obesity could affect brain development in children

Diseases, Conditions, Syndromes
Motor neurone disease linked to cholesterol imbalance in cells

Health
Season of birth may be linked to risk of heart death

Cardiology
Walking and cycling to work linked with fewer heart attacks

Health
Engaging with the arts linked to longer life

Medications
Structural analysis reveals an unexpected mechanism for a cancer drug

Researchers crack Newton's elusive three-body problem






by Hebrew University of Jerusalem     Hebrew University astrophysicist Dr. Nicholas Stone. Credit: Noam Chai/Hebrew University


It's been nearly 350 years since Sir Isaac Newton outlined the laws of motion, claiming "For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction." These laws laid the foundation to understand our solar system and, more broadly, to understand the relationship between a body of mass and the forces that act upon it. However, Newton's groundbreaking work also created a pickle that has baffled scientists for centuries: The Three-Body Problem.

After using the laws of motion to describe how planet Earth orbits the sun, Newton assumed that these laws would help us calculate what would happen if a third celestial body, such as the moon, were added to the mix. However, in reality, three-body equations became much more difficult to solve.

When two (or three bodies of different sizes and distances) orbit a center point, it's easy to calculate their movements using Newton's laws of motion. However, if all three objects are of a comparable size and distance from the center point, a power struggle develops and the whole system is thrown into chaos. When chaos happens, it becomes impossible to track the bodies' movements using regular math. Enter the three-body problem.

Now, an international team, led by astrophysicist Dr. Nicholas Stone at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem's Racah Institute of Physics, has taken a big step forward in solving this conundrum. Their findings were published in the latest edition of Nature.

Stone and Professor Nathan Leigh at Chile's La Universidad de ConcepciĆ³n relied on discoveries from the past two centuries, namely that unstable three-body systems will eventually expel one of the trio, and form a stable binary relationship between the two remaining bodies. This relationship was the focus of their study.



Instead of accepting the systems' chaotic behavior as an obstacle, the researchers used traditional mathematics to predict the planets' movements. "When we compared our predictions to computer-generated models of their actual movements, we found a high degree of accuracy," shared Stone.

While the researchers stress that their findings do not represent an exact solution to the three-body problem, statistical solutions are still extremely helpful in that they allow physicists to visualize complicated processes.

"Take three black holes that are orbiting one another. Their orbits will necessarily become unstable and even after one of them gets kicked out, we're still very interested in the relationship between the surviving black holes," explained Stone. This ability to predict new orbits is critical to our understanding of how these—and any three-body problem survivors—will behave in a newly-stable situation.


SEE 
https://plawiuk.blogspot.com/search?q=BLACK+HOLES

https://plawiuk.blogspot.com/search?q=EINSTEIN+

https://plawiuk.blogspot.com/search?q=COSMOLOGY



Hong Kong protesters use money as a weapon as protests continue

BY JOHN LEICESTER THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
Posted December 17, 2019 5:10 am

 
In this Dec. 13, 2019, photo, Martin Khan of Capital Cafe talks about the effects on his business after he says his store was incorrectly labeled as an anti-protest "blue" shop on online apps in Hong Kong. Protesters in Hong Kong are increasingly using their spending power to punish businesses they deem hostile to their cause. Apps are assigning color-coded labels to stores to help guide consumers. Protest-friendly stores are categorized as yellow. Blue is used to identify shops suspected of opposing protests. Protesters believe that by boycotting supposedly pro-establishment businesses, they can help shift the balance of power and wealth in the semi-autonomous Chinese territory. . (AP Photo/Mark Schiefelbein)

The Hong Kong protesters formed a line, patiently waiting their turn to buy sweet milk and tea drinks from a store that advertised ardent support for their cause with a banner declaring, “If you set off a nuclear blast, we’ll stick by you.”


For quicker service, they could have quenched their thirsts at an adjacent store that also sells bubble tea. It had no customers.

Which is exactly as the protesters intended.

READ MORE: Hong Kong faced ‘grimmest and most complex year’ since handover, China’s Xi says

Digging in for the long haul against Hong Kong’s government, protesters are expanding their struggle from the streets to their wallets, weaponizing their spending power to punish businesses they deem hostile to their cause. The aim: to drive some firms under in the deepening recession gripping the crisis-hit city.

Guiding the consumer choices of tech-savvy protesters are apps that increasingly are colour-coding businesses — everything from dentistry clinics and toy stores to dumpling restaurants and sex shops — into two categories: yellow for protest-friendly, blue for suspected opponents.

“Blue! blue!” protesters yelled outside the bubble tea shop they shunned during a rally this month that marked the half-year milestone for their movement.

China’s Xi vows support for Hong Kong leader during 
‘most difficult’ time China’s Xi vows support for 
Hong Kong leader during ‘most difficult’ time

The protests started in June to voice opposition to now-withdrawn extradition legislation and have morphed into what demonstrators say is a full-blown fight to safeguard Hong Kong’s freedoms, unique among China‘s cities. Months of clashes with riot police who have fired 26,000 tear-gas and rubber-baton rounds and arrested more than 6,100 people are radicalizing legions of youths, upending the city’s economy, and splitting families, work colleagues, friends and citizens into two entrenched camps.

Even employees of the supposedly “blue” bubble tea store, wearing face masks like many of the demonstrators, advised them not to shop there, saying the company wasn’t sympathetic to the protest movement.

“It stands for the police,” protester Natasha Chan said, clutching a grapefruit and lemon tea purchased instead from the “yellow” Happy Holidays drinks store next door. “We chose not to shop from the blue side.”

READ MORE: Hong Kong police the target of both anger, love as rallies continue

Protesters believe that by boycotting supposedlpro-establishment businesses, they can help shift the balance of power and wealth in the semi-autonomous Chinese territory.

Much of the city’s $345 billion economy and political influence are concentrated in the hands of magnates and enterprises linked to or supportive of mainland China and its Communist Party-led government — the ultimate boss of Hong Kong leader Carrie Lam.

Protesters also say that shopping “yellow” is another way to make their voices heard in the absence of direct elections for government leaders. Protesting with their wallets also enables people who can’t always join street rallies, including those who fear being fired by pro-China employers, to otherwise contribute to the movement.

Hong Kong police scuffle with protesters at mall amid Christmas 
shoppers 

Before marching in the rally for the half-year milestone, accountant Nakata Law lined up for 15 minutes to support a snack shop that has donated to the protesters’ cause, buying its steamed dumplings and gluey rice pancakes. A poster on the Jar Gor eatery says: “Support Yellow. This store has been rated as a true Hong Konger merchant.”

“Most of the economy is controlled by China,” Law said. “The citizens’ view is that if we do not have our own economic circle in Hong Kong, we cannot support our protests to keep carrying on.”

In the opposing camp, Phyllis Li, a systems analyst who believes protest violence has gotten out of hand, says she now deliberately chooses to eat at restaurants that protesters boycott “because it is not fair to them.”

“And because it’s safe for us, too, because they don’t go,” she said.

Anecdotal evidence suggests protester boycotts are biting the bottom lines of some targeted businesses. Passenger traffic on Hong Kong’s Mass Transit Railway dropped by a quarter in October and November. Transport disruption from protests caused some of the plunge. But some protesters are also refusing to use the network they suspect of colluding with police.

Edith Leung, an architectural assistant, says she hasn’t ridden the MTR since August, taking buses instead. Some protesters say they’re so determined not to commute by train, they’re getting up early to leave extra time for lengthier bus journeys.

READ MORE: Bricks and tear gas — Hong Kong police, protesters clash as Carrie Lam visits Beijing

“Sometimes we feel like it’s just a drop in the ocean,” Leung said. “But when more people do it, we become the ocean.”

But some businesses finding themselves on the “blue” side of the city’s hardening divide say they’re being unfairly targeted.

Martin Khan says the Capital Cafe he runs with his brother on Hong Kong Island has lost half of its customers since accusations appeared online suggesting that they oppose the movement.

Khan says not only is that untrue, but that the “blue” tag apps have assigned to their eatery is based on unfounded suspicions of a supposed link between them and a singer, Alan Tam, who has spoken publicly in support of police. Their cafe used to serve a toast, with melted cheese and shavings of black truffle, that they named after Tam, but has now removed it from the menu.

Recent peaceful Hong Kong protest ‘reflects the freedoms 
that Hong Kong people are enjoying’: Carrie Lam 

“Honestly, we have no connection with him,” Khan said. “It’s really not fair.”

The developer of one of the apps, which uses crowd-sourced information to distinguish supposed blue businesses from yellow ones, says he fears he is contributing to a politically motivated witch hunt _ like those the Communist Party has unleashed repeatedly across the border in mainland China.

“I’m very, very worried,” said the developer, Chi Ho Leung. “It’s like the Cultural Revolution.”

His app, Hong Kong Shops, lists 1,700 stores, divided largely into yellow and blue. But Leung said he has neither the money nor time to verify the accuracy of information he found online about the businesses’ supposed pro- or anti-protest leanings. He says stores can email him to request a change of colour if they feel they’ve been inaccurately categorized.


READ MORE: Hong Kong leader Carrie Lam heads for her first Beijing visit since election loss

But his app also invites users to name and shame stores they feel aren’t supportive, offering categorizations including “deep blue” for businesses suspected of supporting police abuses and gray for those “selling out the people.”

Leung says that because commercial rents are so expensive in Hong Kong, his hope is that boycotted stores may not survive the recession.

Hong Kong streets filled with hundreds of thousands for 
largest protest in weeks

Although users say they regard the apps only as rough guides and not bibles, they’re building the act of protest shopping into daily habits. It is just one example of how the protest movement is altering the fabric of Hong Kong life and awakening citizens politically, even if it hasn’t succeeded in making Beijing and Hong Kong leaders bend to calls for full democracy and other demands.

Franklin Lau, who works in public relations, says he now uses blue/yellow apps and other online pointers, including Facebook posts, on a regular basis. He says he wants to “draw a line” between himself and any business that opposes the protests. He also wants to avoid the stigma that protesters are attaching to those who still shop ”blue.“

“If you say, `Well, I had a meal in a blue restaurant just now’ … you tend not to like share (that) news with your friend,” Lau said. “You don’t want to have any association or connection with them.”

© 2019 The Canadian Press


SEE https://plawiuk.blogspot.com/search?q=HONG+KONG
N.S. won't protect land with 'globally rare' ecosystem that company eyes for golf resort

Nova Scotia·CBC Investigates

Conservationists concerned as company proposes 2 or 3 courses in Little Harbour

Michael Gorman · CBC News · Posted: Dec 18, 2019 6:00 AM AT | Last Updated: December 18

This picture shows Little Harbour in the upper left, private land in the foreground, and the Owls Head park reserve in the upper right. (Nova Scotia Nature Trust)

In the tiny community of Little Harbour on Nova Scotia's Eastern Shore sits 285 hectares of coastal Crown land known as Owls Head provincial park. The name is misleading: it's not actually a provincial park and there are no obvious markings or trails to enter the coastal barrens and wetlands.

But the headland, which has been managed as a park reserve, is notable for some of its characteristics.

According to the province, it's one of nine sites in Nova Scotia with a "globally rare" ecosystem and home to several endangered species. For six years, Owls Head has been one of the provincial properties awaiting legal protection.

But that changed last March when, after several years of lobbying by and discussions with a private developer who wants to acquire the land as part of a plan to build as many as three golf courses, the Treasury Board quietly removed the designation, according to records CBC News received in response to an access-to-information request.

This sets up the latest situation in Nova Scotia where conservation and environmental protection efforts appear poised to collide with economic development interests as the developer hopes to bring the kind of tourist attraction and job opportunities to the Eastern Shore that Inverness is realizing from the Cabot Links and Cabot Cliffs golf courses.

Like much of the Eastern Shore, Little Harbour is known for fishing. A proposal before the province is hoping to add golf to the area's calling card. (CBC)

The decision to de-list Owls Head was made using a minute letter, which is protected by cabinet confidentiality and thus not available for the public to see. Government documents, however, make clear a plan which, until now, has been unknown to the public.

Lighthouse Links Development Company, which is owned by American couple Beckwith Gilbert and his wife, Kitty, is behind the proposal. They already own 138 hectares of land next to the Owls Head property.

Gilbert has a background in merchant banking and has been heavily involved in medical research.

He was not available for an interview, but in an emailed statement he said the couple fulfilled "a dream to own and preserve an unspoiled, natural ocean beach" when they started buying land in Little Harbour 16 years ago.

As he and his wife got to know the community, Gilbert said "it became quickly apparent that additional employment opportunities in the area were needed to encourage people to move to the Eastern Shore, rather than move away."

The idea for one golf course blossomed into two or three after talking to architects, he said.

Owls Head provincial park, located in Little Harbour, was de-listed from the Parks and Protected Areas Plan back in March. (CBC)

"They emphasized that multiple adjacent courses were necessary to achieve profitable operations. Since we didn't have enough land for more than one course, we approached the province and proposed acquiring their unused adjacent land."

Gilbert's vision, according to a letter sent on his behalf to then-natural resources minister Lloyd Hines's executive assistant in 2016, which CBC obtained, is for something similar to the Cabot resort or Bandon Dunes golf resort in Oregon.

Chris Miller, a conservation biologist and executive director of the Nova Scotia branch of the Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, called the proposal "deeply concerning."

The folks behind Lighthouse Links believe their proposal can have a similar economic development effect as the Cabot resort has in Inverness. (Tom Ayers/CBC)

Miller said the land is important because of how much there is, allowing for more extensive ecosystems than what is typically found along the coast and because so little of the province's coast is publicly owned and protected.

"It's a place where conservation values and nature need to come first and human and economic development is only within the context of protecting those values," he said.
'Surprised and disappointed'

Like Miller, Nova Scotia Nature Trust executive director Bonnie Sutherland said she had no idea about the change in designation, which still has not been updated on the provincial website.

Sutherland's organization was intending to include Owls Head as part of its 100 Wild Islands project, which aims to protect the archipelago off the Eastern Shore. About 85 per cent of that work is complete.

"We're very surprised and disappointed," she said. "To lose that habitat is very significant."

Chris Miller is a conservation biologist and executive director of the Nova Scotia branch of the Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society. (Submitted by Chris Miller)

Sutherland pointed to the endangered species known to live and, in some cases, nest on the land, including piping plovers and barn swallows. Other species of "conservation concern" known to be there, according to government documents, include the ruby-crowned kinglet and common eider.

There are "unique boreal and temperate plants and lichens" and Owls Head is one of nine sites in the province with "the globally rare coastal broom crowberry heathland ecosystem," said the documents.

But Lands and Forestry Minister Iain Rankin said the government was comfortable removing the designation because the land isn't a priority for legal protection.

By removing the designation, the government can now have the land appraised and begin more formal negotiations for a potential sale, said Rankin. The final decision was made by weighing the option to protect with the potential for economic development in a rural area, he said.

"There isn't high biodiversity value when you compare [it] to other pieces of land that we've advanced [for legal protection]," said Rankin. He said the decision would not affect the government's ability to reach its goal of legal protection of 13 per cent of all Nova Scotia land.

Lands and Forestry Minister Iain Rankin says the land in Owls Head provincial park is not as ecologically valuable as other land the province intends to protect. (CBC)

The golf project has had the support of Central Nova MP Sean Fraser and Eastern Shore MLA Kevin Murphy. In August 2018, the company hired former provincial Liberal cabinet minister Michel Samson to lobby on its behalf.

Owls Head isn't the only Crown land Lighthouse Links wants to acquire.
Province negotiating with feds on company's behalf

The province is in negotiations with the federal government on behalf of the company to buy about 17 hectares of surplus Crown land next to Owls Head that's home to an automated light beacon and helipad. Ottawa would keep 0.09 hectares, including the helipad and light, and sell the rest to the province for $167,500.

Originally the land was offered for $1, but that required the province to use it for a public purpose. Had the province not engaged Ottawa on the offer, the land would have gone to public sale.

An order in council approving that negotiation was passed in August (unlike minute letters, orders in council are posted online). Rankin said he sees the company's proposal as a good opportunity and said any kind of development would still have to respect the applicable environmental regulations.

"I see golf courses coexisting with opportunities for protecting the environment," he said.
Lighthouse Links Development Company hopes to build as many as three golf courses on land it already owns and 285 hectares of provincial Crown land. (Nova Scotia Nature Trust)

Miller, who said such a development would irreparably alter Owls Head, disagrees.

There remain about 90 properties with pending protected status from the Parks and Protected Areas Plan of 2013 and Miller has repeatedly called on the province to confer legal protection to all of them, a move that would result in about 14 per cent of Nova Scotia's land being protected.
Province is 'dragging its feet,' says conservationist

"The government has been dragging its feet and this is exactly the problem," he said. "The longer it goes before the legal designation is applied, the more and more likely that it's going to get chipped away and that one site here will get tossed [and] another site will get tossed.

"Some economic opportunity of this or that will come along and before you know it the entire plan is undermined."

A spokesperson for the Lands and Forestry Department said officials are unaware of any other negotiations or requests from private parties for land on the Parks and Protected Areas list that hasn't been approved yet for protection.

Northern Pulp to consider its 'future' as N.S. calls for more work on effluent plan


Jason Kenney's approval rating plummets in the wake of Alberta budget cuts
Kenney is now the third-least popular premier among the provinces included in the poll, a startling drop from September when he was third from the top


STUART THOMSON
Updated: December 12, 2019

Demonstrators sing protest carols as Alberta opens its energy war room...2:11

Alberta Premier Jason Kenney is feeling the political effects of budget cuts his government announced in October, with his approval rating plummeting 15 percentage points in a matter of months.

Kenney is now the third-least popular premier among the provinces included in the poll conducted by DART and Maru/Blue Voice Canada and provided exclusively to Postmedia. That’s a startling drop from September when Kenney was third from the top, behind Quebec Premier FranƧois Legault and Saskatchewan Premier Scott Moe.

The slide in approval comes in the wake of a United Conservative government budget that plans to bring expenditures $1.3 billion below last year’s spending levels. Over the next four years, the government expects to cut $4 billion worth of provincial spending.

Kenney took a number of measures to buffer himself against political blowback, including forming an independent panel to analyze the province’s fiscal situation and giving a primetime address to Albertans on the night before the budget was unveiled.

The province has also suffered job losses in recent months, shedding 18,000 jobs in November and posting an unemployment rate of 20 per cent among young men.

Kenney and his “team Alberta” of eight minister and 11 deputy ministers returned Wednesday to Alberta after a trip to Ottawa to lobby for a long list of issues concerning the province. Kenney met with Prime Minister Justin Trudeau on Tuesday, asking for a boost to provincial transfer payments and a projected date of completion for the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion, among other things.

The UCP leader may also be suffering from the political fallout of the decision to fire the election commissioner, a move that led to Alberta NDP leader Rachel Notley making an extraordinary call to the Lieutenant-Governor to block the legislation.

RELATED
Notley accused Kenney’s government of “breaking the rule of law” by firing the commissioner, who had issued more than $200,000 in fines relating to the UCP leadership race in 2017. In question period last month, Kenney said Notley is simply upset that her party lost the spring election which handed the UCP government a majority.

The poll shows Legault is still the most popular provincial leader in the country with an approval rating of 60 per cent and Moe is in second place with a 56 per cent approval rating.

Ontario Premier Doug Ford is in last place with 28 per cent approval, although that’s two percentage points higher than his approval rating in September.

The poll was conducted among a randomly selected panel of 5,035 Canadians who have signed up to receive polling surveys and is accurate to within 1.6 percentage points, 19 times out of 20.

Prince Edward Island, Nunavut and both the Yukon and Northwest Territories were excluded from the survey due to extremely small sample sizes.

The Ford Fallout: “I was scraping by on $1,406 a month. Now that’s been cut to $823”
Zeljko Bibic relies on the Ontario Disability Support Program to pay his bills. Without warning, his monthly amount was slashed. Part 6 in our series



Parents burst into tears as Ford gov't delays new autism program by another year
NOT JUST KENNEY'S ALBERTA BUT FORD NATION TOO SUFFERS FROM 
THE SLASH AND BURN IDEOLOGY OF AUSTERITY A WAR ON GOVERNMENT SERVICES USING TAX CUTS THEN PROGRAM CUTS, ITS ALL ABOUT CUTS TO SERVICES THAT WE PAY FOR AS CITIZENS. 

THE USE OF THE TERM "TAXPAYER" IS A DELIBERATE 
BRANDING OF CITIZENS USED BY BUSINESS AND CONSERVATIVES
SINCE TIME IMMEMORIAL (OR AT LEAST POST FRENCH REVOLUTION)




Lesbian who was hospitalized after conversion therapy found dead
A priest started "counseling" her in high school and told her not to tell her parents. Her parents found the scars on her arm years later...


LGBTQNATION.COM

100 homeless veterans on Vancouver streets is 'shameful': veterans affairs critic
VANCOUVER (NEWS 1130) – The number of homeless veterans in Vancouver is being called a shameful situation and prompting calls for the federal and provincial governments to step up. Numbers recently made public show 108 veterans accounted for in Vancouver’s annual homeless count. Of those without...


LEFT THERE BY BOTH CONSERVATIVE AND LIBERAL GOVERNMENTS