Friday, May 01, 2020

Pale Rider: The Spanish Flu of 1918 and How it Changed the World

Pale Rider: The Spanish Flu of 1918 and How it Changed the World by [Laura Spinney]
'Both a saga of tragedies and a detective story... Pale Rider is not just an excavation but a reimagining of the past' Guardian
With a death toll of between 50 and 100 million people and a global reach, the Spanish flu of 1918–1920 was the greatest human disaster, not only of the twentieth century, but possibly in all of recorded history. And yet, in our popular conception it exists largely as a footnote to World War I.
In Pale Rider, Laura Spinney recounts the story of an overlooked pandemic, tracing it from Alaska to Brazil, from Persia to Spain, and from South Africa to Odessa. She shows how the pandemic was shaped by the interaction of a virus and the humans it encountered; and how this devastating natural experiment put both the ingenuity and the vulnerability of humans to the test.
Laura Spinney demonstrates that the Spanish flu was as significant – if not more so – as two world wars in shaping the modern world; in disrupting, and often permanently altering, global politics, race relations, family structures, and thinking across medicine, religion and the arts.


Product description

Review

''With superb investigative skill and a delightfully light-hearted writing style, Spinney extends her analysis far beyond the relatively short duration of the plague... I've seldom had so much fun reading about people dying.'' * The Times *

''Weaves together global history and medical science to great effect ... Riveting.'' * Sunday Times *

''Both a saga of tragedies and a detective story... Pale Rider is not just an excavation but a reimagining of the past.'' * Guardian *

''Vividly recreated, grimly fascinating... Coolly, crisply and with a consistently sharp eye for the telling anecdote, Spinney ... demonstrates how the Spanish flu cast a long shadow over the 20th century.'' * Daily Mail *

''Impressive... packed with fascinating, quirky detail... As the centenary of this monumental event approaches, other volumes on the pandemic will undoubtedly appear. Pale Rider sets the bar very high.'' * Nature *

Pale Rider offers an important if unsettling reminder that stories about epidemics cannot be safely relegated to the past.'' -- Patricia Fara * BBC History Magazine *

''Spinney, an admired science journalist, conjures the drama of the Spanish flu... Pale Rider is not just an excavation but a reimagining of the past... The renowned virologist John Oxford concurs: ''H1N1 has a proven capacity to kill,'' he says, ''and we don't need to be sitting here taking it like they did in 1918.'' Spinney has ably lent her pen to the cause.'' * Guardian *

About the Author

Laura Spinney is a science journalist and a literary novelist. She has published two novels in English, and her writing on science has appeared in National GeographicNatureThe Economist, and The Telegraph, among others. Her oral history portrait of a European city, Rue Centrale, was published in 2013 in French and English.
I LINK TO KINDLE SO YOU CAN DOWNLOAD A FREE CHAPTER TO READ 

The Homo Neanderthalis and the Dravidians: A Common Origin and Relation to Harappan Civilisation and Vedas

Ravikumar A. Kurup, Parameswara Achutha Kurup

Abstract


INTRODUCTION: The postulated Lemurian part of the Indian sub-continent in South India is inhabited by the dominant Nair community. The dominant Nair community also has a high incidence of autism. Neanderthal anthropometric features have been described in autism. Neanderthal metabolonomics have also been described in autism. It is possible that homo neanderthalis would have originated in the super continent which occupied the southern ocean. The island of Sumatra is home to another human species homo floresiensis which lived along with homo neanderthalis. This suggests an oceanic origin of homo neanderthalis in the supercontinent in the southern ocean. Recurrent Tsunamis would have forced the migration of homo neanderthalis to the Eurasian land mass especially to Harappa, Sumeria, Etruscia, Egypt and Basque country. There is a high incidence of Neanderthal genes in the Basque population. The language spoken in Harappa, Sumeria, Etruscia, Egypt and Basque country had a Dravidian sub-stratum. The population in these areas are matrilineal and female dominant.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Neanderthal anthropometric features were evaluated in the Nair community and in autism. The parameters checked include dolichocephalic skull, prominent supraorbital ridge and mid face large flat nose and ring finger index finger ratios.
RESULTS: The Nair community had a high prevalence of Neanderthal anthropometric features. Neanderthal anthropometric features were also dominant in autism.
CONCLUSION: This suggests an out of oceania hypothesis for the origin of homo neanderthalis.

Keywords


Archaea; Lemuria; Rigveda; Dravidians; Neanderthals
'Crazy beast' lived among last of dinosaurs

A cat-sized mammal dubbed "crazy beast" lived on Madagascar among some of the last dinosaurs to walk the Earth, scientists have revealed.

MADAGASCAR WAS PART OF LEMURIA


The 66-million-year-old fossil is described in the journal Nature.

Its discovery challenges previous assumptions that mammals were generally very small - the size of mice - at this point in their evolutionary history.

Researchers say this individual animal weighed 3kg (6.6lbs) and had not reached its full adult size.

Scientists think that the badger-like creature, known as Adalatherium hui, would have burrowed.

It had a large collection of nerves in the snout, making this area extremely sensitive - a feature frequently seen in burrowing animals.

Before mammals took over the Earth, they probably had to run and hide from the much larger dinosaurs that ruled our planet - not to mention other predators.

The fossil specimen was found in 1999 in north-west Madagascar's Mahajanga Basin.

It is the most complete and best-preserved mammal find from Gondwana - an ancient southern supercontinent that once included India and Africa - during the time of the dinosaurs.

However, when this mammal was alive, Gondwana was breaking up, and Madagascar had already become an island.


The team members think Adalatherium would have faced different types of predator, as well as different food sources, on the island to mammals living on the mainland. This may have led to the animal evolving its large size.



The very complete specimen gives scientists a rare insight into a branch of mammals - known as Gondwanatherians - that have now gone extinct.

The name "Adalatherium" is translated from the Malagasy and Greek languages and means "crazy beast".

Its discovery "bends and even breaks lots of rules", said David Krause of Denver Museum of Nature and Science, who led the research.



According to the tectonics, Madagascar and India were indeeheory of plate d once part of the same landmass (thus accounting for geological resemblances), but plate movement caused India to break away millions of years ago, and move to its present location.
Lemuria (continent) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Lemuria_(continent)


The Lost Land of Lemuria: Fabulous Geographies, Catastrophic Histories
Sumathi Ramaswamy
Copyright Date: 2004
Published by: University of California Press
Pages: 351
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pnqbz
About the Book
During the nineteenth century, Lemuria was imagined as a land that once bridged India and Africa but disappeared into the ocean millennia ago, much like Atlantis. A sustained meditation on a lost place from a lost time, this elegantly written book is the first to explore Lemuria’s incarnations across cultures, from Victorian-era science to Euro-American occultism to colonial and postcolonial India. The Lost Land of Lemuria widens into a provocative exploration of the poetics and politics of loss to consider how this sentiment manifests itself in a fascination with vanished homelands, hidden civilizations, and forgotten peoples. More than a consideration of nostalgia, it shows how ideas once entertained but later discarded in the metropole can travel to the periphery—and can be appropriated by those seeking to construct a meaningful world within the disenchantment of modernity. Sumathi Ramaswamy ultimately reveals how loss itself has become a condition of modernity, compelling us to rethink the politics of imagination and creativity in our day.


About the Author
Sumathi Ramaswamy is Associate Professor of History at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, editor of Beyond Appearances: Visual Practices and Ideologies in Modern India (2003), and author of Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970 (California, 1997).

Lost Land Of Lemuria.pdf - PDF Drive
https://www.pdfdrive.com › lost-land-of-lemuriapdf-e19236703
832 Pages·2011·22.38 MB·49,504 Downloads. Lost Books of the Bible: The Great Rejected Texts. Table of Contents. Section One. Lost Scriptures The .

Lost Land and the Myth of Kumari Kandam
S.C. JAYAKARAN
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.730.452&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Abstract: The concept of Lemuria was born in the 1860s when certain British geologists noted the striking similarity between rock formations and fossils found in India and Africa. There is confusion between the concept of the lost land south of India linked with the literary history of Tamil tradition and the myth of the lost land of Lemuria. With reference to the records of sea level fluctuations, climatic changes, glacial advances and glacial retreats, this article tries to trace the factors that had given rise to the myth of Kumari Kandam and briefly touches upon the development of the European concept of Lemuria that found its way into the Tamil literary tradition

The Lost Continent of Kumari Kandam | Ancient Origins
https://www.ancient-origins.net › myths-legends › lost-continent-kumari-k...
According to the stories, there was a portion of land that was once ruled by the Pandiyan kings and was swallowed by the sea. When narratives about Lemuria ...



Jan 3, 2016 - Download Full PDF EBOOK here { http://bit.ly/2m6jJ5M } . ... Lemuria is the name of a hypothetical "lost land" variously located in the Indian and ...

JOURNAL OF ASIAN STUDIES
Volume 64, Issue 3
August 2005 , pp. 787-789
The Lost Land of Lemuria: Fabulous Geographies, Catastrophic Histories. By Sumathi Ramaswamy. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2004. xvii, 334 pp. $60.00 (cloth).
Kristin Bloomer (a1)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911805002032
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 March 20

(PDF) Review of The Lost Land of Lemuria: Fabulous ...
www.academia.edu › Review_of_The_Lost_Land_of_Lemuria_Fabulous_G...
Review of The Lost Land of Lemuria: Fabulous Geographies, Catastrophic Histories, by Sumathi Ramaswamy. Rick Weiss.

The Lost Land of Lemuria: Fabulous Geographies, Catastrophic Histories (review)
Mary Elizabeth Hancock
Journal of Interdisciplinary History
The MIT Press
Volume 37, Number 3, Winter 2007
pp. 495-496
https://muse.jhu.edu/article/205706/pdf

RAMASWAMY, SUMATHI, The Lost Land of Lemuria: Fabulous Geographies, Catastrophic Histories, Berkeley: UC Press. 2004. Pp. xvii, 334. $21.95
2006
Author(s): York, Laura
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5sx8385h


Barrow on Ramaswamy, 'The Lost Land of Lemuria: Fabulous ...
https://networks.h-net.org › node › reviews › barrow-ramaswamy-lost-land...
The Lost Land of Lemuria: Fabulous Geographies, Catastrophic Histories. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. xvii + 332 pp. ISBN 978-0-520-24032-2 ...

Sumathi Ramaswamy, The Lost Land of Lemuria - Chicago ...
www.journals.uchicago.edu › doi › pdf
The Lost Land of Lemuria: Fabulous Geographies, Catastrophic Histories. By Sumathi Ramaswamy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. Pp. xvii+334.




Lemuria. A modern journey to a lost continent. Lemuria. Lemuria was given it's name in the 1800s, they used lost continent as an explanation for the inconsistent ...

Rudolf Steiner – Atlantis and Lemuria
www.tbm100.org › Lib › Ste11
by R STEINER - ‎1911 - ‎Cited by 2 - ‎Related articles
These remarkable "lost" root races developed the first concepts of "good" and "evil," ... To-day it is this land which forms the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean.

The lost continents of Atlantis and Lemuria - Anthroposophical ...
https://www.anthroposophy.ca › wp-content › uploads › 2018/04 › Keppie...
Paul, Ascension, and Tristan d'Acunha are the peaks of this land which still remain above water. A line of 3,500 fathoms, or say 21,000 feet, is required to sound ..



Their land was once much, much bigger, but it was sunk into the sea by Uoke because of the sins of its inhabitants. Not only legends, but the Earth itself testifies to ..


by A Crowley - ‎Cited by 8 - ‎Related articles
PDF Creator Stanton Studios www.bonatus.com Find more books. LIBER ... declare, so far as may found possible, the truth about that mysterious lost land. ... The root is the Lemurian "Tla" or "Tlas", black, for reasons which will appear in due.
HINDU ATTACK ON TAMIL LEMURIAN LEGENDS
The Lemuria myth - Frontline
https://frontline.thehindu.com › the-nation › article30175192
Apr 22, 2011 - THE LEMURIAN AS conceived by W. Scott Elliot, a staunch Theosophist who published, in 1904, 'The Lost Lemuria'. ... Trying to explain the presence of fossil lemurs in Madagascar, he proposed that the Indian Ocean ... Kerala government passes ordinance to defer payment of part of its employees' salary.

The Lost Continent of Lemuria is an academic paper written and designed by Lita Ledesma for “History of the Western Book,” a graduate course taught by Casey Smith at the Corcoran College of Art & Design in the Fall 2012 semester.
https://issuu.com/litaledesma/docs/lemuria


Lost Continents & Sunken Civilizations - MSU Anthropology
anthropology.msu.edu › anp364-fs17 › files › 2012/10 › ANP364-Lost-C...

➁ CONNECTING THE MAYA TO LOST LANDS AND ADVANCED. CIVILIZATIONS ... LEMURIA. (THE OTHER LOST CONTINENT…AND THE LAND THE OF.


SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN BLOG
History of Geology
A Geologist's Dream: The Lost Continent of Lemuria
By David Bressan on May 10, 2013
https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/history-of-geology/a-geologists-dream-the-lost-continent-of-lemuria/

"Yet if hope has flown away
In a night, or in a day,
In a vision, or in none,
Is it therefore the less gone?
All that we see or seem
Is but a dream within a dream."

"A Dream Within A Dream"
by Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)

There is lot fuzz about the discovery of a slab of granite embedded into basaltic rocks of the oceanic crust - granite is a rock typical of continental crust (including island arcs), which prompted journalists to claim the discovery of a sunken continent (and no, dear journalists, granite is not formed on dry land, as plutonic rocks crystallize in the underground). Already Alfred Wegener demonstrated that continents can't simply sink, as granite has a lower mass density (2,7g/cc) it will "float" on the denser mantle materials (3g/cc).

However in past centuries lost continents were at least a geological possibility.

In the 19th century naturalists realized that many similar animals were distributed on different continents or remote islands. For short distances this was explainable by (voluntary or involuntarily) migration across the sea by "hopping" from island to island, but many distances were too great for large terrestrial animals, especially for mammals.

The British lawyer and zoologist Philip Lutley Sclater (1829-1913) noted the particular distribution of a particular group of primates - the Lemurs. Sclater however included in his Lemuridae more species than modern zoologists - the Lemurs, the Indri and the Aye-aye (found on Madagascar and shown above in a figure from SCLATER 1899), the Galagos (found in Africa), the Loris (found in Asia) and the Tarsiers (found in Indonesia). He observed that "while 30 different species of Lemurs are found in Madagascar alone, all of Africa contains some 11 or 12, while the Indian region has only 3." In a short essay of 1864 titled "The Mammals of Madagascar", published in the "The Quarterly Journal of Science", he provided a possible answer - Madagascar, with it's rich diversity of species, was the primordial homeland of lemurs which spread all over Asia and Africa by a land bridge connecting once these continents - he speculated even on a connection to America. He named this supposed land bridge/continent appropriately "Lemuria".

"The anomalies of the Mammal fauna of Madagascar can best be explained by supposing that anterior to the existence of Africa in its present shape, a large continent occupied parts of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans stretching out towards (what is now) America to the west, and to India and its islands on the east; that this continent was broken up into islands, of which some have became amalgamated with the present continent of Africa, and some, possibly, with what is now Asia; and that in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands we have existing relics of this great continent, for which as the original focus of the "Stirps Lemurum," I should propose the name Lemuria!"

In later works he was more cautious:

"This fact would seem to show that the ancient "Lemuria", as the hypothetical continent which was originally the home of the Lemurs has been termed, must have extended across the Indian Ocean and the Indian Peninsula to the further side of the Bay of Bengal and over the great islands of the Indian Archipelago."

SCLATER & SCLATER (1899): "The Geography of Mammals."

Sclater was not the first to promote ancient land bridges or even a sunken continent in the Indian Ocean, as the idea of oceans as drown landmasses was a plausible geological theory at the time.

The French geologist Etienne Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire had speculated about a connection between Madagascar and India in 1840, the English geologist Searles V. Wood (1830-1884) hypothesized the existence of a giant southern continent during the "secondary era" (our Mesozoic). Alfred R. Wallace (1823-1913) proposed in 1859 a sunken continent to explain the fauna found on the island of Celebes, but became later one of the most eloquent critics of the theory of sunken landmasses.

In 1868 the German biologist Ernst Haeckel published his "Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte" (The history of Creation), addressed to a general public where he promoted his view of evolution. Haeckel considered the earliest humans descending from Asian primates and placed the cradle of humanity in Asia, Africa and very cautiously on the hypothetical island between these two continents. Lemuria played a major role as possible migration route of humans into Africa and Indonesia.

In later editions and the English version of the book, translated by Ray Lankester in 1876, the supposed continent is even emphasised and labelled in the map as "Paradise" and displayed as cradle of humanity.

"The primeval home, or the "Centre of Creation", of the Malays must be looked for in the south-eastern part of the Asiatic continent, or possibly in the more extensive continent which existed at the time when further India was directly connected with the Sunda Archipelago and eastern Lemuria."

HAECKEL (1876): "The history of Creation."

Fig.2. and 3. Ernst Haeckel, "A hypothetical sketch of the monophyletic origin and extension of the twelve races of Man from Lemuria over Earth", from "Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte", Plate XV. Note the differences in the German version (1868) without Lemuria and the English version (1876) with Lemuria, after 1870 Haeckel adopted and promoted the idea of a sunken continent in the Indian Ocean (image in public domain).

"The probable primeval home or "Paradise" is here assumed to be Lemuria, a tropical continent at present lying below the level of the Indian Ocean, the former existence of which in the tertiary period seems very probable from numerous facts in animal and vegetable geography. But it is also very possible that the hypothetical "cradle of the human race" lay further to the east (in Hindostan or Further India), or further to the west (in eastern Africa)."

HAECKEL in 1870.

Haeckels work, as vague at is was, however spread the idea of sunken continents to a larger public, still in 1919 the British author Herbert George Wells wrote:

"We do not know yet the region in which the ancestors of the brownish Neolithic peoples worked their way up from the Palaeolithic stage of human development. Probably it was somewhere about south-western Asia, or in some region now submerged beneath the Mediterranean Sea or the Indian Ocean, that, while the Neanderthal men still lived their hard lives in the bleak climate of a glaciated Europe, the ancestors, of the white men developed the rude arts of their Later Palaeolithic period."

WELLS (1919): "Outline of History."

The idea of Lemuria, as lost cradle of humankind, was too intriguing for pseudoscientific and esoteric groups and authors not to be incorporated in their worldview.


In 1888 the Russian medium Elena Petrovna Blavatskaja (1831-1891), strongly influenced by Asian philosophy, published her book on "The secret doctrine", in which she proposes Lemuria as the cradle of one of the seven races of humanity. These beings supposedly possessed four arms and eyes and were egg-laying hermaphrodites, sharing Lemuria with dinosaurs. The mythical Lemuria became part of popular culture…

Bibliography:

RAMASWAMY, S. (2004): The lost land of Lemuria - Fabulous geographies, catastrophic histories. University of California Press: 334

The views expressed are those of the author(s) and are not necessarily those of Scientific American.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR(S)

My name is David Bressan and I'm a freelance geologist working mainly in the Austroalpine crystalline rocks and the South Alpine Palaeozoic and Mesozoic cover-sediments in the Eastern Alps. I graduated with a project on Rock Glaciers dynamics and hydrology, this phase left a special interest for quaternary deposits and modern glacial environments. During my research on glaciers, studying old maps, photography and reports on the former extent of these features, I became interested in history, especially the development of geomorphologic and geological concepts by naturalists and geologists. Living in one of the key area for the history of geology, I combine field trips with the historic research done in these regions, accompanied by historic maps and depictions. I discuss broadly also general geological concepts, especially in glaciology, seismology, volcanology, palaeontology and the relationship of society and geology.

Mount Shasta Annotated Bibliography 

Chapter 16 
Legends: Lemuria 
https://www.siskiyous.edu/library/shasta/documents/AB_Ch16.pdf
The lowly primate, the lemur, was named after ancient Roman mythological ghosts called 'lemures.' According to the Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1970, there was a Roman festival called 'Lemuria.' But the modern name of 'Lemuria' was named for the mammal lemur. In the mid-19th Century paleontologists coined the term 'Lemuria' to describe a hypothetical continent, bridging the Indian Ocean, which would have explained the migration of lemurs from Madagascar to India. Lemuria was a continent which submerged and was no longer to be seen. By the late 19th Century occult theories had developed, mostly through the theosophists, that the people of this lost continent of Lemuria were highly advanced beings. The location of the folklore 'Lemuria' changed over time to include much of the Pacific Ocean. In the 1880s a Siskiyou County, California, resident named Frederick Spencer Oliver wrote A Dweller on Two Planets, or, the Dividing of the Way which described a secret city inside of Mt. Shasta, and in passing mentioned Lemuria. Edgar Lucian Larkin, a writer and astronomer, wrote in 1913 an article in which he reviewed the Oliver book. In 1925 a writer by the name of Selvius wrote "Descendants of Lemuria: A Description of an Ancient Cult in America" which was published in the Mystic Triangle, Aug., 1925 and which was entirely about the mystic Lemurian village at Mt. Shasta. Selvius reported that Larkin had seen the Lemurian village through a telescope. In 1931 Wishar Spenle Cervé published a widely read book entitled Lemuria: The Lost Continent of the Pacific in which the Selvius material appeared in a slightly elaborated fashion. The Lemurian–Mt. Shasta legend has developed into one of Mt. Shasta's most prominent legends. The entries in this section document the books and articles about Mt. Shasta and its Lemurians.

THE LOST LEMURIA
W. Scott-Elliot
1904
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.222654/page/n9/mode/2up


NOTE
W. SCOTT-ELLIOT (d. 1930), banker, amateur anthropologist, and adherent of Theosophy, wrote two influential books of pseudoscience, The Story of Atlantis (1896) and The Lost Lemuria (1904) which attempted to explore the histories of the two titular lost continents in light of Helena Blavatsky's theories about root races and ancient history. These books were combined in 1925 as The Story of Atlantis and the Lost Lemuria, which H. P. Lovecraft read and used as an important influence on the development of the Cthulhu Mythos. This copy of The Lost Lemuria is reproduced from the 1904 edition and is included in my book, Theosophy on Ancient Astronauts

The History of Atlantis

by Lewis Spence

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/en/books/TheHistoryofAtlantis_10017582

Review


Lewis Spence, a prolific author and journalist, was one of the world's foremost researchers into the lost civilization of Atlantis. The History of Atlantis is one of five works the author wrote on the topic, and perhaps his most well-known. Spence's goal with this title was to offer a historical treatment of Atlantis, the mythical sunken land that's mere existence is still debated.

Over the course of sixteen chapters, Spence presents his evidence for the existence of Atlantis, as well as a supposed history and examination of daily life in the lost land. The author begins by outlining the historical sources on which he has relied. The most prominent source is the writing of Plato, the great Greek philosopher. After presenting his sources, Spence launches into his history of the continent. Subjects addressed include the people of Atlantis, the ruling Kings, the traditions of Atlantis, religion, animal life, and the Atlantean culture-complex, among other topics. Spence presents each discussion in great detail, painting a vivid picture of the now-submerged continent. There is no doubt that The History of Atlantis is a quality work.

Excerpt


Again, I have, I think, thrown much new light on the character of the Atlantean invasion of Europe, on the exact site of Atlantis, and especially on the great amount of evidence for the former existence of the island-continent which survives in British and Irish folklore and tradition. British tradition, indeed, is the touchstone of Atlantean history, and the identification of Lyonesse with Atlantis, and the grouping of Atlas with the British gods, Albion and Iberius, should go far to prove the ancient association of our islands with the sunken continent.



https://archive.org/details/lemuriawisharcerve/mode/2up




https://archive.org/details/TheMountainTopsOfLemuria/page/n33/mode/2up
Iron Age jewelry found in Shropshire declared treasure

29 April 2020

BRITISH MUSEUM'S PORTABLE ANTIQUITIES SCHEME
The medieval brooch dates from 1200 - 1300AD

An Iron Age ring and a Medieval brooch, both found in Shropshire, have been declared as treasure.

The gold ring, which dates from 400 to 200BC, was only the sixth of its kind found in Britain.

Coroner John Ellery declared the items treasure during inquests believed to be the first in the county to have been held via video link.

Shropshire Museums has expressed an interest in acquiring both items to put on display.

The ring was discovered by metal detectorist Christopher Mussell in Frodesley in south Shropshire.
BRITISH MUSEUM'S PORTABLE ANTIQUITIES SCHEME
The gold ring was uncovered in south Shropshire

It was similar to rings more commonly found in Switzerland, which the Portable Antiquities Scheme, the body that records finds made by members of the public, said could suggest it was imported from the continent or be a local copy.

Peter Reavill, Finds Liaison Officer for Shropshire, said Iron Age finds formed of precious metal in the county were "exceedingly rare".

"We know the county has amazingly rich prehistoric and specifically Iron Age archaeology with numerous important hill-forts," he said.

"What we don't have is a great understanding of where these people lived, traded and farmed - this tiny personal object throws a beam of light on to the individual who once wore it."
MARK LAMBERT
The brooch was found near Bridgnorth by metal detectorist Mark Lambert

The silver-gilt brooch, which dates from 1200-1300AD, was discovered by metal detectorist Mark Lambert near Bridgnorth and is formed of two carved centaurs.
Coronavirus: Fears for future of endangered chimps in Nigeria

By Helen Briggs BBC Environment correspondent
29 April 2020
JONATHAN MBU
The chimp is found in a small area of Nigeria and Cameroon

An award-winning conservationist says she fears for the future of some of the world's most endangered chimps.

Devastated by hunting and deforestation, they now face a threat from coronavirus, says Rachel Ashegbofe Ikemeh, project director of The South-West/Niger Delta Forest Project.

The pandemic is bringing to the fore issues such as wildlife trade and consumption, she says.

And it's time for conservationists to speak up and advocate change.

"There should be changes, there should be regulations, and there should be policies that would bring an end to wildlife trade, and especially the bushmeat markets," she told BBC News.
WHITLEY FUND Rachel Ashegbofe Ikemeh

With forests lost to farming and logging, chimpanzee habitat has been fast disappearing across Africa. And poaching is also a grave threat, with chimps hunted for their body parts or taken alive and sold as pets.

The forests of southwestern Nigeria harbour populations of the most endangered of all chimp groups, the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee sub-species (Pan troglodytes ellioti).

About 100 chimpanzees live in two forested areas, making up an "extremely precious and extremely endangered" distinct population, says Rachel Ashegbofe Ikemeh, who has won a "Green Oscar" from the Whitley Fund for Nature for her work.

She will use the money to work with the government to establish conservation areas and to advocate for tougher laws to protect wildlife. Many wildlife preservation laws in the region were created decades ago and are now in need of reform.
JONATHAN MBU 
The Nigeria-Cameroon chimp lives in forests along the border

A reserve in the Ise Forest has recently been approved by Nigeria's Ekiti state government, following years of campaigning. Despite this "good news", she fears for the chimps' future if coronavirus strikes.

"The fears for the chimps are great because chimpanzees share about 98% of human genetics," she says. "They are very vulnerable to contracting or being infected by any disease that humans have."
Coronavirus: Calls to protect great apes from threat of infection
Coronavirus: Great apes on lockdown over threat of disease.

It's not known if great apes can contract the virus, but precautionary measures are being taken.

Gorilla tourism in Africa has been suspended, while sanctuaries for other apes, such as orangutans, have closed to the public.

Climate change: 2019 was Europe's warmest year on record

 Matt McGrath BBC Environment correspondent 22 April 2020
GETTY IMAGES
Three heatwaves hit Europe across 2019

Europe is heating faster than the global average as new data indicates that last year was the warmest on record.

While globally the year was the second warmest, a series of heatwaves helped push the region to a new high mark.

Over the past five years, global temperatures were, on average, just over 1C warmer than at the end of the 19th century.

In Europe, in the same period, temperatures were almost 2C warmer.

July was 'marginally' world's warmest month ever
Hundreds of temperature records broken over summer
Last decade 'on course' to be warmest

The data has been published as Earth Day marks its 50th anniversary.

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) says the physical signs of climate change and impacts on our planet have gathered pace in the past five years, which were the hottest on record.

The European data, which comes from the EU's Copernicus Climate Service, 11 of the 12 warmest years on record on the continent have occurred since 2000.

The European State of the Climate 2019 shows that warm conditions and summer heatwaves saw drought in many parts of central Europe.

While the UK saw a new all-time high temperature recorded in Cambridge in July, in many places across the continent, the weather was 3-4C warmer than normal.

This is reflected in the amount of sunshine that hit Europe across the year. The number of sunshine hours was the largest on record.
C3S/ECMWF
2019 was a record year for sunshine hours

The hot summer weather across Europe was followed by one of the wettest Novembers on record, with rainfall almost four times the normal amount in western and southern Europe.

The European Arctic region though was below the high temperatures seen in recent years, just 0.9C higher than average.

Taken together, the data show "a clear warming trend across the last four decades."

"Europe has indeed been warming significantly faster than the global average," said Prof Rowan Sutton, director of science (climate) at the UK's National Centre for Atmospheric Science.
C3S/ECMWF
Europe was also hit by heavy rainfall during the later part of last year

"This is for two reasons. First, land regions in general are warming faster than the oceans, largely because the greater availability of moisture over the oceans damps the rate of warming."

"Secondly, reductions in specific forms of air pollution have contributed to the recent warming in Europe, particularly in summer."

What will worry researchers is that the mean temperature in Europe over the past five years is averaging almost 2C warmer than pre-industrial figures.

This suggests that the continent is breaching the promise made in the Paris climate agreement to keep temperatures "well below" 2C.

"In lockdown, sitting on our sofas or our makeshift desks or in many more difficult situations, it would be easy for us to take our eyes off this alarming reality; that 2019 was the warmest year on record for Europe, that November brought us massively more precipitation than normal," said Prof Hannah Cloke, from the University of Reading.

"And for every decade I have been on this planet, it has been getting hotter and hotter and hotter. "

Researchers in the field are keen to underline that while the coronavirus pandemic might mean a temporary drop in emissions of greenhouse gases, much more will need to be done to arrest the worrying warming trend.

"While pollution has dropped with economic activity in response to the global pandemic, CO2 is not just disappearing overnight," said Prof Daniela Schmidt, from the University of Bristol.
GETTY IMAGES
Fires made worse by drought were a feature in many European countries in 2019

"The impact of the warming like sea level rise will be with us for centuries. The pandemic has made us less able to tackle the impact of climate change impacts. Our communities which have just been flooded will find sheltering in their damaged homes much more challenging.

"We have also learned, though, during the last months that actions taken together to make a difference."

The new data has been published by the Copernicus Climate Change Service, which is implemented by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts.

Commenting on the Earth Day anniversary, the WMO's secretary general, Petteri Taalas, said it was important to continue tackling climate change amid the global pandemic.

"Whilst COVID-19 has caused a severe international health and economic crisis, failure to tackle climate change may threaten human well-being, ecosystems and economies for centuries," he said.

"We need to flatten both the pandemic and climate change curves."

Echoing earlier comments by the UN secretary general Antonio Guterres, Mr Taalas commented: "We need to show the same determination and unity against climate change as against COVID-19. We need to act together in the interests of the health and welfare of humanity not just for the coming weeks and months, but for many generations ahead."
Antarctica's A-68: Is the world's biggest iceberg about to break up?


BBC 23 April 2020
COPERNICUS/ESA/SENTINEL-1
]A-68 has now dropped a large chunk of ice itself. The main berg is about 150km long

The world's biggest iceberg, A-68, just got a little smaller.

At around 5,100 sq km, the behemoth has been the largest free-floating block of ice in Antarctica since it broke away from the continent in July 2017.

But on Thursday, it dropped a sizeable chunk measuring about 175 sq km.

The iceberg is currently moving north from the Antarctic Peninsula. Having entered rougher, warmer waters - it is now riding currents that should take it towards the South Atlantic.

Prof Adrian Luckman, who's been following A-68's progress, said the new fracture could mark the beginning of the end of this icy giant.

"I am continually amazed that something so thin and fragile has lasted so long on the open sea," the Swansea University researcher told BBC News.

"I suspect that the final break-up is now starting, but the ensuing fragments will probably be with us for years."

Evidence of Thursday's split came via a radar image acquired by the European Union's Sentinel-1 satellite.

NASA/JOHN SONNTAG
Wide but thin: A-68 has a profile akin to a few sheets of A4 paper stacked on top of each other

A-68's name comes from a classification system run by the US National Ice Center, which divides the Antarctic into quadrants. Because the berg broke from the Larsen C Ice Shelf in the Weddell Sea, it got an "A" designation. "68" was the latest number in the series of large calvings in that sector.

Properly, we should refer to the berg as A-68A - that's because subsequent breakages also get their own related name. A-68B was dropped early in the life of the main berg. This new chunk will almost certainly get the designation A-68C.

Were there indications that this particular corner would come off? "Not that I have seen. I've been keeping an eye on progress, but mostly it's been attrition of small flakes from all around," said Prof Luckman.

Antarctic scientist Ella Gilbert was the first to film iceberg A-68

When first calved in 2017, A-68 was close to 6,000 sq km in area, with an average thickness of about 190m.

For months it appeared to catch on the seafloor and didn't move very far. But eventually it spun around and picked up pace as it drifted northwards. This past austral summer saw the giant break free of the persistent sea-ice that clogs the Weddell Sea - a significant development because it has exposed A-68 to much greater swells. Its structure is now under more stress and further splits should be expected.

It's currently travelling past the South Orkney Islands which form the far tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. Currents should then throw it in the general direction of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.

How much longer A-68 can maintain its present integrity is anyone's guess. But even if it does suffer a major fragmentation event, the individual icy blocks could persist well into the 2020s before melting away.
A-68 broke away from the eastern side of the Antarctic Peninsula

In pictures: May Day protests around the world

Every year May Day is used to mark many things - from the coming of spring in the Northern Hemisphere to the fight for workers' rights. This year many rallies have been scaled back because of coronavirus lockdowns, although some have taken place on the streets and online.
Here are some of the events that have marked the day.

A woman hands out red carnations
The Greek government asked groups to delay public rallies by more than a week, but leading union GSEE called for a general strike to coincide with May Day

Protest in Vienna
In Vienna, Austria, protesters hold a banner reading: "Organise the masses in the duty of the proletarian world revolution". There are 15 different registered demonstrations and gatherings across the city
Demonstrators practice social distancing
SOCIAL DISTANCING PROTESTERS
In Thessaloniki, Greece, a woman holds a placard that reads: "No to robbing people for the profit of capital"
Protest in Athens
Members of the Greek Labour Union (PAME), wearing protective masks and respecting the social distances, protest in front of the Greek Parliament in Athens
Coronavirus recovery plan 'must tackle climate change'
By Roger Harrabin BBC environment analyst
25 April 2020
GETTY IMAGES

Tackling climate change must be woven into the solution to the Covid-19 economic crisis, the UK will tell governments next week.

Environment ministers from 30 countries are meeting in a two-day online conference in a bid to make progress on cutting greenhouse gas emissions.

The gathering is called the "Petersberg Climate Dialogue".

It will focus on how to organise a "green" economic recovery after the acute phase of the pandemic is over.

The other aim is to forge international agreement on ambitious carbon cuts despite the postponement of the key conference COP26 - previously scheduled for Glasgow in November (now without a date).

Alok Sharma, the UK Climate Secretary and president of COP26, said: "I am committed to increasing global climate ambition so that we deliver on the Paris Agreement (to stabilise temperature rise well below 2C).

"The world must work together, as it has to deal with the coronavirus pandemic, to support a green and resilient recovery, which leaves no one behind.

"At the Petersberg Climate Dialogue, we will come together to discuss how we can turn ambition into real action."

The informal conference is co-hosted by the UK and Germany.

Developed and developing countries will attend, along with the UN Secretary General, Antonio Guterres, and members of civil society and business. Last week, Mr Guterres warned that climate change was a deeper problem than the virus.

Campaign groups will be sceptical about the meeting. Since the Paris deal to cut emissions, CO2 has actually been rising - although there's currently a blip in the trend thanks to the Covid recession.

The development charity CARE says it's alarmed that public finance provided from rich countries to developing countries to adapt to inevitable climate change actually decreased in 2018.

Sven Harmeling from CARE said: "If governments fail to make their economic stimulus sustainable and equitable, they will drive our planet much deeper into the existential economic, social and ecological turmoil caused by the climate crisis."

The EU is already set on delivering a green stimulus. The Commission's Green Deal chief, Frans Timmermans, said every euro spent on economic recovery measures after the COVID-19 crisis would be linked to the green and digital transitions.

"The European Green Deal is a growth strategy and a winning strategy," he tweeted.

"It's not a luxury we drop when we hit another crisis. It is essential for Europe's future.

Meanwhile, China appears set on its current carbon-intensive development path, and President Trump says the US will rescue struggling fossil fuel firms.

Even in Europe there's a degree of push-back against the idea of a green stimulus .

Markus Pieper, an MEP from the centre-right German CDU party, told the magazine FOCUS that the EU's sweeping plan for investment in clean technologies would no longer be possible.

He said: "The Green Deal was a gigantic challenge for an economy in top shape. After the corona bloodletting, it is simply not financially viable."

But the UK climate economist Lord Stern told BBC News: "The immediate priority is the current Covid crisis – but then we have to build for the future.

"Timmermans is right and Trump is wrong. We should only be bailing out firms that are going to contribute to tackling climate change.

"They don’t have be be ostensibly clean tech firms at the moment – but they do have to be committed to cutting their emissions in line with international targets."

A Magical Messiah. Discussing Jesus As An Ancient Magician Through The Synoptic Gospels


Robert Conner is the author of:
"Magic in the New Testament"
"Jesus the Sorcerer"
"Magic in Christianity. From Jesus to the Gnostics"
"Apparitions of Jesus. The Resurrection as Ghost Story"
See his books at: https://tinyurl.com/yx86egmb

His review of Morton Smith's book "Jesus the Magician":

"Although considered controversial at the time, Jesus the Magician, published in 1978 by R. Morton Smith, a professor at Columbia University, is old news. Smith's basic claim--that Jesus was known both by his Jewish contemporaries and pagan critics as a magician--had been preceded by articles in scholarly journals dating back to the 1930's and at least one book-length treatment (Hull, Hellenistic Magic and the Synoptic Tradition, 1974) that made essentially the same claim. In the years following the release of Jesus the Magician, scores of articles and books have appeared that note the close similarities between Jesus' exorcisms, healing, and other miracles and the spells of the Greek magical papyri as well as the reported wonders of such figures as Apollonius of Tyana. Hostile Jewish and Roman sources (Julian, Celsus, Porphyry, etc) openly accused Jesus and early Christians of sorcery. At this late date only a stranger to the scholarly writing on Jesus and early Christianity or a biblical literalist would find the claim that Jesus practiced magic surprising, much less scandalous. In short, Smith's analysis of Jesus' miracle working has received extensive support from many scholars in the years that followed the publication of Jesus the Magician and additional articles, essays and books in Hebrew and the major European languages that link early Jewish and Christian practices with magic continue to appear.

That said, the choice of Dr. Ehrman to write an introduction seems somewhat...well, odd. Smith was also the discoverer of the "Secret" gospel of Mark, actually an excerpt of a putative letter of Clement of Alexandria, a 2nd century theologian, that quotes two passages from a variant edition of the gospel of Mark. The gospel fragments, or rather Smith's interpretation of them, provoked a firestorm of invective from Catholic and evangelical quarters including accusations that Smith had forged the letter of Clement to discredit Christianity. Dr. Ehrman, who I respect as a serious and productive New Testament scholar, has argued that Smith had the ability and presumably a motive to forge the Clement letter although he has never actually claimed that Smith did it. Although I believe the Clement letter and gospel fragments it quotes are almost certainly genuine, as far as I know, Dr. Ehrman is still of the opinion that Morton Smith had the ability, motive and opportunity to produce one of the 20th century's greatest forgeries.
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