Spymaster hiding in Canada alleged to have stolen $4.5B from Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in new lawsuit

The Saudi dissident and former spymaster who’s been living quietly in Toronto since 2017, is alleged to have embezzled nearly $4.5 billion from Kingdom of Saudi Arabia coffers, according to a new lawsuit filed in the Ontario Superior Court.

© Provided by National Post Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman speaks virtually to a financial conference on January 28, 2021.

It is the latest legal salvo in the ongoing battle between Saad Aljabri and the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, Mohammed bin Salman. Earlier this year, Aljabri launched a lawsuit in the United States against the crown prince for allegedly sending assassins to Canada to murder him, much as he’s believed to have done with the execution of Washington Post journalist Jamal Khashoggi in 2018.

The team of mercenaries, known as the Tiger Squad, were turned away by Canadian border officers. Aljabri claims the assassination plot and the other actions taken against him — including tracking his whereabouts and accusations of corruption — are all part of a strategy to haul him back to the Kingdom and silence him.

This time the legal battle is in Canadian courts. It was filed in late January by Tahakom Investment Company, which is owned by the sovereign wealth fund, the Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia. That, in turn, is chaired by Mohammed bin Salman.

The Ontario lawsuit claims between 2008 and 2017, Aljabri masterminded an “international scheme” involving 21 conspirators across 13 countries to defraud the plaintiff companies of billions of dollars, fled to Canada, and “launched a public relations campaign, including litigation against his former government, to deflect attention from his theft.”

The lawsuit says when a number of companies established by Aljabri were consolidated — which includes some of the companies listed among the plaintiffs — into the Tahakom Investment Company in 2018, Ernst & Young and Deloitte international auditing firms found irregularities with the books.

Saudi crown prince denies sending 'Tiger Squad' assassins to Canada

Children of ex-Saudi intelligence official living in Canada disappear amid Saudi efforts to force him home

None of the allegations have been proven in court. Statements of defence have also not been filed. The Aljabri family could not be reached for comment by the National Post. But Saad Aljabri’s son, Khalid Aljabri, who’s also named as a defendant in the Ontario suit, retweeted a statement on Twitter from a campaign to help track down the Aljabri children who vanished in Saudi Arabia last March, that said it is part of a “campaign of harassment and misinformation” against the family.

“The family welcomes the opportunity to face off against (Mohammed bin Salman) in neutral judicial forums in Canada and the United States,” the statement said.

The lawsuit, filed on behalf of 10 companies under the Tahakom umbrella, alleges that Aljabri set up companies that were supposed to be for anti-terrorism activities, using his high-ranked position within the Saudi government. The court documents say he then appropriated funds allocated by the Saudi government before secreting them away in a variety of jurisdictions, such as the British Virgin Islands and Turkey, and also purchased luxury homes in various nations and locations, and disbursed money to friends and family.

The lawsuit details a network of 17 companies, all but one formed between 2006 and 2016, with shareholders loyal to Aljabri. The corporations are registered in a variety of places, including at least four companies with offices in Vancouver and Toronto. The lawsuit details properties in Toronto and Montreal, five luxury condominiums in Boston, a penthouse suite in Washington, D.C., and numerous properties in Saudi Arabia owned by Aljabri or his family members, or purchased through these corporate entities.

“While (Aljabri’s) hands were hidden, his fingerprints are everywhere,” the lawsuit says.

© Aljabri family Saad Aljabri.

Until 2015, Aljabri was a high-ranking intelligence official in Saudi Arabia, and a key figure in the relationship between Western and Saudi intelligence agencies. He was the right-hand man of Mohammed bin Nayef, the nephew of King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. Bin Nayef was deposed in 2017 in favour of Mohammed bin Salman.

This, according to a source close to the Aljabri family, made him a target of the new regime. Purges followed the rise of Mohammed bin Salman to Crown Prince, and Aljabri and most of his family fled the country. Two of his adult children, Omar and Sarah, remained behind in what has been called a “hostage situation.” Both of them vanished last March following a round of arrests that saw bin Nayef put behind bars — he’s accused of plotting a coup.

The whereabouts of Omar and Sarah remain unknown, nearly a year after their disappearance.

Allegations of corruption have long been a part of Saudi Arabia’s campaign to get Aljabri returned to the Kingdom; in 2017, Saudi Arabia attempted to have INTERPOL arrest Aljabri on corruption charges, but, according to the lawsuit filed in Washington, D.C., by Aljabri, INTERPOL determined it was a politically motivated request.

Bin Nayef, while not named as a defendant in the Canadian lawsuit, is mentioned as an associate of Aljabri’s who is alleged to have participated in the misappropriation of funds.

Progressives Back AOC, Warning Cruz and Other Republicans 'Pose a Threat'

Progressive Democrats rallied behind Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez of New York after she described GOP Senator Ted Cruz of Texas and other Republicans that objected to President Joe Biden's win as "abusers."

© Tom Williams-Pool/Getty Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-New York) described many of her Republican colleagues as "abusers" on Monday. In this photo, Ocasio-Cortez speaks during a hearing of the House Oversight and Reform Committee on August 24, 2020 in Washington, D.C.

During an Instagram live-stream on Monday, Ocasio-Cortez called out Cruz and other Republicans who objected to the certification of Biden's victory, arguing that their actions contributed to the violent insurrection by supporters of former President Donald Trump against the U.S. Capitol on January 6. She accused Cruz and other Republican lawmakers of being eager to "move on" without discussing accountability.

The progressive Democrat has repeatedly singled out Cruz and blasted Republicans who joined with him in objecting, saying they should no longer serve in Congress.

"These are the tactics of abusers. Or rather, these are the tactics that abusers use," Ocasio-Cortez said during the video. "What they're asking for when they say, 'Can we just move on?' ... is, 'Can you just—can we just forget this happened so that I can do it again, without recourse?... Can you just forget about this so that we can, you know, do it again?'"

Other progressive Democrats quickly rallied behind Ocasio-Cortez, sharing a similar perspective and praising her for publicly discussing the trauma she and other members of Congress suffered during the attack by the pro-Trump mob.

"I shared @AOC's concern about being locked in the same room as my Republican colleagues on January 6th. They had incited an insurrection, and were live-tweeting our whereabouts," freshmen Representative Mondaire Jones, a New York Democrat, tweeted on Tuesday. "Some of them continue to pose a threat to everyone who works in the Capitol. They must be expelled."


I shared @AOC’s concern about being locked in the same room as my Republican colleagues on January 6th.

They had incited an insurrection, and were live-tweeting our whereabouts.

Some of them continue to pose a threat to everyone who works in the Capitol. They must be expelled. pic.twitter.com/YCLBizX5ab— Mondaire Jones (@MondaireJones) February 2, 2021

Former Democratic presidential hopeful Julián Castro, who previously served in former President Barack Obama's Cabinet, thanked Ocasio-Cortez for sharing her experience.

"Thank you for sharing your experience, @AOC. So many lives were put at risk because lawmakers fanned the flames of violent extremists—and law enforcement failed to take the threat seriously," Castro tweeted. "We can't 'move on' from this attack until those responsible are held accountable."


Thank you for sharing your experience, @AOC.

So many lives were put at risk because lawmakers fanned the flames of violent extremists—and law enforcement failed to take the threat seriously.

We can’t “move on” from this attack until those responsible are held accountable. https://t.co/LHqj0zpEeT— Julián Castro (@JulianCastro) February 2, 2021

Representative Ilhan Omar, a Minnesota Democrat, took aim at Ocasio-Cortez's critics.

"Y'all stop invalidating @AOC's experiences because you aren't hearing about the experiences of other members," she wrote in a Monday evening tweet. "Everyone deals with trauma differently, her stories are validating for so many of us with similar experiences and she is showing people that vulnerability is strength."


Y’all stop invalidating @AOC’s experiences because you aren’t hearing about the experiences of other members.

Everyone deals with trauma differently, her stories are validating for so many of us with similar experiences and she is showing people that vulnerability is strength.— Ilhan Omar (@IlhanMN) February 2, 2021

In an interview with MSNBC, Representative Katie Porter, a California Democrat, recounted just how terrified Ocasio-Cortez was as they hid together on January 6. Porter said she told her colleague: "'I'm a mom. I'm calm. I have everything we need. We can live for like a month in this office.'" Ocasio-Cortez replied, "'I hope I get to be a mom, I hope I don't die today,'" Porter said.

The New York congresswoman strongly criticized Republicans for saying that Democrats should just "move on" while dismissing efforts to hold Trump and other GOP lawmakers accountable.

"So many of the people who helped perpetrate and who take no responsibility for what happened in the Capitol are trying to tell us all to move on... forget about what happened... [and] that it wasn't a big deal... without any accountability, without any truth-telling or without actually confronting the extreme damage, physical harm, loss of life and trauma that was inflicted on not just me as a person, not just other people as individuals, but as on all of us as a collective, and on many other people," Ocasio-Cortez said in her Monday evening live-stream.

Just 10 Republican House members joined with their Democratic colleagues in voting to impeach Trump a second time a week after the violent attack against the Capitol. The Article of Impeachment accuses Trump of inciting the riot. Ahead of the mob attack, Trump urged supporters at a nearby rally to march to the legislative building and "fight like hell" to keep him in office. The Senate will begin Trump's second impeachment trial next week, but it currently appears that there are not enough GOP senators willing to vote to convict the former president.

Newsweek reached out to Cruz's press representatives for comment but they did not immediately respond.

Related Articles
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Compares Ted Cruz to an Abuser in Escalating Feud over Capitol Riot Fallout

Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's Instagram Live on Capitol Riots Viewed Over 4 Million Times

Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Hid in Bathroom During Capitol Riot and Thought She Was Going to Die

Parkland Survivor David Hogg Relates to Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's Capitol Riot Trauma

SpaceX's Starship prototype again explodes on landing attempt after successful launch


The latest prototype of SpaceX's next-generation Starship rocket launched successfully on Tuesday but exploded on impact during an attempted landing.

Starship prototype Serial Number 9, or SN9, aimed to fly as high as 10 kilometers, or about 32,800 feet altitude.

While the rocket flew successfully, it hit the ground explosively on its return, just as the SN8 flight did in December.

"We had, again, another great flight up ... we've just got to work on that landing a little bit," SpaceX principal integration engineer John Insprucker said.

The latest prototype of SpaceX's next-generation Starship rocket launched successfully on Tuesday but exploded on impact during an attempted landing after a development test flight.

Starship prototype Serial Number 9, or SN9, aimed to fly as high as 10 kilometers, or about 32,800 feet altitude. The flight was similar to the one SpaceX conducted in December, when it launched prototype SN8 on the highest and longest flight to date.

While the rocket flew successfully, it hit the ground explosively on its return, just as the SN8 flight did in December.

"We had, again, another great flight up ... we've just got to work on that landing a little bit," SpaceX principal integration engineer John Insprucker said on the company's webcast of the flight.

The rocket prototypes are built of stainless steel, representing the early versions of the rocket that CEO Elon Musk unveiled last year. The company is developing Starship with the goal of launching cargo and as many as a 100 people at a time on missions to the moon and Mars.

© Provided by CNBC Starship prototype SN9 launches.

Musk pivoted the company's attention to Starship in May, after SpaceX successfully launched its first astronaut mission. He's deemed Starship the company's top priority, declaring last year in an email obtained by CNBC that the development program must accelerate "dramatically and immediately."

Although Starship SN9 suffered the same explosive fate as SN8 two months ago, SpaceX views the test flight as a step forward in the rocket's development. SN10, likely the next to attempt a launch-and-landing, was already in place when SN9 took to the skies.

"So all told, another great [flight] -- and a reminder, this is a test flight, the second time we've launched starship in this configuration," Insprucker said. "We've got a lot of good data, and [achieved] the primary objective to demonstrate control of the vehicle and the subsonic 

reentry."

© Provided by CNBC Starship prototype rockets SN9 (right) and SN10 on launchpads at the company's development facility in Boca Chica, Texas.

Despite SpaceX's optimism about SN9's flight test, the Federal Aviation Administration said in a statement to CNBC that it is leading an "investigation of today's landing mishap."

"Although this was an uncrewed test flight, the investigation will identify the root cause of today's mishap and possible opportunities to further enhance safety as the program develops," the FAA said.

The SN9 launch attempt was delayed for about a week as SpaceX worked to get the FAA's permission to launch. Its SN8 flight violated the company's existing Starship license, The Verge first reported and the FAA later confirmed. In a statement to CNBC, the FAA noted that SpaceX "proceeded with the launch without demonstration that the public risk from far field blast overpressure was within the regulatory criteria." The phrase "far field blast overpressure" refers to the effects of an explosion, such as the crash landings of SN8 and SN9.

Musk previously said that Starship could potentially fly people in 2020, but he's since acknowledged that the rocket still has many milestones, including "hundreds of missions," to go before that happens.

Multiple prototypes are being built simultaneously at SpaceX's growing facility in Boca Chica, Texas, with its SN10 rocket already rolled out to a second launchpad nearby. While SpaceX's fleet of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets are partially reusable, Musk's goal is to make Starship fully reusable — envisioning a rocket that is more akin to a commercial airplane, with short turnaround times between flights where the only major cost is fuel.

© Provided by CNBC Starship prototype SN9 stands on the launchpad at sunset at SpaceX's development facility in Boca Chica, Texas.

The world’s wetlands are slipping away. This vibrant sanctuary underscores the stakes

Sarah Gibbens 

In the lush, bright-green thickets of the Philippine’s Agusan Marsh, nestled in the country’s far south Mindanao island, children steer canoes through meandering waterways and swim in lakes.

© None
About 60 percent of the 15,000 people living in the Agusan Marsh are Agusan Manobos, a local Indigenous group. Seen here, fog and smoke from nearby fires pollutes the air over a Manobo village. Fires have become more common as wetlands fall prey to drought or are manually drained to make room for crops like palm oil, rice, and corn.

The marsh is a playground, as well as a source of food, shelter, and culture for the Manobo Indigenous tribe that lives there in moored floating houses that rise and fall with the rainy seasons. For hundreds of years, this wetland ecosystem has been a veritable paradise for the Manobo people who make a living there hunting and fishing. The more than 100,000 inland acres is also home to nearly 200 species of birds, as well as mammals, reptiles, and fish living in the region.

The Agusan Marsh represents everything wetlands can offer—storm protection, food security, biodiversity, carbon storage—but also the large challenges they face.

Upstream pollution, climate change, and habitat destruction threaten the sanctity of this ecosystem. Pollutants from mining operations and palm oil plantations compromise water quality, and critical, carbon-rich peatlands are being drained and burned to make room for more palm oil, rice, and corn.

Fifty years ago today, on February 2, 1971, representatives of 18 nations meeting in Ramsar, Iran, adopted the Convention on Wetlands, also called the Ramsar Convention, a treaty aimed at conserving wetlands around the world. Today, 171 countries have signed the treaty. But since 1971, more than 35 percent of the world’s wetlands have been drained for urban development or agriculture, polluted, paved over, or lost to sea level rise.

© None
A Manobo child sits on the remnants of highway construction built to transport palm oil from the plantations in Agusan Marsh.

 Some Manobo have been forced inland to escape pollution flowing into the marsh from tibutaries. The wetland was once pristine, full of 59 lakes and swamps that provided fresh water and plentiful fish.

February 2 remains a day devoted to calling attention to the plight of wetlands, and this year, World Wetlands Day is highlighting them as a critical source of freshwater at a time when that commodity is becoming ever more scarce.

“Wetlands and their species and ecosystems services are still in decline, and that is after 50 years of concerted international effort through the contracting parties to the Convention. Something more is needed,” says Max Finlayson, an author of a 2018 report that assessed the state of the world’s wetlands.

What are wetlands and what do they do?

© None
Agricultural companies and palm oil producers drain peatlands in Talacogon, a Philippine municipality into which the Agusan Marsh complex partially extends.

Wetlands comprise a diverse array of ecosystems that are either flooded permanently or seasonally. They’re often along the coast, in the form of grassy marshes or mangrove forests, but can also be further inland, like forested swamps or peat bogs where water collects and saturates the ground. They’re often fed by rivers and tributaries and contain lakes.

In Agusan, freshwater marshes are surrounded by forested swamps, peatland, rivers, and 59 lakes.

“I think they’ve suffered for a long time from the perception as muddy, buggy areas that didn’t have a lot of value,” says Jennifer Howard, Senior Director of Conservation International’s Blue Carbon Program. “We’ve shown recently you’re very hard pressed to find an ecosystem that’s more productive, that has all the environmental and climate benefits rolled into one.”

© None
Apo Francisco is a tribal elder, living in the Agusan Marsh's Lake Benuni. Using a spear passed down by previous generations, he conducts ritual animal sacrifies. The Manobos hold living creatures, especially the marsh's saltwater crocodiles, in high regard.

It’s estimated that nearly a billion people depend on wetlands for a living in some way—be it farming, fishing, tourism, or transportation—and around 40 percent of the world’s species breed in wetlands or use them as nurseries.

Wetlands are also an important source of “green” infrastructure. Like a levee that shield a town from a hurricane, coastal wetlands lessen the damage from powerful storms, helping to control flooding by blocking incoming storm surges, while reducing the impact from wind. One recent study found that one lost hectare (about 2.5 acres) of coastal wetland increased the cost of damage from major storms by $33,000 on average.

While forests are often described as the “lungs of the Earth” because they’re important sources of oxygen, wetlands are described as the kidneys because they filter upstream pollutants.

When a wetland disappears, it’s like pulling a linchpin out of a healthy environment. As pollutants and sediments float downriver, “wetlands grab all that and hold onto it,” says Howard. “Sediments are a detriment to coral reefs, and when wetlands disappear, they can choke corals.”

© None
A palm oil plantation grows in the Caimpugan Peatswamp. Around the world, there's a high demand for palm oil, made from the fruit of oil palm trees. The versatile oil can be used in everything from cooking to shampoo, but it's also a leading cause of deforestation.

To mitigate the effects of climate change, we need to do more than just reduce our emissions, say scientists. We also need to conserve large areas of land like forests, grasslands, and wetlands, which help remove carbon from the atmosphere by containing it in their roots and locking it in the soil. These types of environments are called “carbon sinks,” and globally, they store millions of tons of carbon every year.

© None
Ricky Reyes, a Manobo tribe member, hauls his morning catch from Lake Panlabuhan. The community shares their hauls with neighbors and family. Wetlands are a vital source of fisheries, and when these ecosystems are compromised, residents like the Manobos face food insecurity.

Wetlands are “one of the few ecosystems that goes from being a super-efficient [carbon] sink to a source of carbon emissions if it’s damaged,” says Howard. It’s estimated that cumulatively, wetlands contain a third of the carbon stored in soil and biomass on land. When wetlands disappear, that carbon is released into the atmosphere.

© None
Marites Babanto manouvers a canoe through a flowering wetland field. For 30 years, Babanto has worked to protect her home from corporations who would see it used for palm oil or agriculture. The Philippines is a dangerous place to defend the environment and around the world, and is one of the deadliest countries for environmentalists.

Issues in Agusan

How wetlands should be conserved and what it will take to do so is no mystery, say environmentalists. The hard part is drumming up enough political will and money.

The Philippines declared the Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary a protected area in 1996. It spans approximately 101,000 acres. On the international level, it’s recognized as both a “wetland of international importance” under the Ramsar Convention and Heritage Park by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

Yet the last Asian Waterbird Census of the park’s birds, done in 2020, found an overall 11 percent decrease in the past year; 17,780 from 72 different species were counted, as opposed to over 20,000 in 2019. Overall bird counts had been trending up since the census began in 2014, especially as the park expanded its census staff and added new monitoring stations, but a drought in 2019 is thought to have left birds with fewer feeding grounds.

Ibonia says the park needs more resources to accurately track the marsh’s many species.

“The park lacks technical capacity to carry out all its mandate due to very limited manpower resources,” says Emmilie Ibonia, the protected area superintendent for the Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary. She writes via email that only about nine employees are contracted to manage the park.

As parts of the wetland dry out from drought or from draining by agricultural companies, the park’s protectors must also now contend with forest fires. In 2019 and 2020, an estimated 240 acres of peatland and swamp forests were burned. But Ibonia says they lack the fire-fighting equipment to suppress them.
Solutions in Agusan and globally

One of the biggest hurdles to conserving wetlands is changing how people think about them, says Howard.

For example, when given the choice between turning oceanfront property into a lucrative hotel or leaving a muddy expanse of marshland untouched, it can be hard to convince people to do the latter, she says.

In a paper published last year, a group of scientists argued that wetlands should be granted legal rights.

“Recognizing rights of nature, including for wetlands, may not be conventional in the minds of some, but equally we have seen a transition in the recognition of the rights of people in recent history,” says Finlayson, one of the study’s authors. The Yurok Tribe on the U.S. West Coast bestowed legal rights on the Klamath River in 2019.

Despite little progress in the past 50 years, conservationists are hopeful that the movement to save wetlands could finally gain traction. Wetland ecosystems have become popular contenders for carbon offset programs, in which polluters offset their carbon emissions by paying to conserve stored carbon elsewhere.

“From the private sector, demand for this carbon offset outstrips supply by a lot,” says Howard. “People realize this is a good thing we want to invest in.”

Martha Rojas Urrego, who oversees the Convention on Wetlands as its secretary general, thinks that despite an overall loss in the amount of wetlands since 1971, the world could be at a turning point in its appreciation of them. The current pandemic has raised awareness of the importance of nature, she says, as scientists warn that destroying critical wildlife habitat could lead to the emergence of more viruses like the one that causes COVID-19.

“Increasingly, we have seen that there is a recognition of the link between nature and people,” Rojas Urrego says. “This is a tragic situation that we are living in, at the same time it is showing what we do to nature has an impact on us.”

Satellite data shows climate change's effects are different globally

Climate scientists using satellites to study the effects of climate change are gaining new insights. Mario Picazzo reports.

Duration: 02:32 

January provides glimpse of future: climate researchers

Winnipeg broke into 2021 with a bit of a hot flash.

With average daily temperatures at The Forks weather station measuring a balmy -9.2 C, the month cooked to the second-warmest January on record, according to Environment and Climate Change Canada.

In the midst of a pandemic, the reprieve from January’s characteristic chill brought some much-needed relief to Winnipeggers, and the opportunity to get outside without their eyelashes freezing together.

But for climate change researchers at the University of Winnipeg, it certainly doesn’t feel as simple as enjoying the weather.

They have even coined a term for the contradiction amongst themselves: blissonance. A mash-up between bliss and dissonance.

“The idea that we’re trapped between this idea of enjoying the warm weather but also subject to being aware of the impacts of this warm weather and what it represents; the departure from normal, a migration to the future,” said Matt Morison, a postdoctoral fellow at the U of W studying climate change impact on boreal forest.

Morison can’t take credit for the term (he passes that off to colleague Laura Cameron) but it captures the feeling of the moment.

He crunched data from Environment and Climate Change Canada for the Free Press, and compared it with future projection models used by the university’s Prairie Climate Centre.

The average daily minimum temperature was used as a barometer to consider how warm January 2021 was, because it is critical in determining things such as the number of pests that survive the winter, if rivers, lakes and snowpack stay frozen, and so on.

In January, the average daily minimum in Winnipeg was -13.2 C; only January 2006 was warmer, at -11.4 C.

Last month was 8.1 C warmer than the historical average for January (-21.3 C).

“We’re well above what would be considered normal for the past. We’re actually around or above what we expect to see in the later half of the century,” Morison said.

Winnipeg was far from alone as a hot spot.

Patrick Duplessis, a Ph.D. candidate at Dalhousie University, posted data to Twitter on Monday that every part of Canada saw above-average temperatures in January.

The data Duplessis used showed new warm-weather records were set in different parts of the country, with many in the Arctic and sub-Arctic, including Resolute, Rankin Inlet, and Kuujjuaq.

The northern Manitoba town of Churchill logged temperatures approximately 5 C warmer than historical averages, but didn’t make the cut for its warmest January.

Globally, winters are getting warmer and shorter. The lead scientist for the U.S. not-for-profit Berkeley Earth, Robert Rohde, pointed out Tuesday’s Groundhog Day holiday was soon going to be meaningless.

“No offence to the groundhog, but winters are effectively shorter today nearly everywhere compared to what was normal (roughly) 50 years ago,” Rohde wrote on Twitter.

Sarah Lawrynuik, Local Journalism Initiative Reporter, Winnipeg Free Press

Fox walking around on frozen water like it owns the place

Antarctic ice reveals Martian mineral that's rarely found on Earth

Researchers from the University of Milan knew that their mile-long ice core sample would reveal astonishing insight into Earth’s past, but their discovery of a Martian mineral could add to the mystery of Mars’ uniquely dry environment and could change how some ice core samples are interpreted.

An article posted in Nature Communications states that researchers have discovered jarosite inside a large ice dome in East Antarctica. The researchers were drilling several hundred metres deep into the Talos Dome to collect ice core samples and told Science magazine that they never expected to find jarosite crystals because it is a mineral that is abundant on Mars but rarely seen on Earth.

An ice core that was 1,620 metres long was extracted from the Talos Dome and is estimated to be approximately 153,000 years old, but the deepest part of the core could potentially contain information that extends back 250,000 years. There is visible volcanic ash and cloudy bands at the 1,439-metre mark on the core and the researchers say that some sediments trapped in the ice are from relatively close volcanoes.

© Provided by The Weather NetworkAn ice core that was extracted at Talos Dome in 2000 shows an ash layer corresponding to the Toba supervolcano eruption in Indonesia about 75,000 years ago. Credit: Dargaud/ Wikimedia Commons. (CC BY-SA 4.0)

The researchers say there are signs that some of the sediments trapped in the ice experienced distinct changes in their geologic structure, likely due to the pressure of all the ice above that part of the core and disturbances in the ice flow. Given all of these factors, the scientists conclude that the dust and ice chemically reacted to form jarosite.

Jarosite forms through a series of chemical reactions in settings where water is present. This mineral has been found on Mars during a variety of space exploration missions and scientists say that the presence of jarosite is evidence that there was once liquid water in this planet’s dry environment. The study says that the sediments experienced a number of chemical and physical changes deep inside of the ice, which could mean that ice contributed to the formation of Mars’ environment.

Given the new knowledge about how jarosite formed in Antarctic glaciers and how certain elements, such as iron, is impacted in deep ice, the study says that this could have implications for how certain minerals and compounds are dated, especially for researchers that are on the “quest for the oldest ice” on Earth.

CURIOSITIES HIDDEN WITHIN THE ICE

Martian minerals add to the list of peculiar discoveries made in giant masses of ice. A lost ‘Viking highway’ and artifacts were also revealed by melting glaciers in Norway. The researchers say that the ice in this region has been melting particularly quickly compared to other regions in Europe and that the increasing volume of archeological discoveries is a bittersweet impact of warming atmospheric temperatures.

While some glacier discoveries shed insight on ancient civilizations, some raise concerns about the potential health hazards they pose. A study that was published in the preprint server bioRxiv in January 2020 found dozens of viruses previously unknown to modern science in glaciers located in Central Asia. These glaciers are 15,000 years old and very little is known about their ability to survive and produce once the ice melts. The study warns that because glaciers around the world are rapidly shrinking, this could release microbes and viruses that have been trapped for tens to hundreds of thousands of years.

Thumbnail credit: The Washington Post. Getty Images.

Antarctica Is Melting in a Way Our Climate Models Never Predicted, Scientists Say

The Antarctic ice sheet is not melting in the linear way our climate models predicted it would. Instead, a more detailed model shows that while the rate of ice loss in the South Pole is rapidly accelerating, there are bumps of snowfall and brief reprieves from melt along the way.

© Holger Leue/The Image Bank/Getty Images

"The ice sheet is not changing with a constant rate – it's more complicated than a linear change," explains Lei Wang, who researches civil, environmental, and geodetic engineering at Ohio State University.

"The change is more dynamic: The velocity of the melt changes depending on the time."

Climate projections are imperfect by nature and subject to constant revision as we learn more, but the ones we have for Antarctica's melting ice sheet are more contested than most.

While the majority of models agree polar ice is on the decline, the extent of melt under different emission scenarios has varied quite a lot.

For many years, in fact, scientists on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) could not come to a consensus on how this melting ice would ultimately contribute to sea level rise. In the end, there was so much debate, the panel simply left out the data.

Today, IPCC models for Antarctic ice have greatly improved, but when it comes to future projections for global sea level rise, scientists say the potential for the South Pole's massive ice sheet to collapse completely still remains the single largest source of uncertainty.

Ice sheet dynamics are complex and climate variability is unpredictable. Many of our current models, on the other hand, are simple and inflexible, displaying ice loss from the Antarctic ice sheet at a constant rate.

This ignores variability in regions, years, and seasons, leading to large uncertainties in global projections of sea level rise, the researchers argue.

"I'm not saying Antarctica's ice melt is not an acute problem – it is still very acute," says Wang.

"All of Antarctica is losing mass, very rapidly. It's just a time scale problem and a rate problem, and our models that predict sea-level change should reflect that."

Today, many climate projections do not take Antarctica's fluctuating weather into account, and this could lead scientists to underestimate the ice sheet's overall impact on sea level rise or the speed at which that will happen.

By factoring in rates of change in Antarctica using data from NASA satellites, this new and more dynamic model relies on much greater detail than standard regression models.

In the end, its findings reveal that every sector of the Antarctic ice sheet shows "highly variable" seasonal and inter-annual changes in ice loss. What's more, these factors appear to play a dynamic role in the ice sheet's overall mass, not a linear one as previous models suggested.

While the West Antarctic ice sheet shows a multi-decadal trend in ice melt, for instance, the East Antarctic ice sheet shows quicker fluctuations.

In the short term, the authors found extreme snowfall events in the East Antarctic can somewhat supplement the continuous loss of ice in the West Antarctic ice sheet. Yet in the long term, those temporary regional dustings have little overall effect on the overall mass of Antarctic ice.

In 2016, for instance, a snowfall anomaly in West Antarctica, unprecedented in the past 60 years, helped offset the net mass loss of Antarctic ice over a period of four years. In a normal year of snowfall, however, West Antarctica loses five times more ice than what East Antarctica gains.

"Despite their historic magnitudes, these extreme snowfall episodes still cannot fully offset contemporary mass loss from the [West Antarctic ice sheet] and the [Antarctic Peninsula ice sheet]," the authors conclude.

"Although models predict increasing accumulation through the 21st century in response to a warmer and wetter atmosphere, it is unlikely they would be able to negate the predicted dynamic loss from the [West Antarctic ice sheet]."

In recent years, ice melt in the southern hemisphere has begun to speed up at an alarming rate, on track with our worst-case scenarios. Since 2012, recent research reveals the rate of ice loss in Antarctica has tripled compared to the two decades before.

As this vast land of ice grows ever more unstable, experts worry the rate of melt will accelerate even more due to positive feedback events. Over half the ice shelves holding up the Antarctic ice sheet are already nearing collapse.

If the world warms by 3 degrees Celsius, some models suggest melting ice in Antarctica could lift the oceans by 6.5 metres, displacing millions of people and sinking numerous coastal cities.

Further monitoring and research is needed, especially in the East Antarctic ice sheet, which has been historically overlooked, and which the authors say represents "a major source of uncertainty in the projection".

Climate models will always have a certain level of uncertainty, but the better our predictions, the greater our understanding of the actual threat will be – giving us the best chance to actually do something about it before it's too late.

The study was published in the Geophysical Research Letters.

GREEN CAPITALI$M

Dumping Coal Can Be Good for Insurance Company Stock
Tim Quinson 

As far as climate groups like the Sunrise Project are concerned, getting insurers out of the coal underwriting business is the most important thing they can do. No more insurance, no more coal.

It’s something Sunrise has been pushing for years. But while it’s happening in Europe, it hasn’t caught on in America.

Analysts at Societe Generale SA published a report about European insurers and reinsurers that, for the first time, includes a specific ESG input for stock valuations. It primarily reflects each insurer’s stance on coal, the dirtiest of atmosphere-wrecking fossil fuels. The analysts determined that an insurer’s position on coal underwriting and investments can have an effect on its valuation ranging from -3% to +9%.

In other words, insurers that do more to exit coal can gain points in their stock valuation while those who have done the least will lose.

SocGen’s scoring metric is most heavily weighted toward environmental issues, as opposed to social and governance factors. Using this system, the bank’s analysts raised their target price for Axa SA shares by 6%, their target price for Swiss Re AG, Zurich Insurance Group AG, Assicurazioni Generali SpA, Allianz SE and Munich Re by 5%, and their target price for Scor SE by 4%.

Prudential Plc ranked lowest of the 10 companies in the SocGen report, getting just a 1% boost in its target price from its coal policies.

© Photographer: Bloomberg/Bloomberg Biggest Private Coal Miner Goes Bust As Trump Rescue Fails

Putting a stop to coal underwriting is particularly significant because, without insurance, coal projects are simply not viable, the SocGen analysts wrote in their 74-page report. “Therefore, the insurance industry can, almost single-handedly, exert pressure on coal energy producers, which other industries are less well placed to do,” they wrote.

Climate Analytics, a climate science institute, said coal is the most carbon-intensive fossil fuel, and getting rid of it is a key step to achieve the emissions reductions needed to limit global warming to 1.5°C. The institute said its research shows that coal needs to be phased out globally by 2040 to meet commitments in the Paris Agreement.

Nevertheless, little has been done to curb the growth of coal, the SocGen analysts wrote. As recently as July, new coal projects with a combined capacity of 737 gigawatts were still in the pipeline or under construction. Given this potentially disastrous trend, insurance companies deciding to get out of the business could have an outsized influence on curbing coal.

The SocGen report cites analysis from Insure Our Future, which said Axa and Swiss Re scored the highest for their underwriting policies. Both companies said they have stopped insuring new and existing coal projects. Scor, Munich Re, Allianz and Zurich Insurance have “somewhat less comprehensive” efforts to sideline coal, since they still provide insurance for some existing coal operations, according to the report.

© Photographer: Craig Warga/Bloomberg AIG SOCIAL

European insurers are at the forefront of dumping their coal investments, too. Scor, Axa, Swiss Re, Zurich Insurance and Allianz are leading the way, the analysts said.

The same can’t be said for U.S. insurers, such as American International Group Inc. and Travelers Cos., said Ross Hammond, senior strategist at the Sunrise Project. These companies are providing a lifeline to the coal industry by continuing underwriting support, he said.

AIG and Travelers are among the companies that have yet to take any steps to restrict support for the fossil-fuel industry, according to a report published in December by Insure Our Future.

The Sunrise Project is among the nonprofits behind “BlackRock’s Big Problem” campaign, which is pushing the world’s largest money manager to use its heft to press companies to align practices with a low-carbon world. For the past four years, Sunrise Project has worked through Insure Our Future to pressure the global insurance industry to stop underwriting and investing in coal.

“Ending insurance for coal and other fossil fuels is most important thing for insurers to do to fight climate change,” said Peter Bosshard, the Sunrise Project's finance program director. “It’s in the public interest.”

Sustainable Finance in Brief

© Photographer: Kristian Helgesen/Bloomberg Seafarers-4How cargo ships turned on a dime, going from engines of commerce to floating prisons almost overnight. The climate policies of the world’s biggest economies fall short of the goals set forth in the Paris Agreement. The Norway wealth fund dumped oil stocks amid a $10 billion loss on fossil fuel holdings in 2020. Keeping interest rates low in an effort to boost a weak U.S. economy may exacerbate wealth inequality between White and Black households. General Motors made a green commitment that shakes up the auto industry and might be a key moment for electric vehicle adoption.

Bloomberg Green publishes the Good Business newsletter every week, providing unique insights on climate-conscious investing and the frontiers of sustainability.

For more articles like this, please visit us at bloomberg.com

©2021 Bloomberg L.P.