Monday, August 09, 2021

After this CEO raised his company's minimum wage to $70,000, he said the number of babies born to staff each year grew 10-fold and revenue soared

ztayeb@businessinsider.com (Zahra Tayeb) 1 day ago

 Dan Price Dan Price, CEO of Gravity Payments. Dan Price

Gravity Payment's CEO Dan Price introduced a minimum wage of $70,000 in 2015.
$36.45 an hour

In the years afterwards, revenue rose, and staff had more babies and bought more homes, he said.

Amid the pandemic, revenues dropped 50% but Price said the company was able to recover.

Six years ago, Dan Price, the founder and CEO of credit-card processing company Gravity Payments made waves when he announced that he was raising the firm's minimum salary to $70,000 for his 120 employees.

To accommodate the change, Price slashed his own $1 million salary.

In the following years, revenue soared, and staff had many more babies and bought more homes, Price told Insider. To show their appreciation of the minimum-salary change, staff bought him a Tesla.

 Dan Price Dan Price said his employees bought him a Tesla as a thank-you gesture. Dan Price

"That was a really beautiful gesture and any day I drive to work or a client meeting, I can just feel the amazing relationship that we're able to have," he said.

The Seattle-based company's starting wages used to be roughly $35,000 a year, Price said. But for the company to thrive, he felt he needed to make sure that all employees were making enough to look after themselves.

This led him to double their salaries. The move inevitably drew skepticism. "The media in general predicted and said we would fail. Or even in some cases, rooted for us to fail," Price said.

But he believes he's proved them wrong: "It's been over six years now and we've had really fantastic results. We've had a 10 times increase in the number of first-time homeowners every year and 70% of our employees were able to pay down debt," Price said. About a third of his staff reported they were debt-free.

"Our employees had a 10x boom in terms of the number of babies they were having. We went from having between 0-2 babies born per year among the entire team, to over 65 born or announced over the last six years," he added.

The company has more than tripled its payment-processing volume for small businesses, according to Price. Revenue grew every year, up until the pandemic hit.

When the COVID crisis really began to bite, things looked less rosy. "2020 was the first year our revenue didn't grow in our 17-year history as a company, Price said. In fact, the company lost 50% of its revenue.

Still, "we were able to recover from that," Price said, adding that staff volunteered to take pay cuts to prevent mass layoffs and were reimbursed once the firm bounced back.

Price believes that this year the company will be able to report revenue growth again. Unlike other companies though, he is not struggling with a more recent crisis: the labor shortage.

His employee-centric business model, which includes unlimited parental leave and unlimited paid time off, has led to more than 300 applications per vacancy this year. "It gives a little perspective that paying a living wage is a huge factor in keeping and finding employees," Price said.

This echoes the findings of &pizza's CEO, Michael Lastoria, who, in a previous interview told Insider he received more than 100 applications for each vacancy, which he attributes to paying people a "proper wage." He added: "If you aren't paying your employees enough to cover basic survival costs, what possible incentive could a person have to take that job?"

Referring to the labor shortage's impact, Price said: "What we've had is a brutal and systematic redistribution of wealth from the vast majority of American workers to the people at the very top."

Because of that, "and coupled with the cost of housing, healthcare, and education, which has gotten completely out of control at the same time, we've created a scenario where it's just not workable," he added.

Price is keen to raise his employees' salaries again in future. "Things do get more expensive every year so if our minimum wage is not going up, that means it's really going down," he said.
Chicken producer Sanderson Farms nears $4.5 billion sale to Continental Grain, Cargill - WSJ

(Reuters) - Chicken producer Sanderson Farms Inc is in advanced talks with Cargill Inc and agricultural investment firm Continental Grain Co to sell itself in a $4.5 billion deal, the Wall Street Journal reported on Sunday.
© Reuters/Jason Lange A truck laden with chicken leg quarters leaves Sanderson Farms poultry processing plant enroute to Mexico, in Palestine

The potential deal could value Sanderson Farms at $203 a share, the newspaper reported https://on.wsj.com/3jEpIsE. The deal could be finalized as soon as Monday, it added.

According to a Reuters report from June, Sanderson Farms had drawn interest from buyers including Continental Grain, which owns a smaller chicken processor, Wayne Farms.

"While we don’t comment on market rumors, Cargill is a growth company and we are always looking for new opportunities," a Cargill spokesperson told Reuters.

Sanderson Farms and Continental Grain were not immediately available to respond to requests for comment outside office hours.

Talk about a potential deal comes at a time when demand for the company's products is on the rise as restaurants reopen for business.

Prices of chicken products, especially those of wings and breasts, have risen as easing restrictions bring consumers back to restaurants and more fast-food chains create fried-chicken sandwiches.

(Reporting by Aakriti Bhalla in Bengaluru; additional reporting by Radhika Anilkumar; editing by Richard Pullin)

Marxs view was that capital accumulation, economies of scale, the growth of credit markets, and the dominance of the corporation in business organization would lead to the concentration and centralization of capital into fewer and fewer hands. Competition would end by destroying itself, and the large corpo­ration would assume monopoly power.
empiricalanecdotes.wordpress.com/2017/02/07/karl-marx-the-concentration-and-ce…






Contractors who powered US war in Afghanistan stuck in Dubai

DUBAI, United Arab Emirates (AP) — Some of the foreign contractors who powered the logistics of America’s “forever war” in Afghanistan now find themselves stranded on an unending layover in Dubai without a way to get home.

© Provided by The Canadian Press

After nearly two decades, the rapid U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan has upended the lives of thousands of private security contractors from some of the world’s poorest countries — not the hired guns but the hired hands who serviced the American war effort. For years, they toiled in the shadows as cleaners, cooks, construction workers, servers and technicians on sprawling American bases.

In the rushed evacuation, scores of these foreign workers trying to get home to the Philippines and other countries that restricted international travel because of the pandemic have become stuck in limbo at hotels across Dubai.

As the U.S. brings home its remaining troops and abandons its bases, experts say the chaotic departure of the Pentagon’s logistics army lays bare an uncomfortable truth about a privatized system long susceptible to mismanagement — one largely funded by American taxpayers but outside the purview of American law.

“It's the same situation that affects foreign contractors all over the world, people who have little understanding of where they're going and very uncertain relationships once they arrive determining their legal status and movements,” said Anthony Cordesman, a national security analyst at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington.

“The terms of contracts in war can really absolve the employer of major responsibility ... even the right of return can be uncertain.”

While it’s unclear just how many remain stuck abroad after the evacuation, an Associated Press journalist saw at least a dozen Filipino contractors for engineering and construction company Fluor stranded at the Movenpick hotel in Bur Dubai, an older neighborhood of the city-state along the Dubai Creek.

The hotel management declined to comment, saying it "has no authority to disclose presence and information of any hotel guests nor hotel corporate partners details due to privacy reasons.”

The U.S. military's Central Command declined to comment on private security contractors, referring all questions to their companies. The U.S. military’s contracting office and the Philippines Consulate in Dubai did not respond to repeated requests for comment on the stranded Filipino contractors.

As of early June, 2,491 foreign contract workers remained on American bases across Afghanistan, down from 6,399 in April, according to the latest figures from the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction.

With the U.S. set to formally end its military mission at the month's end, most of these workers have since made it home on flights arranged by their employers — the private military behemoths that over years of war won Pentagon logistics contracts in Afghanistan worth billions of dollars.

But other employees, brought first to Dubai on their way home after an abrupt departure on June 15, weren't so lucky. The Philippines, along with Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka, halted flights to the United Arab Emirates in mid-May over fears of the fast-spreading delta variant of the coronavirus and repeatedly renewed the travel ban.

Thus began a seemingly interminable layover that some Filipino workers described to the AP as one of anxiety and unrelenting boredom. The contractors spoke on condition of anonymity, citing the precariousness of their situation.

Drawn to Afghanistan by the promise of steady employment and wages far higher than in the Philippines, several of the stranded Fluor contractors spent years working in construction, equipment transport, visa processing and other military logistics. Some worked at Bagram Air Base, the largest military compound in the country, and at Kandahar Airfield in southern Afghanistan. They had nothing to do with combat operations but described nonetheless facing rocket attacks and other risks of war on base.

Those who spoke to the AP said they knew of scores more contractors from the Philippines and other countries including Nepal stuck in Dubai, but couldn’t provide more specific information.

With their cash dwindling over the two-month layover, most said they couldn’t afford to do anything but wait. They while away their time watching TV and video-calling with family in the Philippines from the hotel, where Fluor provides daily meals.

Construction giant Fluor, the Irving, Texas-based firm that was the biggest defense contractor in Afghanistan, did not respond to repeated requests for comment from the AP. The Defense Department has spent $3.8 billion for Fluor's work in Afghanistan since 2015, federal records show, most of it for logistics services.

With little publicly known about the evacuation process for the war's contractors, it has become increasingly apparent that the Pentagon's long-invisible foreign fleet may remain so.

“Everyone has been so focused on the U.S. troops, and also the Afghans, interpreters and others” who could face revenge killings by a resurgent Taliban, said John Sifton, Asia advocacy director at Human Rights Watch. “About the stranded foreign workers, the Biden administration can say, well, their companies and their governments should have moved heaven and earth to get them home.”

___

Follow Isabel DeBre on Twitter at www.twitter.com/isabeldebre.

Isabel Debre, The Associated Press
Indigenous peoples 'abused' under Nepal's conservation policies: rights groups

AFP
 

Nepal's indigenous peoples have been subjected to human rights violations including torture and unlawful killings under the country's conservation policies, Amnesty International and a local activist group said Monday.

© PRAKASH MATHEMA While Nepal been praised internationally for its conservation efforts, rights groups say its policies have led to the human rights violations of indigenous peoples

Nearly a quarter of the Himalayan nation's land has been declared protected, while the government's conservation efforts -- particularly for tigers and rhinos -- are hailed as a success internationally.

But the policies have seen indigenous peoples "forcibly evicted" from their ancestral lands, said the report, released by Amnesty and the Community Self-Reliance Centre on the International Day of Indigenous Peoples.

"That success has come at a high price for the country's indigenous peoples, who had lived in and depended on these protected areas for generations," Amnesty's Deputy South Asia Director Dinushika Dissanayake said in a statement.

Dissanayake said that since the 1970s, Nepal's governments have used an approach to conservation that "severely limited (indigenous peoples') ability to access traditional foods, medicinal plants and other resources".

"Heavy-handed enforcement of these policies has subsequently resulted in numerous cases of torture or other ill-treatment and unlawful killings."

A spokesman for Nepal's Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation said the agency had yet to read the report, but added that the government sought to "minimise" conflict between the laws and indigenous rights.

The report -- which includes interviews with community members, activists and officials -- cited the case of Raj Kumar Chepang, who died after allegedly being beaten by army officers in Chitwan National Park in July last year.

The 26-year-old, a member of the indigenous Chepang group who lived in Chitwan's forests for generations, was collecting snails with six others when they were allegedly confronted and beaten, the report said.

"While returning home, Raj Kumar was not able to walk properly," one of the six people, Santosh Chepang, told the report's authors.

"His condition grew worse, and that led to his death."

The rights groups said laws should be amended to restrict detentions and the use of force by the army in protected areas.

"Nepal's authorities must recognise indigenous peoples' rights to their ancestral lands and allow them to return," added CSRC executive director Jagat Basnet.

Indigenous communities should be included in conservation initiatives, with alternative housing and land provided to those who lose their homes due to the establishment of national parks, the report added.

str-pm/grk/qan
How weather influenced the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Randi Mann 23 mins ago

This Day In Weather History is a daily podcast by Chris Mei from The Weather Network, featuring stories about people, communities and events and how weather impacted them.

--

On Thursday, August 9, 1945, an atomic bomb devastated Nagasaki, Japan, three days after Hiroshima was destroyed the same way. The two bombings killed between 129,000 and 226,000 people, most of whom were civilians. This was an effort from the Allies to invade Japan during the final year of World War II. Weather conditions were a factor in these bombings. It needed to be a clear day so visibility was strong and photography opportunities were plenty.

On July 25, 1945, General Thomas Handy provided orders for the attack to General Carl Spaatz, the Guam-based commander of US Army Strategic Air Forces. The order said, "The 509th Composite Group, 20th Air Force will deliver its first special bomb as soon as weather will permit visual bombing after about 3 August 1945 on one of the targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata and Nagasaki."

© Provided by The Weather NetworkCourtesy of US National Archives

Further specifying, "To carry military and civilian scientific personnel from the War Department to observe and record the effects of the explosion of the bomb, additional aircraft will accompany the airplane carrying the bomb. The observing planes will stay several miles distant from the point of impact of the bomb."

On Aug. 6, at 8:15 a.m., the 393d Bombardment Squadron B-29 Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb called "Little Boy" on Hiroshima. The Japanese city was the primary target with Kokura and Nagasaki as backups. Another plane followed, later names Necessary Evil, to photograph the event.

There was a crosswind that caused the bomb to miss the exact target, the Aioi Bridge, and land around 240 m away on Shima Surgical Clinic. Little Boy killed between 90,000 and 146,000 people.

Japan still didn't surrender, so the officials met in Guam to discuss the next move. The plan was to drop another bomb on Aug. 11, but the weather wasn't clear. The forecast was clear on Aug. 9, so the bombing was rescheduled for that date.

On Aug 9, Bockscar, a United States Army Air Forces B-29 bomber, piloted by the 393d Bombardment Squadron's commander, Major Charles W. Sweeney, headed to Kokura to drop the atomic bomb.

© Provided by The Weather Network"The Bockscar and its crew, who dropped a Fat Man atomic bomb on Nagasaki." Courtesy of Wikipedia

The weather conditions in Kokura were poor, which ultimately saved the area. The Bockscar crew couldn't see Kokura well so they set out to another target. The bomber was running low on fuel, so the crew decided to head 160 km south to Nagasaki.

Nagasaki was also overcast, but at 11:01, the was a break in the clouds. Bockscar's bombardier, Captain Kermit Beahan, saw the target and dropped the bomb. The bomb, named "Fat Man", detonated at 11:02, killing between 39,000 and 80,000 people.

To learn more about how weather impacted the Japan bombing, listen to today's episode of "This Day In Weather History."
'Boom, they were gone:' Alberta trainers mourn loss of two horses struck by lightning

SUNDRE, Alta. — A large dirt mound at the top of a green pasture in central Alberta is a reminder that tragedy can strike like lightning.

© Provided by The Canadian Press

Two high-value horses being trained by Ian Tipton and his partner, Lisa Blanchart, died July 2, when a severe storm rolled in west of Sundre. High winds and 100 millimetres of rain fell in an hour, while multiple lightning strikes hit the house and nearby pasture.

When it was over, several horses charged up and down the pasture. Two of the 14 were gone.

"We've buried them near where they dropped," Tipton said in an interview with The Canadian Press.

"These two were pretty special and now they have a resting place overlooking everything."

There are numerous hoofprints in the dirt on the grave.

A number of horses in the herd have made the area their new resting place. Czar, an old, grey Andalusian, stood over his two fallen comrades — Cipato and Jacinto — for 24 hours after they died, Tipton said, and never strays far away.

It's something Tipton, who has been working with horses for the past 50 years, has never seen before.

"Those horses never left them, not for a minute. The little black guy was trying to wake them up and this grey horse stood over them and would not leave them until they were in the ground," he said.

"Any time I look up here, it never changes ... morning to night. They come back."

Blanchart said the horses who died were like family.

"We were just absolutely devastated, just sick with both the sense of personal loss — and professionally," she said.

Tipton Horsemanship is an education centre for classical horsemanship. Staff train horses, some of them Grand Prix quality, and have clients from around the world who want to ride them.

Cipato, an eight-year-old Friesian quarter-horse cross, was likely worth up to US$70,000, said Tipton, while Jacinto, a purebred Portuguese Lusitano, was worth roughly US$30,000. Both were insured.

"It certainly doesn't replace the value they are to us as family members," Tipton said.

David Phillips, a senior climatologist for Environment and Climate Change Canada, said July is the deadliest month for lightning strikes.

Canada records over two million strikes a year, or about one every three seconds. The most hit Ontario, followed by Alberta and Saskatchewan.

"The average temperature of a lightning flash is about 30,000 degrees Celsius and typically the voltage is about 150 times more powerful than the electric chair," Phillips said.

The most prevalent time for the storms to hit are at 1 p.m. and 6 p.m.

Very few lightning strikes are a direct hit. Phillips said most happen when lightning travels down an object then jumps, or when a current hits the ground then travels along the ground "and knocks you down."

Tipton said he is comforted knowing his two horses likely had a quick death.

"There was no suffering," Tipton said. "Both of those souls were perfectly happy and then boom they were gone."

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Aug. 9, 2021.

Bill Graveland, The Canadian Press
MINING IS NOT SUSTIANABLE GREEN OR NOT
Billionaire-backed mining firm to seek electric vehicle metals in Greenland

COPENHAGEN (Reuters) - Mineral exploration company KoBold Metals, backed by billionaires including Jeff Bezos and Bill Gates, has signed an agreement with London-listed Bluejay Mining to search in Greenland for critical materials used in electric vehicles.

 Reuters/POOL FILE PHOTO: Areas of Greenland are seen from an aerial helicopter tour

KoBold, which uses artificial intelligence and machine learning to hunt for raw materials, will pay $15 million in exploration funding for the Disko-Nuussuaq project on Greenland's west coast in exchange for a 51% stake in the project, Bluejay said in a statement.

Shares in BlueJay traded 26% higher on the news.

The license holds metals such as nickel, copper, cobalt and platinum and the funding will cover evaluation and initial drilling.

KoBold is owned by Breakthrough Energy Ventures, a climate and technology fund backed by Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates, Bloomberg founder Michael Bloomberg, Amazon founder Jeff Bezos, and Ray Dalio, founder of the world's largest hedge fund Bridgewater Associates.

Other KoBold investors include Silicon Valley venture capital fund Andreessen Horowitz and Norwegian state-controlled energy company Equinor.

BlueJay said previous studies found the area in western Greenland has similarities to the geology of Russia's Norilsk region, a main producer of nickel and palladium.

"This agreement is transformative for Bluejay," said the comany's CEO Bo Steensgaard. "We are delighted to have a partner at the pinnacle of technical innovation for new exploration methods, backed by some of the most successful investors in the world."

(Reporting by Jacob Gronholt-Pedersen; Editing by David Holmes)

KOBOLD ARE MINING CREATURES FROM ROLE PLAYING GAMES

Kobold

Image result for Kobold
A kobold was a reptilian humanoid, standing between 2' and 2'6" (60cm – 75cm) tall, weighing 35 to 45 pounds (16 – 20kg), with scaled skin between reddish brown and black in color and burnt orange to red eyes. Their legs were sinewy and digitigrade. They had long, clawed fingers and a jaw …
 
Kobolds are aggressive, inward, yet industrious small humanoid creatures. They are noted for their skill at building traps and preparing ambushes, and mining. Kobolds are distantly related to dragons and urds and are often found serving the former as minions. Kobolds have specialized laborers, yet the majority of kobolds are miners.
Alignment: Lawful Evil
Classes: Various
Homeland (s): Various temperate forests
Type: Natural humanoid (draconic)





Indonesian volcano churns out fresh clouds of ash, lava

YOGYAKARTA, Indonesia (AP) — A volcanic eruption on Indonesia’s turbulent Mount Merapi churned and boiled Monday, sending renewed flows of lava and ash down its slopes for a second day.

© Provided by The Canadian Press

Pyroclastic flows — avalanches of rock, ash and volcanic gas — burst from the mountain's actively growing lava dome inside the crater.

The 2,968-meter (9,737-foot) peak is near Yogyakarta, an ancient city of several hundred thousand people embedded in a large metro area on the island of Java. The city is a center of Javanese culture and a seat of royal dynasties going back centuries.

Mount Merapi’s last major eruption in 2010 killed 347 people. Villagers living on Merapi’s fertile slopes were advised to stay 5 kilometers (3.1 miles) away from the crater’s mouth.


Hanik Humaida, the head of Yogyakarta’s Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation Center, said the lava dome had been partially collapsing since Sunday, when the latest eruption began. The initial blast sent hot ash 1,000 meters (3,280 feet) into the atmosphere.

The mountain spewed at least three new pyroclastic flows on Monday, Humaida said.

Mount Merapi is the most volatile of more than 120 active volcanoes in Indonesia, and Humaida said it's one of the most active worldwide. She said it’s common for eruptions to last several days.

The Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation Center did not raise Merapi’s alert status this week. It has been at the second-highest of four levels since the mountain began erupting last November.

Indonesia, an archipelago of 270 million people, is prone to earthquakes and volcanic activity because it sits along the Pacific “Ring of Fire,” a horseshoe-shaped series of seismic fault lines around the ocean.

Slamet Riyadi, The Associated Press

 

Small fungus formulations could make big difference to protect moose from winter ticks


Peer-Reviewed Publication

MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION

DENVER/August 6, 2021 – In the battle to save moose from winter ticks, fungi on small grains of millet could be the ultimate weapon. Morris Animal Foundation-funded researchers at the University of Vermont recently produced granular formulations of insect-killing fungi and successfully tested their efficacy against winter tick larvae under laboratory conditions. The team reported their findings in Biocontrol Science and Technology.

“There is a critical need to develop effective, high-quality, fungal-based biopesticides for use against ticks,” said Dr. Margaret Skinner, Research Professor at the University of Vermont’s College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. “Winter ticks kill too many moose, our icon of the north woods. But right now, the only management strategy we have to lessen the tick burden is through host reduction – killing  moose to decrease ticks’ food source.”

Winter ticks have a one-year life cycle. After they hatch from their eggs over the summer, they cluster on the ground, waiting for the fall to attach to hosts. This is when the ticks are most vulnerable to threats, including insect-killing fungi that occur in the soil of moose habitats. The fungi do not naturally occur in high enough concentrations to eliminate large numbers of ticks.

A commercially available, fungal-based biopesticide was available for ticks, using the fungus Metarhizium brunneum. Skinner’s team theorized that a product with smaller particles would have a better chance of filtering down into leaf litter in higher amounts, increasing the chances that ticks would come in contact with its infective spores.

The researchers formulated their own prototype products using M. brunneum, as well as three similar fungi from California, South Korea and Vermont, all grown on millet grains.

The team tested the formulations’ efficacy on roughly 1,000 winter tick larvae hatched from wild-collected females. The larvae were divided into five groups, one for each formulation and an unexposed control group. The ticks lived in cups full of sand to replicate their natural habitat and researchers sprinkled the granules in them at two different rates.

The team found that 53%-98% of the ticks were killed by the formulations after nine weeks, with no significant difference between the two application rates.

“These results are really significant because they provide proof of concept for a management strategy that could be both safe and effective,” said Dr. Janet Patterson-Kane, Morris Animal Foundation Chief Scientific Officer. “Ticks have plagued moose for well over a century and are a burden for many other species. We need to do what we can to protect them.”

Skinner said her team’s next steps are to identify specific areas of moose habitats with high winter tick concentrations. Then her team can conduct field trials of their products.

Winter ticks are causing significant moose population declines in North America. In Vermont, on average, 47,000 ticks can be found on a single moose. A recent Vermont Fish & Wildlife Department study of collared moose concluded that winter ticks were the main cause in 74% of all mortalities and 91% of winter calf mortalities. While the Department believes the state’s moose population is “relatively stable at around 3,000 animals,” this is down from an estimated 4,800 animals in 2005.

###

About Morris Animal Foundation

Morris Animal Foundation’s mission is to bridge science and resources to advance the health of animals. Headquartered in Denver, and founded in 1948, it is one of the largest nonprofit animal health research organizations in the world, funding more than $136 million in critical studies across a broad range of species. Learn more at morrisanimalfoundation.org.

 SCARIER; IT'S GOT FRIGGEN TEETH

Researchers find a ‘fearsome dragon’ that soared over outback Queensland

Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND

Artist’s impression of the fearsome Thapunngaka shawi. 

IMAGE: ARTIST’S IMPRESSION OF THE FEARSOME THAPUNNGAKA SHAWI. view more 

CREDIT: ADOBE STOCK.

Australia’s largest flying reptile has been uncovered, a pterosaur with an estimated seven-metre wingspan that soared like a dragon above the ancient, vast inland sea once covering much of outback Queensland.

University of Queensland PhD candidate Tim Richards, from the Dinosaur Lab in UQ’s School of Biological Sciences, led a research team that analysed a fossil of the creature’s jaw, discovered on Wanamara Country, near Richmond in North West Queensland.

“It’s the closest thing we have to a real life dragon,” Mr Richards said.

“The new pterosaur, which we named Thapunngaka shawi, would have been a fearsome beast, with a spear-like mouth and a wingspan around seven metres.

“It was essentially just a skull with a long neck, bolted on a pair of long wings.

“This thing would have been quite savage.

“It would have cast a great shadow over some quivering little dinosaur that wouldn’t have heard it until it was too late.”

Mr Richards said the skull alone would have been just over one metre long, containing around 40 teeth, perfectly suited to grasping the many fishes known to inhabit Queensland’s no-longer-existent Eromanga Sea.

“It’s tempting to think it may have swooped like a magpie during mating season, making your local magpie swoop look pretty trivial – no amount of zip ties would have saved you.

“Though, to be clear, it was nothing like a bird, or even a bat – Pterosaurs were a successful and diverse group of reptiles – the very first back-boned animals to take a stab at powered flight.”

The new species belonged to a group of pterosaurs known as anhanguerians, which inhabited every continent during the latter part of the Age of Dinosaurs.


CAPTION

Hypothetical outline of Thapunngaka shawi with a 7 m wingspan, alongside a wedge-tailed eagle (2.5 m wingspan) and a hang-glider (10 m ‘wingspan’).

CREDIT

Tim Richards

Being perfectly adapted to powered flight, pterosaurs had thin-walled and relatively hollow bones.

Given these adaptations their fossilised remains are rare and often poorly preserved.

“It’s quite amazing fossils of these animals exist at all,” Mr Richards said.

“By world standards, the Australian pterosaur record is poor, but the discovery of Thapunngaka contributes greatly to our understanding of Australian pterosaur diversity.”

It is only the third species of anhanguerian pterosaur known from Australia, with all three species hailing from western Queensland.

Dr Steve Salisbury, co-author on the paper and Mr Richard’s PhD supervisor, said what was particularly striking about this new species of anhanguerian was the massive size of the bony crest on its lower jaw, which it presumably had on the upper jaw as well.

“These crests probably played a role in the flight dynamics of these creatures, and hopefully future research will deliver more definitive answers,” Dr Salisbury said.

The fossil was found in a quarry just northwest of Richmond in June 2011 by Len Shaw, a local fossicker who has been ‘scratching around’ in the area for decades.

CAPTION

Hypothetical outlines of Australian pterosaurs showing relative wingspan sizes. 1.8 m human for scale.

CREDIT

Tim Richards.

CAPTION

Reconstruction of the skull of Thapunngaka shawi (KKF494). From Richards et al. (2021)

CREDIT

Tim Richards


The name of the new species honours the First Nations peoples of the Richmond area where the fossil was found, incorporating words from the now-extinct language of the Wanamara Nation.

“The genus name, Thapunngaka, incorporates thapun [ta-boon] and ngaka [nga-ga], the Wanamara words for ‘spear’ and ‘mouth’, respectively,” Dr Salisbury said.

“The species name, shawi, honours the fossil’s discoverer Len Shaw, so the name means ‘Shaw’s spear mouth’.”

The fossil of Thapunngaka shawi is on display at Kronosaurus Korner in Richmond.

The research has been published in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 

(DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2021.1946068).

Tim Richards with the skull of an anhanguerian pterosaur. (IMAGE)

UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND