Danish masters prepped canvases with leftovers from brewing beer

Maddie Burakoff

yesterday

This image provided by the Statens Museum For Kunst shows the 1834 painting "The 84-Gun Danish Warship 'Dronning Marie' in the Sound" by Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg. Danish painters in the 19th century had some special ingredients up their sleeves: They used materials from brewing beer to create their artwork, according to research published in the journal Science Advances on Wednesday, May 24, 2023. (Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg/Statens Museum for Kunst via AP)

NEW YORK (AP) — Danish painters in the 19th century may have turned to an unusual source for some of their supplies: breweries.

Researchers examined paintings from the Danish Golden Age and found traces of yeast and grains. That suggests painters were turning to byproducts from local breweries to prepare canvases, they reported Wednesday in the journal Science Advances.

Study author Cecil Krarup Andersen said they went into the project looking for glue made from animals.

“Then, by surprise, we found something completely different,” said Andersen, a paintings conservator at the Royal Danish Academy.

The brewing leftovers would have been spread over the canvases as a paste, creating a smooth surface and preventing the paint from seeping through, Andersen explained. Today, this priming process is usually done with a white mixture known as gesso.

The authors said that knowing what’s on the canvases will help in conserving them.

In the study, scientists took a look at works by two of the first master painters to come out of Denmark — Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg, considered the father of Danish painting, and Christen Schiellerup Kobke.

To get a peek underneath their scenes of bobbing ships and family portraits, researchers used pieces of canvas that had been trimmed off the paintings in an earlier conservation project.

The team analyzed the little strips to pick out what kinds of proteins were in them, explained lead author Fabiana Di Gianvincenzo, a heritage scientist now at Slovenia’s University of Ljubljana.

Their results showed that seven of the 10 paintings contained mixes of yeast, wheat, rye and barley proteins — some of the key ingredients for a good Danish ale.

Beer itself was a precious commodity at the time — it was even used to pay salaries — so artists probably weren’t pouring actual drinks onto their work, Di Gianvincenzo said. Instead, the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, which prepared canvases for its artists, likely bought leftover mash from local breweries.

This kind of recycling wasn’t uncommon, Andersen added: Artists also used bits of sails for their canvases and boiled leather scraps for their glue. Records from the time also suggested that beer products may have been used in the arts.

The research links two elements of Danish culture, Andersen said.

“What represents Denmark? Well, beer is one of the first things that some people think about,” Andersen said. “But then also, this particular time and these particular paintings are deeply rooted in our story as a nation.”

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The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Science and Educational Media Group. The AP is solely responsible for all conten





This photo provided by Fabiana Di Gianvincenzo in May 2023 shows her taking a small sample from the strip of the tacking edge of a painting canvas for analysis. Danish painters in the 19th century had some special ingredients up their sleeves: They used materials from brewing beer to create their artwork, according to research published in the journal Science Advances on Wednesday, May 24, 2023.

(Courtesy Fabiana Di Gianvincenzo via AP)

This image provided by the Statens Museum For Kunst shows the 1831 painting "View from the Loft of the Grain Store at the Bakery in the Citadel of Copenhagen" by Christen Købke. Danish painters in the 19th century had some special ingredients up their sleeves: They used materials from brewing beer to create their artwork, according to research published in the journal Science Advances on Wednesday, May 24, 2023. 

(Christen Købke/Statens Museum For Kunst via AP)

DeSantis 2024 campaign launch on Twitter plagued by technical problems



May 24 (UPI) -- Twitter owner Elon Musk's live interview with Ron DeSantis on Wednesday got off to a rocky start marred with technical issues as the Florida governor announced that he will run for president.

During the social-media event, Musk was to ask DeSantis "unscripted" questions live-streamed on Twitter Spaces, a feature that supports live audio interviews on iOS, Android and web browsers. A Twitter account is required to listen to event.

However, many would-be listeners were left watching the "Space" stuck preparing to launch. For those who were able to listen in, they heard very little. The audio in the interview dropped out at least five times in the first six minutes.

While the audio was working, Musk was talking about technical issues caused by the number of Twitter users online at the time. The listener count volleyed about 550,000 to 592,000.

The audio recording ended after 21 minutes of dropouts. Musk, DeSantis and moderator David Sacks then made Sacks' Twitter page the host, which worked, mostly. Musk remarked that hosting from his page appeared to have "broken Twitter."

"I am running for president of the United States to lead our great American comeback," DeSantis said.

DeSantis said he chose to make his announcement on Twitter as opposed to cable television to separate himself from the pack.

DeSantis touted keeping Florida "open" during the COVID-19, and alleged that President Joe Biden has submitted to "pharmaceutical authoritarianism." He lauded Musk for being a "free speech advocate" and allowing "the truth" to be discussed about the coronavirus. To that, Musk said Twitter was expensive, but "free speech is priceless."

The governor expressed confidence in his ability to win the presidency if nominated, telling voters that they can set their clocks to his inauguration on Jan. 20, 2025. Then, the audio again dropped out momentarily.

DeSantis, using a phrase often used by Musk, said America must be freed from the "woke mind virus," urging that the country must move away from identity politics and "restore sanity."

Moments before the original 6 p.m. EST start time, DeSantis posted a video online announcing his candidacy.

"It will be the first time that something like this is happening on social media, with real-time questions and answers," Musk had told the Wall Street Journal earlier in the day.

According to Twitter, Spaces are open to anyone, even if they do not follow the host.

Earlier in the day, DeSantis filed his candidacy with the Federal Election Commission, listing Team DeSantis 2024 as an affiliated organization.

Musk and DeSantis have echoed similar "anti-woke" rhetoric that has become more common from both in recent months. In one of the latest campaign ads from "Never Back Down," an organization supporting the governor's candidacy, DeSantis said, "Florida is where woke goes to die."

DeSantis faces the challenge of differentiating himself from other Republican candidates who have pushed similar campaign rhetoric, namely former President Donald Trump.

DeSantis' announcement sets up a long-awaited showdown with the former president as both seek their party's endorsement.

DeSantis initially stayed clear from trading barbs with Trump. Trump, on the other hand, already has taken aim at DeSantis in recent weeks, saying DeSantis would not have been elected governor were it not for his endorsement.

DeSantis' decision to announce his candidacy on social media follows Trump's playbook. Trump famously used social media to his advantage while campaigning, seemingly testing public engagement with various policy ideas.

Musk has spoken in favor of DeSantis' policies, saying last year that he would support the governor if he made a bid for the presidency. During an event earlier in the week, Musk reportedly said he would not be endorsing DeSantis immediately.

Since his $44 billion purchase of Twitter, Musk has more frequently echoed Republican talking points and chided liberal viewpoints. In December, Musk suspended multiple journalists who had been critical of him in the past, accusing them of violating the platform's policy on doxxing.

Sen. Bernie Sanders urges Joe Biden to use 14th Amendment on debt limit

Sen. Bernie Sanders, I-Vt., on Wednesday called on President Joe Biden to enact a clause in the 14th Amendment to raise the debt ceiling and avoid the United States defaulting in the coming days. 

File Photo by Bonnie Cash/UPI | License Photo

May 24 (UPI) -- As the United States inches closer to its first-ever default on the national debt, Sen. Bernie Sanders called on President Joe Biden to enact the 14th Amendment, while House Democrats announced unanimous support for a discharge petition to end the debt limit standoff.

Sanders, I-Vt., made the 14th Amendment plea Wednesday in an op-ed published by Fox News, in which he urged Biden to take the unconventional path and avoid proposed cuts being pushed by Republican House Speaker Kevin McCarthy.

"While defaulting on our nation's debt would be a disaster, so would enacting the budget Republicans passed in the House in April," Sanders wrote in the piece.

The former presidential candidate called on Biden to invoke the 14th Amendment's public debt clause, so the United States can "continue to pay its bills on time and without delay, prevent an economic catastrophe, and prevent huge cuts to healthcare, education, childcare, affordable housing, nutrition assistance and the needs of our veterans."

Meanwhile, House Minority Whip Katherine Clark told reporters Wednesday that all 213 Democratic lawmakers have now pledged their support for a discharge petition, which would allow lawmakers to bypass leadership and raise the debt ceiling.

However, the parliamentary procedure still needs five House Republican votes to pass the 435-seat chamber.

"We're five signatures away," said Rep. Pete Aguilar, D-Calif., chairman of the House Democratic Caucus. "So for our Republican colleagues who give interviews and go back home and talk about how they want to work together, and talk about how they're not extreme like Marjorie Taylor Greene, and how she doesn't speak for them -- this is their opportunity."

While House Democrats want a clean debt ceiling increase, Republicans have proposed a $1.5 trillion debt limit hike with federal spending cuts of approximately $4.8 trillion over the next decade.

Biden has been negotiating with the Republican-led House and McCarthy for months to strike a deal to raise the debt ceiling and avert a crisis.

On Tuesday, McCarthy told his Republican colleagues, "We are nowhere near a deal. I need you all to hang with me."

The California Republican did not sound any more optimistic speaking to reporters Wednesday.

"We have to spend less than we spent last year. It is not my fault the Democrats can't give up on their spending," McCarthy said outside the U.S. Capitol, adding he hoped to wrap up discussions by the end of the day ahead of a week-long break over the Memorial Day long weekend.

Sanders said Republicans' proposed spending cuts "could impact the lives of virtually every American in our country for decades to come."

"If Congress does not agree to impose massive cuts on the needs of working people, the elderly, the children, the sick and the poor -- they will allow, for the first time in our history, the U.S. to default on the national debt," Sanders wrote in the article.

"This action will have a devastating impact on our economy, destroy millions of jobs and cause interest rates on mortgages and auto loans to skyrocket," he said.

U.S. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen has repeatedly warned of an impending default, calling on Congress to raise the debt ceiling or deal with dire consequences. Millions of Social Security payments would immediately stop in that scenario, as would some other federal services.

Yellen has said the United States is on course to reach its $31 trillion debt ceiling and no longer be able to borrow funds by June 1, which would trigger a default. Earlier this month, she said "the U.S. economy hangs in the balance."

Congressional panel places blame on regulators, execs for recent bank failures

By Lynn Liu, Medill News Service

Rep. Katie Porter, D-Calif., said at a House hearing Wednesday that "when it comes to regulating our banks, Congress has a short-term memory on what works and what doesn't." Pool File photo by Andrew Harnik/UPI | License Photo


WASHINGTON, May 24 (UPI) -- Members of Congress on Wednesday maintained that federal regulators, as well as bank executives, should be held accountable for the failure of the Silicon Valley Bank and other two banks.

"The executives and the board of Silicon Valley Bank clearly dropped the ball," Rep. Lisa McClain, R-Mich., said at a House Subcommittee on Health Care and Financial Services hearing.

"The fact that there have not been any resignations or any firings at the top of the Fed and the [Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.} is unfortunate, but not surprising, for the [Biden] administration."

The Federal Reserve is responsible for identifying and correcting unsafe and unsound practices before they lead to a bank's failure through the dynamic markets, Jeremy Newell, a senior fellow at the Bank Policy Institute, told the subcommittee.

However, under its watch, three banks have failed this year, resulting more than $35 billion to be taken from the Deposit Insurance Fund to resolve crisis, according to an FDIC's estimation.

Before the failures, the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco and FDIC had recognized financial risks at both Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank, but neither regulating agency acted to prevent the bank failures, Michael Clements, director of Government Accountability Office's financial markets and community investment team, noted in his testimony.

In April, the Federal Reserve published a report reflecting on its supervision and regulation of Silicon Valley Bank. In 2019, the Federal Reserve revised its framework to enhance standards of the eight global systemically important banks, but reduced requirements for other large banks.

"For Silicon Valley Bank, this resulted in lower supervisory and regulatory requirements, including lower capital and liquidity requirements. While higher supervisory and regulatory requirements may not have prevented the firm's failure, they would likely have bolstered the resilience of Silicon Valley Bank," the report said.

However, Newell said that Federal Reserve was being "too assertive" and provided a wrong diagnosis without fully acknowledging the whole picture.

In his view, federal regulators have placed excessive emphasis on non-financial risks and regulatory procedures rather than addressing financial vulnerabilities.

This hearing is one more step of the House Committee of Oversight and Accountability's investigation into regulation shortcomings in bank failures.

On April 27, Rep. James Comer, R-Ky., chairman of the House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, and McClain, chairwoman of the Subcommittee on Health Care and Financial Services, sent an official letter to Mary Colleen Daly, president and CEO of the San Francisco Federal Reserve.

In the letter, the lawmakers requested documents such as audit reports, communications and lists of individuals involved in overseeing Silicon Valley Bank within the Federal Reserve.

"I wish I could say this is Congress' first hearing to dig into the causes of bank failure. It's not. " said Rep. Katie Porter, D.-Calif. "That's because when it comes to regulating our banks, Congress has a short-term memory on what works and what doesn't. "

Porter said that bank failure increases when the Congress removes regulations. However, the Congress is easily influenced by bank lobbyists who want less regulation.

"I'm glad and grateful that there has been bipartisan agreement that [federal] supervisors need to do a better job," Porter said in his closing statement.

Porter told a reporter from Medill News Service after the hearing that she and McClain are continuing to work in a bipartisan way to get more answers from the Federal Reserve.

Meta begins new round of layoffs affecting 6,000 jobs

WILL NOT IMPACT INFLATION

Meta Wednesday began a third round of restructuring layoffs expected to cut 6,000 more jobs.

 Photo by Terry Schmitt/UPI | License Photo


May 24 (UPI) -- Meta started a third round of layoffs Wednesday as the company was expected to cut more than 6,000 jobs.

News of the latest cuts came as some workers announced on LinkedIn Wednesday that they had been laid off, according to CNBC.

This round of layoffs primarily affected Meta's business groups.

Employees had been made aware the layoffs were coming as Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg announced a "Year of Efficiency" restructuring plan earlier this year.

As part of the plan Meta has stopped recruiting for roughly 5,000 job openings and will lay off 21,000 people this year jobs cut in November and April are factored in.

In a March post, Zuckerberg said the layoffs are part of a restructuring designed to "make us a better technology company and to improve our financial performance in a difficult environment so we can execute our long-term vision."

Zuckerberg said after the restructuring the company plans to lift hiring and transfer freezes. He said the layoffs will make the company "flatter by removing multiple layers of management."

In April Meta reported first-quarter sales of $27.91 billion, an increase of 3% from the same quarter a year ago.

"We had a good quarter and our community continues to grow," said Zuckerberg. "Our AI work is driving good results across our apps and business. We're also becoming more efficient so we can build better products faster and put ourselves in a stronger position to deliver our long-term vision."

He said then that the company is not abandoning its metaverse vision. He said Meta's focus will continue to be AI and the metaverse.

Private astronauts arrive at International Space Station, greeted warmly

MAY 22, 2023 

The Axion mission's capsule Freedom (R) docked at the International Space Station on Monday. 

Photo courtesy of NASA

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. May 22 (UPI) -- Warmly greeted by the seven astronauts living aboard the International Space Station, a four-member crew joined the celebration in a live TV broadcast shortly after their Freedom capsule arrived at the orbiting laboratory Monday morning.

Two of the Axiom crewmembers from Saudi Arabia shared their enthusiasm and gratitude with people back home, speaking in Arabic and English.

Along with former NASA astronaut and lead participant Peggy Whitson are pilot John Shoffner and Saudis Ali Alqarni and Rayyanah Barnawi, which brings the number of space station residents to 11 for the next eight days.

Over the course of three space missions, Whitson logged a record total of 665 days, mostly aboard the space station. Now she will have 10 more days to add to the tally.

RELATED Crew of four lifts off on Axiom mission to International Space Station

Whitson and pilot Shoffner are Axiom employees. Alqarni and Barnawi are called mission specialists, who will be conducting research and communicating with young people on the ground in their native country.

Shortly after docking, Axiom and station crews verified that air pressure on both sides of the tunnel that connects the capsule to the space station was normal, which meant both were hermetically sealed.

Welcomed by their colleagues, the Axiom crewmembers floated into the station at 11:16 a.m. EDT, greeted with hugs and pats on the back.

The first to go inside was Whitson, followed by Shoffner and then Alqarni and Barnawi.

"We are really excited to get a lot of work done up here," Whitson said. "It's great for me to come back and to see this place again. It does feel like home."

A jubilant Shoffner thanked his spouse for her support over the decades. "Thank you for that, Janine," he said.

He said he became enthralled with space exploration when he was only 8 years old, and worked through all his adult life to pursue his dream of flying into space.

"We look forward to some great work for STEM education outreach and some amazing science," he said.

Speaking in Arabic, Saudi Air Force pilot Alqarni thanked the king of Saudi Arabia and the crown prince for supporting and trusting him for participating in the mission.

Then it was the turn of Barnawi, an expert medical biologist and breast cancer researcher. Also speaking in Arabic, she thanked space institutions and research organizations.

"Some of us are doctors, some of us are engineers, and so on. ... I am happy to be here representing the dreams and hopes of everyone back home."

The Axiom 2 crew will conduct a variety of scientific and technological experiments until May 30. They are scheduled to return to Earth the following day aboard their Crew Dragon capsule, splashing down off Florida.

SpaceX launches Falcon 9 rocket for Axiom Mission 2

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A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launches the Axiom Mission 2 crew to the International Space Station at 5:37 p.m. EDT from Complex 39A at Kennedy Space Center in Florida on May 21, 2023. Photo by Joe Marino/UPI | License Photo

Canada has highest household debt of G7 countries, report warns


May 24 (UPI) -- Canada has the highest levels of household debt among the Group of Seven countries, the government said in its latest economic forecast issued Wednesday.

About three quarters of all household debt in Canada is attributed to housing mortgages, making the country particularly vulnerable to any future global economic crisis, according to the report by the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation.

Household debt among Canadians has been soaring for years, and in 2021 eclipsed the size of the economy.

"While U.S. households reduced debt, Canadians increased theirs and this will likely continue to increase unless we address affordability in the housing market," CMHC deputy chief economist Aled ab Iorwerth said in the report

During the 2008 financial crisis, the debt level of Canadian households stood at around 80%, rising to 95% by 2010. In 2021, the level of household debt reached 107%.

Household debt is made up of all liabilities requiring interest payments to creditors at fixed dates and is measured as a percentage of a household's net disposable income.

The agency points to the COVID-19 pandemic, rising interest rates to combat inflation, disruption of global supply chains and Russia's invasion of Ukraine as reasons behind the economic instability.

By comparison, the United States is managing to reduce its household debt levels, decreasing from 100% in 2008 to 92% in 2010 and 78% in 2021.

Britain has the second-highest level of household debt among the G7 countries at 87%, while Italy's 44% is the lowest.

Among the countries profiled by CMHC, only Australia at 119% has a higher household debt rate than Canada.

"In the event of a severe global economic downturn, Canada's high household debt will be a vulnerability. And the need to repay this debt will damage Canada's long-term growth prospects," the report reads.

Saudi Arabia, Canada agree to restore full diplomatic ties




Riyadh and Ottawa said the decision to restore "full" diplomatic ties came after high-level talks in November last year. Ties were severed in 2018 after Canada called on Saudi Arabia to release arrested activists.

Saudi Arabia and Canada announced on Wednesday the restoration of diplomatic relations "on the basis of mutual respect and common interests," following a five-year rift over Riyadh's jailing of activists.

The decision to restore ties followed discussions between Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Salman last November, on the sidelines of the summit of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Forum in Bangkok, according to a statement.

Saudi Arabia announced severing diplomatic ties with Canada in August 2018, after Ottawa called on the kingdom to release arrested civil rights activists.

CANADIAN STILL IN JAIL IN KSA

What did the two sides agree on?

Both countries' foreign ministries released almost identical statements, announcing they were restoring diplomatic relations to the "previous level."

Canada added that it appointed Jean-Philippe Linteau as its ambassador to Riyadh.

A Canadian government source familiar with the agreement told the Reuters news agency that punitive trade measures would be lifted as a consequence of the agreement.

"Empty chairs at the end of the day don't push our interests forward, and they don't push things like human rights forward," the source added.

The source also referred to Saudi Arabia as an "important global player" in recent years. They referred to the kingdom's role in evacuating Canadian nationals from Sudan last month, as countries struggled to get their citizens out of the war torn country.

The source also cited Canadian Foreign Minister Melanie Joly as saying: "We need to have conversations with people we don't always agree with on everything in order to find global solutions to global problems," Reuters reported.

What prompted the rift?

In August 2018, Saudi Arabia took offense at a Canadian Foreign Ministry and embassy tweet urging for the release of women's rights activists. It expelled the Canadian ambassador and froze new trade.

The kingdom, which only allowed women to drive in the same year, described the Canadian statement at the time as "blatant interference" in its internal affairs.

Later the same year, Saudi Arabia became the center of Western condemnation after the murder of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi at a Saudi consulate in Turkey.

Five of the alleged killers were convicted in 2020, but the Saudi crown prince has also been accused of involvement, which he consistently denies.

rmt/rs (Reuters, AFP)

How a temperature rise of 2 degrees Celsius impacts billions

Under current climate change policies, billions will face life-threatening heat. But a global network of heat officers are tackling the problem in their own cities.


Alistair Walsh

DW

May 22, 2023

About 2 billion people will live in hazardous heat conditions by the end of the century if climate policies continue on their current trajectory, according to new research published in the Nature Sustainability journal. That represents 23% of the projected global population.

If the climate warms more drastically — a potential scenario under current policies — about 3.3 billion people could face extreme temperatures by the end of the century.

The study, led by scientists at the UK's University of Exeter and Nanjing University in China, found that 60 million people are already exposed to dangerous heat levels, characterized by an average temperature of 29 degrees Celsius (84.2 degrees Fahrenheit) or higher.

How do hot temperatures harm human health?

Extreme heat can result in a range of illnesses and death, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). These include heatstroke and hyperthermia. Temperature extremes also worsen chronic conditions and have indirect effects on disease transmission, air quality and critical infrastructure.

The elderly, infants and children, pregnant women, outdoor and manual workers, athletes and the poor are particularly vulnerable to higher temperatures.

Urban forests are a breath a fresh air for steamy Karachi  04:25

Limiting warming to the lower Paris accord target of 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels would still expose 400 million people to dangerous heat levels by the end of the century, the study found.

People living in India, Sudan and Niger will all be heavily affected by even 1.5 degrees warming, but 2.7 degrees will have enormous effects on countries like the Philippines, Pakistan and Nigeria.

Calculating the human cost of climate change

Researchers said their study breaks the trend of modeling climate impacts in economic rather than human terms.

"It invariably distorts value away from human lives and towards centers of wealth," Ashish Ghadiali, a climate activist and co-author of the paper, told DW, adding that modeling focused on economics "places more value on a life in New York State than in Bangladesh."

Most other models also prioritize current populations over future ones, with inequality in global warming being "both globally distributed, but also intergenerational," said Ghadiali.

"It fundamentally values my life more than my children's lives and certainly more than my grandchildren's lives," he said.

Looking at individual country impacts on dangerous heat levels, researchers found that current emissions from 1.2 average US citizens condemn a future human to live in extreme heat. Despite having disproportionate emissions, the US population faces a much lower threat from dangerous temperatures.

How can people be protected from extreme heat?

Previous studies have shown cities are particularly vulnerable to such dangerous temperature rises, due to the "heat island effect." Buildings, roads and infrastructure absorb and radiate the sun's heat more than natural environments like forests and water bodies, raising urban temperatures by as much 15 degrees Celsius in some cases, compared to rural areas.

Santiago is planting 30,000 trees across the city and plans to establish 'pocket forests' to act as cooling centers

Image: Government of Santiago

Cities around the world are introducing the new role of chief heat officer to deal with inevitable temperature increases. One of those is Cristina Huidobro, who took up the post for Chile's capital Santiago in March 2022.

"Many cities in the world face extreme heat, but the solutions and the way you approach it are very, very local," Huidobro told DW.

Still, Huidobro said, they all broadly follow a three pronged strategy — preparedness, awareness and adaptation.

Preparedness can include categorizing heat waves in the same way as other natural disasters, or setting up an alert threshold to trigger a certain city response.

Huidobro said raising awareness of the dangers of heat are an integral part of the role.

"Taking care of yourself in an extreme heat event is really simple — drink water, seek shade and rest," she said. "Nobody has to die from extreme heat."

The third prong is adapting the city to the new reality of high temperatures, largely by creating more green spaces in the city.

Santiago has just launched an urban reforestation project to plant 30,000 trees across the city and develop strategies that treat the trees as part of the urban infrastructure.

"Trees, trees, trees, trees everywhere. It's bringing more green into the city," Huidobro said.

But planting trees isn't as easy as people think.

"We're putting trees in really dense streets, like in the main avenues of the city, where you have a lot of cement. You need to dig a hole and really do some civil works."

It's also not an instant solution to urban heat as trees need time to grow.

"The whole idea is to try to plant the shade that we're going to have in the next 20 or 30 years," said Huidobro.

How to stay hydrated in the summer sun

If summer temperatures in the high 40s Celsius (115+ F) get common, we had better watch our fluid levels more than ever. Here's how to prevent dehydration.

If it's hot, keep your fluids up

We are 70% water. If our water drops to the point of dehydration, our bodies stop functioning. So, if you're out on a hot day, working, exercising or hiking, drink water before you get thirsty. How much you drink depends on what you're doing. But keep it regular, every 1-2 hours. Balance your fluids and food. Keep an eye on the kids.

Mind what you drink

The general idea is drink water. But it is more complicated than that. Stick to clear liquids like water or a broth. If you've got an oral rehydration solution, use that, but always read the packaging for guidance. And avoid diuretics — things that make you pee — like alcohol, coffee and tea, and sugary stuff like soft and sports drinks. They can cause diarrhea and make you lose even more fluids.

Spot the early signs of dehydration

Whether it's just you, or a child or an older person you're with, check yourself and them. Are you irritable or restless? Do they have sunken eyes, a rapid pulse, or are they drinking really, really fast? Pinch the skin. Does it go back slowly? Is your pee dark? Does it have a bad odor? Or does your breath smell? Well, then, there may be some level of dehydration. It's time to get help.Image: Colourbox/Alexey Poprotskiy

The signs of severe dehydration

Now the real danger signs: Are you or the person you're with lethargic or unconscious? Is their pulse absent or weak? Can you sense any respiratory distress? Are they wheezing, grunting, breathing rapidly, sweating, flaring their nose? And think about those early signs: Sunken eyes and dry skin that doesn't spring back when you pinch it. When you're already dehydrated it gets difficult to drink.

At risk: Babies, young kids and the elderly

It can happen to any of us. But babies, children and elderly people have a higher risk of dehydration. Diuretic medicines for reducing fluids or blood pressure can make dehydration more likely, as can some diabetes drugs. Check with your doctor. And, if you're with kids, check for drowsiness, fever, a dry or sticky tongue or mouth, crying without tears, or a dry diaper over three or more hours.
Routes to rehydration

It takes more than water. You need to replenish fluids, sugars, electrolytes — minerals like sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and phosphate that help the body and mind function. For mild cases, you may be able to take an oral rehydration solution. Other quick fixes: Fruits, vegetables, salty snacks and some say milk. In severe cases, you may need to be treated by a doctor or even in hospital.

The water's got to be clean

We still take water for granted in the richer nations. It's a luxury that people in poorer nations don't have — 1 in 3 people in the world lack access to clean water, and, in some of the least-developed countries, even health care facilities lack water service. Those are often the hottest places on Earth, making it tough for people to stay hydrated and healthy. Same for you if you're visiting

Don't overdo it

Drinking too much water can lead to overhydration, and that can be as bad as dehydration. It happens when your kidneys fail to process the fluid in your body. That can lead to low sodium levels, or hyponatremia. Sodium regulates the fluids in and around your cells. And if that fails, overhydration can cause fatal brain swelling. So, if your pee is always clear, hold back, you're drinking too much.Image: imago images/Panthermedia

The US cities fighting extreme heat

The United States — where previous studies have found 12,000 people die prematurely from heat each year — has appointed three chief heat officers so far, in Phoenix, Miami and Los Angeles.

The Californian city of Los Angeles, which is ranked as the most susceptible to natural disasters including heat waves, recently launched a campaign to build more "resilience hubs" with shade and cooling powered by renewables in high-risk communities. It already has a network of cooling centers mainly in libraries, where people can go to beat the heat.

They are also working on an early warning system for heat waves.

Phoenix, a city in the middle of the Sonoran Desert, is working on a number of adaptations, including building cooling pavements with a special sealant that reflects the sun. The sealant makes paths several degrees cooler to the touch and keeps the night air cooler.

US cities, such as Phoenix, have networks of cooling centers to help people recover from heat

Ross D. Franklin, File/AP/picture alliance

The city of Miami in Florida is planning major urban tree-planting campaigns, and has also spent millions of dollars on air-conditioning units for public housing residents while providing financial assistance to help cover the energy bills of low-income households.

But Santiago's Huidobro said air-conditioning is generally a last resort for adaptation because of its climate impacts.

Santiago wants to plant 33 "pocket forests" that would be used as climate shelters, especially near schools and health facilities. These are an alternative to the air-conditioned cooling centers being developed in the US and Europe.

"During a heat wave people can go inside these nature-based cooling centers and get their shade, and rest and drink water," said Huidobro.

Edited by: Jennifer Collins

Increasing heat likely a major factor in human migration

High temperatures also cause heat illnesses and death in migrants along their journey

Peer-Reviewed Publication

PLOS

Rising temperatures due to climate change are likely influencing human migration patterns, according to a new study by Rita Issa of University College London and colleagues, published May 24 in the open-access journal PLOS Climate.

In the last decade, heatwaves were frequent, and surface temperatures were the warmest on record. As the planet warms, many people are expected to leave their homes to escape extreme temperatures. However, the exact role of heat in human migration is not yet understood. To illuminate this relationship, Issa’s team conducted a review of research documents, annual reports, working papers, government documents and scientific literature that examined the impact of heat on human migration or the heat that migrants experience along their journey.

Of the 32 studies that considered how heat impacts migration, half found a correlation between exposure to heat and the likelihood that a person will migrate. The vast majority of the 18 studies that assessed the effects of heat on migrants as they travel reported negative health impacts, such as heat related illnesses, heat stress and early death. The research also reports that people suffered more greatly from the heat when they lived in regions with poor infrastructure, or had insufficient workplace adaptations, lower educational level and low socioeconomic status.

The new study’s findings suggest that heat likely influences human migration patterns, including the timing of when people move, the risks they face along the way and the heat they may experience once they settle. However, the fact that only half of the included studies found a correlation between heat and migration suggests that heat is not the only factor driving migration. The researchers point out that no literature has reported a “temperature threshold” above which people are certain to migrate. Instead, they propose the development of accepted ways to compare temperature measurements, heat impacts and environmental factors that cause migration, which they believe would support future efforts to study climate migrants and enact policies that protect them from harm.

The authors add: "Migration is a valid adaptive response to extreme heat. Part of the reason there is no certain temperature at which people will migrate is instituting adaptive measures that limit the consequences of extreme heat, as we see in places like the UEA where air conditioning is widely used. However, often the poorest and most marginalised remain vulnerable to temperature extremes, including migrants. These findings offer a dual opportunity for action: decisive policy to limit global heating upstream, through reducing carbon and other greenhouse gas emissions; and adaptive strategies that take into account human vulnerability - spanning urban planning, occupational adaptations, household modification and more - to assist in lessening the impacts of heat on human health, wellbeing and productivity."

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Press-only preview: https://plos.io/43i9SZT

In your coverage please use this URL to provide access to the freely available article in PLOS Climate: https://journals.plos.org/climate/article?id=10.1371/journal.pclm.0000214

Contact: Rita Issa, rita.issa@ucl.ac.uk

Citation: Issa R, Robin van Daalen K, Faddoul A, Collias L, James R, Chaudhry UAR, et al. (2023) Human migration on a heating planet: A scoping review. PLOS Clim 2(5): e0000214. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000214

Author Countries: France, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, UK

Funding: KRvD receives funding by the Gates Cambridge Scholarship (OPP1144) for her PhD research and for the publication fees from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. This paper was completed as part of the Lancet Countdown project (Tracking the connections between public health and climate change) at www.lancetcountdown.org which is supported by an unrestricted grant from the Wellcome Trust (200890/Z/16/Z). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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JOURNAL

PLOS Climate

DOI

10.1371/journal.pclm.0000214 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Literature review

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

People

ARTICLE TITLE

Human migration on a heating planet: A scoping review

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

24-May-2023