Breakthrough study shows no-take marine reserves benefit overfished reefs

Findings support global "30 by 30" goal of protecting 30 percent of the ocean by 2030

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY

Research News

 

IMAGE: NO-TAKE MARINE PROTECTED AREAS (MPAS) INCREASED THE GROWTH OF FISH POPULATIONS BY 42 PERCENT WHEN FISHING WAS UNSUSTAINABLE IN SURROUNDING AREAS. view more 

CREDIT: © ERIKA PIÑEROS, FOR WCS

New York, NY (May 4, 2021) - A powerful, long-term study from WCS adds scientific backing for global calls for conserving 30 percent of the world's ocean. The studied no-take marine protected areas (MPAs) increased the growth of fish populations by 42 percent when fishing was unsustainable in surrounding areas, achieving the benefits of stable and high production of fish populations for fishers, while protecting threatened ecosystems.

The study recorded fish catches for 24-years across a dozen fish landing sites within two counties in Kenya, which allowed scientists to evaluate the long-term impacts of two different fisheries management methods. While one county utilized a no-take MPA covering 30 percent of the fishery, the other focused on gear restrictions and prohibited the use of small-mesh nets.

The differences in outcomes for the fishers and the ecosystems were stark. Per-person daily catches rose 25 times faster near the no-take MPA than in fished areas with gear restrictions, showing that no-take MPAs were far more effective at sustaining stocks of fish than restricting destructive gear.

The study's lead author Dr. Tim McClanahan, Senior Coral Reef Scientist for WCS said "The no-take area in Mombasa occupied 30 percent of the studied fishing grounds. Fortuitously, this is the target for protection being proposed for the oceans, which is rarely tested and based on the results of simulation models. The empirical support for the models and the conservation proposal is reassuring along with the unexpected results of increased production of fish populations that compensated for the lost fishing area. This adds to the evidence that no-take protected areas of sufficient coverage may compensate for the lost fishing grounds, particularly when fisheries are not sustainably fished."

This new study from WCS represents the longest-ever continuous detailed fish catch record for coral reefs, and reveals patterns that took nearly 20 years to unfold due to the small annual increments of change. The time and resources it takes to complete these empirical studies has long been an impediment to testing the effectiveness of no-take MPAs on fisheries, and is also why simulation models were commonly used. Until this publication, most existing empirical studies were short-term and focused on the catch per fisher rather than the catch per area, which is a critical metric of sustainable yield estimates. Consequently, there is a compelling need to expand long-term studies to better calibrate and test fisheries production models.

This study shows that MPAs where no-take rules are followed can compensate for lost fishing grounds and stocks and therefore help people highly dependent on fish for income and nutritional security that is lost when catches are unsustainable. While gear restrictions did have positive benefits for short periods of time, they did not maximize fisheries production over the long-term. Some combination of closure and gear restrictions are therefore likely needed to achieve the full benefits to both fishers and ecosystems.

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The study was led by WCS Senior Conservation Scientist Tim McClanahan and will appear in Volume 128 of the journal Marine Policy. The work was supported by Bloomberg Philanthropies, The Tiffany & Co. Foundation, and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.

WCS (Wildlife Conservation Society)

MISSION: WCS saves wildlife and wild places worldwide through science, conservation action, education, and inspiring people to value nature. To achieve our mission, WCS, based at the Bronx Zoo, harnesses the power of its Global Conservation Program in nearly 60 nations and in all the world's oceans and its five wildlife parks in New York City, visited by 4 million people annually. WCS combines its expertise in the field, zoos, and aquarium to achieve its conservation mission.

This year at CBD CoP15, the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) will adopt a post-2020 global biodiversity framework, and set shared goals and action-oriented targets to provide the momentum for conservation action at multiple scales. This is a critical policy moment to improve global goals and targets related to coral reefs, including their clarity and the indicators to be used to measure progress, to drive conservation action that effectively conserves coral reef biodiversity and ensures socio-economic benefits at relevant scales. WCS supports the global efforts to ensure that CBD Parties commit to protecting or conserving least 30% of land and sea areas by 2030 through area-based conservation measures, read more about our recommendations here.

For more than 70 years WCS has been on and underwater studying coral reefs. Today there is a global crisis for coral reefs facing pressures from climate change, pollution, unsustainable tourism, and destructive fishing. From Kenya to Belize, Mozambique to Cuba, WCS is conserving reef biodiversity hotspots and supporting communities that depend on reefs to survive. We currently work across 16 countries to protect coral reefs and ensure that they continue to provide for the people and species that rely on them.

Visit: newsroom.wcs.org Follow: @WCSNewsroom.

Being around children makes adults more generous

UNIVERSITY OF BATH

Research News

 

Adults are more compassionate and are up to twice as likely to donate to charity when children are present, according to a new study from psychologists.

The research, conducted by social psychologists at the University of Bath and Cardiff University and funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), examined how the presence of children influences adults' compassionate motivations and behaviours.

Across eight experiments and more than 2,000 participants, the researchers asked adults to describe what typical children are like. After focusing on children in this way, participants subsequently indicated higher motivations towards compassionate values, such as helpfulness and social justice, and they reported greater empathy with the plight of other adults.

In a field study, which built on these findings, the researchers found that adult passers-by on a shopping street in Bath were more likely to donate to charity when more children were around relative to adults.

When no children were present and all passers-by were adults, a student research team from the University of Bath observed roughly one donation every ten minutes. But when children and adults were equally present on the shopping street, adult passers-by made two donations every ten minutes.

These effects could not be accounted for by higher footfall during busy times or whether donors were accompanied by a child or not. Instead, they suggest that the presence of children can nudge adults to behave more generously and donate more often. The on-street donations were made to 'Bath Marrow', a charity which supports people with blood cancer.

Interestingly, these findings point to a widely applicable effect. The researchers observed that the 'child salience effect' was evident among both parents and non-parents, men and women, younger and older participants, and even among those who had relatively negative attitudes towards children. The researchers involved suggest these effects could also have widespread implications.

Lead researcher Dr Lukas Wolf from the Department of Psychology at Bath explains: "While previous evidence has shown that we are typically more helpful and empathetic towards children, no research has been done to date to examine whether the presence of children alone encourages us to be more pro-social towards others in general. Our research addresses this gap by showing that the presence of children elicits broad pro-social motivation and donation behaviour towards causes not directly related to children."

Dr Wolf says that this potential for widespread effect is important because it indicates society needs to consider new ways to involve children more directly in various aspects of life.

"Our findings showing the importance of children for compassionate behaviour in society provides a glimpse of a much bigger impact," he says.

"Children are indirectly dependent on how adults behave towards each other and towards the planet. Yet, children are also separated from many adult environments, such as workplaces and from political bodies where important decisions affect their futures."

He adds: "The finding that the presence of children motivates adults to be more compassionate towards others calls for more integration of children in contexts where adults make important long-term decisions, such as on climate change."

Various initiatives over recent years have been established to increase the prominence of young voices, for example Children's Parliaments. Future work from the researchers involved in this study will look in more detail at the nature of the child salience effect and its ramifications for society and the planet.

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Their results are published in the journal Social Psychological and Personality Science.

 

Researchers create leather-like material from silk proteins

Alternative leather manufacturing moves towards sustainable sources and environmentally friendly chemical processes

TUFTS UNIVERSITY

Research News

VIDEO: THE PROCESS OF MAKING THE SILK LEATHER BEGINS WITH DISSOLVING THE FIBERS AND REFORMULATING THE PROTEIN FOR EXTRUSION AND PRINTING INTO SWATCHES WITH CUSTOMIZED PATTERNS view more 

CREDIT: LAIA SOLDEVILLA, FIO OMENETTO, TUFTS UNIVERSITY SILKLAB

Leather is an ever growing multi-billion dollar industry requiring more than 3.8 billion bovine animals - equal to one for every two people on earth - to sustain production each year. And while the products - clothing, shoes, furniture and more - can be quite elegant and durable, the environmental impact of leather production has been severe, leading to deforestation, water and land overuse, environmental pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions.

Researchers at Tufts University School of Engineering set out to find an alternative to leather, with similar texture, flexibility and stiffness, yet focused on materials that are sustainable, non-toxic, and friendly to the environment. It turns out, we have been wearing that material all along - it's silk, but instead of weaving the silk into fabric, the Tufts engineers were able to break down the fibers from silkworm cocoons into their protein components, and re-purpose the proteins to form the leather-like material. The process for making silk-based leather is described in a study published in the journal Materials & Design.

The silk-based leather can be printed into different patterns and textures, has similar physical properties to real leather, and can withstand the folding, piercing, and stretching typically used to create leather goods, including the ability to stitch together pieces of material and attach hardware such as rivets, grommets, handles and clasps.

"Our work is centered on the use of naturally-derived materials that minimize the use of toxic chemicals while maintaining material performance so as to provide alternatives for products that are commonly and widely used today," said Fiorenzo Omenetto, Frank C. Doble Professor of Engineering at Tufts School of Engineering, director of the Tufts Silklab where the material was created, and corresponding author of the study. "By using silk, as well as cellulose from textile and agricultural waste and chitosan from shell-fish waste, and all the relatively gentle chemistries used to combine them, we are making progress towards this goal."

There is of course already an existing portfolio of alternative leathers developed by industry and the research community, with a focus on using agricultural byproducts or regenerated materials that have a reduced impact on the environment and animal raising. These include leather-like materials made from petroleum (polyurethane leather or "pleather"), tree bark, pineapple husks, plant oils, rubber, fungi, and even from cellulose and collagen produced by bacterial cultures.

The silk-based leather made at Tufts offers some unique advantages to all of these approaches. In addition to being derived from dissolving silk fibers, manufacturing is water based, using only mild chemicals, conducted at room temperature, and producing mostly non-toxic waste. The silk leather material can be fabricated using computerized 3D layering with the ability to create regular micropatterns that can tune the material's strength and flexibility, print macropatterns for aesthetics (e.g. a basket weave) as well as non-regular geometrical patterning to mimic the surface texture of real leather. The resulting materials, like leather, are strong, soft, pliable, and durable, and like natural leather, they are biodegradable once they enter the waste stream.

In fact, the silk-leather products could be re-dissolved and regenerated into its gel-like stock matter to be re-printed into new products

The process of making the silk leather starts with silk fibers that are commonly used in the textile industry. These fibers are made up of silk fibroin protein polymers, and they can be broken down to its individual protein components in a water-based slurry. A base layer of chitosan containing a non-toxic plasticizer glycerol and dye is printed by extrusion through a tiny bore nozzle onto a surface to provide flexibility and strength to the material. Chitosan is itself derived from natural sources such as the shells of crabs lobsters and shrimp. A layer of silk fibroin combined with plasticizer and a thickener (from vegetable gum) is printed on top of the base layer.

Extruding the fibroin slurry through the printer nozzle creates shear forces that may contribute to arranging the proteins in a way that that strengthens the material, making it ductile rather than brittle, and mimics the natural extrusion that occurs in the silk gland of a worm or spider. Changing the printed pattern of the silk layer can provide a range of appearance, tunable strengths and other physical qualities.

The printing method, also referred to as "additive manufacturing" is known to be very conservative in the use of materials and waste produced compared to other methods like injection molding or subtractive manufacturing (like carving or shaving from a block).

The Silklab at Tufts has developed a wide range of other products from silk, from implantable medical devices to architectural materials that can sense and respond to the environment by changing color. In fact, much of the technology that has been developed in the lab to derivatize the silk proteins can be applied to the silk-based leather, including attaching and embedding molecules that can sense and respond to the surrounding environment.

"That's the advantage of using silk protein over other methods - it has a well-established, versatile chemistry which we can use to tune the qualities of the material and embed smart elements like sensing molecules," said Laia Mogas-Soldevila, former research fellow in the Silklab, currently assistant professor of Architecture at University of Pennsylvania Stuart Weitzman School of Design and first author of the study. "So while there may be many options for leather-like materials, silk-based leather has the potential to be most amenable to innovative designs."

CAPTION

A small purse made of silk leather with attached hardware demonstrates its utility in manufacturing products

CREDIT

Laia Mogas Soldevilla

Like a Trojan horse, graphene oxide can act as a carrier of organic pollutants to fish

The UPV/EHU-University of the Basque country is exploring the effects of graphene oxide alone and in combination with certain organic compounds on zebra fish

UNIVERSITY OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY

Research News

 

IMAGE: ZEBRA FISH IN THE LABORATORY view more 

CREDIT: EGOI MARKAIDA. UPV/EHU

Graphene is a two-dimensional nanomaterial composed of carbon and formed by a single layer of densely packed carbon atoms. The high mechanical strength and significant electrical and thermal properties of graphene mean that it is highly suited to many new applications in the fields of electronics, biological, chemical and magnetic sensors, photodetectors and energy storage and generation. Due to its potential applications, graphene production is expected to increase significantly in the coming years, but given its low market uptake and the limitations in analysing its effects, little information on the concentrations of graphene nanomaterials in ecosystems is currently available.

As a result of the surface characteristics of graphene, once in the aquatic environment, graphene could act as a carrier of organic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, to aquatic organisms. Accordingly, the CBET (Cell Biology in Environmental Toxicology) research group has evaluated not only the capacity of graphene oxide to sorb polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, but also the toxicity of graphene oxide alone and in combination with certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in embryo and adult zebrafish. The research was conducted in collaboration with the University of Bordeaux.

Embryonic malformations and neurotoxicity

"The results reveal that graphene oxide can carry polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons into the zebrafish (via a kind of Trojan horse effect) and exert sublethal effects. Under the conditions we adopted, the toxic effects have not been huge, no fish or embryos have died, but in some biomarkers we have detected effects that have put us on the alert," said Amaia Orbea, a PhD-holder in the CBET group at the UPV/EHU.

Firstly, they detected that at high concentrations malformations may occur in embryos, "which means that in longer exposures and at higher concentrations non-viable animals may be born", explained Orbea. Secondly, this research has confirmed that "in the long term, during a three-week exposure period, the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which slows down nervous stimuli, was inhibited in all the fish treated, so despite not using very high concentrations, we saw that as the exposure time increases, neurotoxic effects begin to appear", said the researcher.

"We used specific concentrations and time periods, but we don't know how these concentrations will evolve from now on in nature or what their possible influence may be in relation to other pollutants. The results have shown us that the concentrations that may exist in the environment at the moment are not very dangerous, but we have to be careful: we don't know what effects these low concentrations may have during longer exposures. The results obtained are related to the conditions applied in our experiments. We don't normally come across graphene alone in the environment; along with graphene there are many other pollutants that also affect animals... We need to consider them all at the same time," she concluded.

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Additional information

This study is part of the international co-supervised thesis by PhD student Ignacio Martínez-Álvarez. The research was funded by the UPV/EHU; Amaia Orbea is the thesis supervisor at the UPV/EHU, and Hélène Budzinski is the thesis supervisor at the University of Bordeaux. The research was carried out in the Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology and at the Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology Research Centre (Plentzia Marine Station), in collaboration with Polymat.

Methane nibbling bacteria are more active during summer

UIT THE ARCTIC UNIVERSITY OF NORWAY

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IMAGE: FRIEDERIKE GRÜNDGER WORKING ON BOARD RESEARCH VESSEL HELMER HANSSEN. view more 

CREDIT: PHOTO: RANDALL HYMAN

"The findings of our study tell us where and when greenhouse gas is being most absorbed in Arctic waters." Says Friederike Gründger, who conducted the study as part of her post-doctoral research at CAGE.

The study, which was conducted on the shallow shelf west of Svalbard, took a closer look at communities of bacteria that use methane as an energy source and carbon substrate for growth. The results from the study show that these methane-oxidizing bacteria are highly affected by the specific underwater landscape and seasonal conditions in the study area.

"Several large depressions, up to 40m deep, are observed along the shallow shelf off Western Svalbard, in an area which is also characterized by numerous methane flares. Our study shows that the bacteria are allowed to prosper in these sheltered depressions. We found 2 - 3 times higher methane consumption rates here than reported previously from other locations at the continental shelf around Svalbard ." Says Gründger

"Moreover, we found that in summer, these specific types of bacteria are much more active in utilizing methane, compared with other seasons. "

Microbial consumption is the final sink for the methane gas

Microbial methane oxidation is the final sink for the greenhouse gas that is released from the seafloor before it is liberated into the atmosphere. This means that they are able to dimmish the amount of methane reaching the atmosphere.

"Our results have considerably improved our understanding of the influence of the landscape, and seasonality on the relationship between methane release and microbial communities that thrive in the methane-rich environment."

It is extremely important for scientist to gain a better understanding of the diversity, distribution, and activity of methane-oxidizing bacteria. This allows them to better estimate the balance between the amounts of methane released from the sediments, converted into biomass and potentially released into the atmosphere.

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Urgent action needed to protect dolphins and porpoises from bycatch in European waters

Marine scientists are calling on the EU to adopt a comprehensive plan to protect dolphins and porpoises from fisheries bycatch in European waters.

NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY

Research News

 

Marine scientists are calling on the EU to adopt a comprehensive plan to protect dolphins and porpoises from fisheries bycatch in European waters.

A team of conservation experts, including Newcastle University's Professor Per Berggren, highlight limitations in EU's efforts to address and mitigate bycatch. The scientists argue this infective response is a result of scattered and complicated management responsibility for the conservation of dolphins and porpoises in Europe, and from a lack of quantitative conservation objectives, including biological reference points that will guide management action to ensure that bycatch does not exceed sustainable levels.

To help address the bycatch issue, which is the primary global threat to dolphins and porpoises, the researchers put forward a framework to reduce bycatch levels.

Publishing their recommendations in the journal Fish and Fisheries, the scientists outline a two-step approach that involves establishing a quantitative management objective for each population and implementing monitoring programmes.

To ensure an accurate estimation of bycatch levels, the experts recommend using electronic monitoring systems that allow a more comprehensive and representative sampling of the fleets.

The scientists also recommend regular formal assessments of small cetacean populations, including generation of estimates of abundance and bycatch mortality. If total bycatch has been estimated to exceed the calculated biological reference point, then a mitigation strategy needs to be put in place while monitoring is continued until levels are below the reference points.

The research team, involving experts from University College Cork, Ireland and Duke University, USA, argue that European countries outside the EU also have a responsibility to address the bycatch of dolphins and porpoises in their Exclusive Economic Zones. This includes the UK, which has an important responsibility to develop frameworks to address bycatch.

Professor Per Berggren, of Newcastle University's School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, said: "Among the most distinctive species of marine wildlife in Europe, cetaceans are vital to the history and culture of European maritime communities and generate significant revenue from ecotourism. However, bycatch of small cetaceans in European fisheries is widespread, including very large numbers of common dolphins in trawl fisheries and bycatch of the critically endangered population of harbour porpoise in the Baltic Sea."

Professor Andrew Read, of Duke University's Nicholas School of the Environment, said: "The failure to effectively conserve Europe's dolphins and porpoises is not a result of a lack of scientific knowledge or difficulties in monitoring fisheries and bycatch. Instead, it reflects a lack of political will to ensure that these iconic animals are protected from unsustainable mortality in commercial fisheries throughout European waters. We can and must do better."

Professor Emer Rogan, from University College Cork, added: "Despite a number of EU Regulations and Directives, there is no clear European framework to reduce the mortality of dolphins and porpoises in fisheries to sustainable levels. This limitation hampers the effective implementation of effective management actions."

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Reference:

Rogan, E, Read, AJ, Berggren, P. Empty promises: The European Union is failing to protect dolphins and porpoises from fisheries by?catch. Fish Fish. 2021; 00: 1- 5. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12556

Bringing up baby: A crocodile's changing niche

UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE AT KNOXVILLE

Research News

 

IMAGE: TWO CROCODILES SIT ATOP EACH OTHER view more 

CREDIT: DAVID CLODE

Relatives of the giant crocodile might have been kings of the waterways during the Cretaceous period, eating anything--including dinosaurs--that got a little too close to the water's edge, but the largest of these apex predators still started off small. Figuring out how these little crocs grew up in a world surrounded by giants is no small task. Now crocs fossils from Texas are shedding light on how these animals changed their diets as they grew, helping them find a place of their own in environments alongside their bigger, badder relatives.

According to the study, published by Cambridge University Press, the crocodiless in question are members of the Deltasuchus motherali and lived along the coastline of Texas 96 million years ago. Previously known from a single adult skull, this 20-foot-long crocodile left behind bite marks on turtles and, yes, dinosaurs. The new discoveries include at least 14 more members of Deltasuchus, ranging from sizes as large as the original specimen down to a paltry (if still snappy) four feet in length.

Having so many crocs from the same fossil population is not common, and the smaller, more delicate bones of juveniles often did not survive the fossilization process.

"So many fossil groups are only known from one or a handful of specimens," said paleontologist Stephanie Drumheller, lead author of the study and a lecturer of earth and planetary sciences at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. "It can be easy to fall into the trap of only thinking about the adults." The researchers ran into challenges piecing together this ancient ecosystem, however. Deltasuchus wasn't alone in its coastal swamps.

Living alongside Deltasuchus were other large crocs, like Terminonaris and Woodbinesuchus.

"These two large croc species were comparable in size to an adult Deltasuchus, but because they had long, narrow snouts with slender interlocking teeth, they were targeting smaller prey in the environment," said Thomas Adams, co-author of the new study and curator of paleontology and geology at the Witte Museum in San Antonio.

A smaller crocodile, Scolomastax, lived in the area as well, but its unusual jaw and chunky dentition hint that it preferred hard food and maybe even plants.

"These results confirm previous work that shows fossil crocs were much more diverse and creative when it came to coexisting in the same environments," said Chris Noto, co-author and associate professor at the University of Wisconsin-Parkside. "The very warm conditions of the Cretaceous supported a greater number of reptiles and allowed them to explore new niches not possible in the present day."

When these crocodiles died, their skeletons fell apart as they fossilized, getting jumbled together and complicating efforts to tell which bones went with which animal. To help solve this puzzle, the team turned to 3D scanning technology to help reconstruct the skulls. UT undergraduate student Hannah Maddox meticulously scanned each piece and stitched them together into 3D models of complete skulls.

"It was like solving a great puzzle," said Maddox. "Every piece brought you closer to seeing a toothy grin that hadn't been seen in millions of years."

As the models came together, a more complete picture of how Deltasuchus lived started to take shape.

The juveniles had lighter, skinnier snouts and teeth than their older relatives--faces better suited to snap up quicker, softer prey than the heavier, powerful jaws of their parents. This might have helped make sure that little Deltasuchus were not in direct competition with the similarly sized hard-prey specialists in their environments, but as they grew they had other neighbors to consider. The large-bodied, slender-snouted role was already filled by other species. So Deltasuchus shifted in another direction as it grew, bulking up and taking on the heavy jaws and sturdy teeth of an ambush predator.

"This is an amazing fossil discovery where we not only have a population of a single species, but in an ecosystem that has multiple predators coexisting by filling separate niches," said Adams.

Similar results were found in recent analyses of young tyrannosaurs, which spent their teenaged years outcompeting other medium-sized predators in their ecosystems.

Meet the freaky fanged frog from the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS

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IMAGE: GENETIC SAMPLES OF THE NEW FROG, KNOWN SCIENTIFICALLY AS LIMNONECTES BELONCIOI (OR COMMONLY AS THE MINDORO FANGED FROG), WERE COLLECTED YEARS AGO BY KU SCIENTISTS WORKING IN THE FIELD ON... view more 

CREDIT: SCOTT TRAVERS

LAWRENCE -- Researchers at the University of Kansas have described a new species of fanged frog discovered in the Philippines that's nearly indistinguishable from a species on a neighboring island except for its unique mating call and key differences in its genome.

The KU-led team has just published its findings in the peer-reviewed journal Ichthyology & Herpetology.

"This is what we call a cryptic species because it was hiding in plain sight in front of biologists, for many, many years," said lead author Mark Herr, a doctoral student at the KU Biodiversity Institute and Natural History Museum and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology. "Scientists for the last 100 years thought that these frogs were just the same species as frogs on a different island in the Philippines because they couldn't tell them apart physically. We ran a bunch of analyses -- and they do indeed look identical to the naked eye -- however, they are genetically isolated. We also found differences in their mating calls. They sound quite different. So, it was a case of using acoustics to determine that the species was different, as well as the new genetic information."

Genetic samples of the new frog, known scientifically as Limnonectes beloncioi (or commonly as the Mindoro Fanged Frog), were collected years ago by KU scientists working in the field on Mindoro Island in the central Philippines but weren't analyzed until recently. Because of its nearly identical physical similarity to a fanged frog on the island of Palawan, called Acanth's Fanged Frog, it was assumed to be the same species.

"You can look at two different things, but to the human eye without intensive investigation they might seem the same," Herr said. "So, we took a bunch of measurements of hundreds of these frogs -- how long their digits were specifically, how wide the tip of their toe was, the length of one specific segment of their leg, the diameter of their eye -- in order to compare populations statistically, even if we thought they look the same. We ran statistical analyses on body shape and size, including a principal component analysis which uses all the measurements at once to compare the frog morphology in multivariate space. After all that, just like the scientists before us, we found nothing to differentiate the frogs based on the shape of their bodies and their size."

However, because the fanged frogs inhabit islands separated by miles and miles of ocean, the researchers had doubts they were the same species, in part because they had different-sounding calls. They decided to analyze the frogs' genome and determined the Mindoro Fanged Frog qualified as its own distinct species.

"We ran genetic analyses of these frogs using some specific genetic markers, and we used a molecular clock model just to get a very basic estimate how long we thought that these frogs may have been separated from one another," Herr said. "We found they're related to each other, they are each other's close relatives, but we found they'd been separate for two to six million years -- it's a really long time for these frogs. And it's very interesting that they still look so similar but sound different."

The KU graduate student specializes in studying the many species of fanged frog across Southeast Asia, where he's carried out extensive fieldwork. He said the frogs' fangs likely are used in combat for access to prime mating sites and to protect themselves from predators. The Mindoro Fanged Frog, a stream frog, is sometimes hunted by people for food.

But the frog's characteristic call, different from Acanth's Fanged Frog, proved difficult for researchers to record.

"They're really wary of us when we're out there with our sound recorders trying to get recordings of these frogs -- that's a really tough aspect, and we were lucky in this project that we had people over many years that were out there and had recorded both of these frogs on Palawan and Mindoro. So, we had recordings from both islands, and that's kind of rare with this group of fanged frogs because people eat them. They call at night, but the second a flashlight or human voice wanders into the equation they're just going to take off -- because they know that they can be killed by people."

Herr's description of the Mindoro Fanged Frog continues a long tradition of KU field research into the herpetological biodiversity of the Philippines and Southeast Asia, according to his faculty adviser Rafe Brown, professor of ecology & evolutionary biology and curator-in-charge of the Herpetology Division of the Biodiversity Institute and Natural History Museum.

"Mark's discovery reinforces a lesson we've learned over and over through the years -- things we thought we knew, combined with new information, emerge to teach us something completely unexpected," Brown said. "A century ago, KU professor Edward Taylor identified the Mindoro Island population as Acanth's Fanged Frog, the same species as he had named, a few years before, from Palawan Island -- an arrangement that made very little sense. Zoom forward a hundred years, and we find with new technology, genetic information and bioacoustic data that the two islands' populations are actually very well-differentiated, as we would expect. But not morphologically; their physical characteristics have not diverged. This is a case in which the formation of species has not been accompanied by morphological differentiation -- so called 'cryptic speciation.'"

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Herr's co-authors on the new paper are Brown; KU graduate students Johana Goyes Vallejos and Robin Abraham; Camila Meneses of the University of the Philippines at Los Baños; Rayanna Otterholt of Haskell Indian Nations University; Cameron Siler of the University of Oklahoma; and Edmund Leo B. Rico of the Center for Conservation Innovations and College of Sciences De La Salle University-Dasmariñas, Philippines.

How a Yale scientist and REM star named an ant for a Warhol 'Superstar'

YALE UNIVERSITY

Research News

 

IMAGE: THE NEW SPECIES OF ANT, DISCOVERED IN AN ECUADORIAN RAIN FOREST, IS NOTABLE FOR ITS SMOOTH AND SHINING CUTICLES AND LARGE TRAP JAW MANDIBLES. view more 

CREDIT: PHIL HOENLE

The ant came in a small vial of ethanol, sealed in a plastic bag, and packed in a small cardboard box. It was addressed to Yale's Douglas B. Booher.

In the late 1970s, Ayers returned to his hometown of Athens and helped give birth to a thriving artistic community that spawned some of the most popular American bands of the 1980s, including the B-52's and Stipe's R.E.M. Nestled in the deep South, the college town nurtured a post-Bohemian art scene that drew poets, sculptors, and musicians. The community also welcomed straight, gay, lesbian, and transgender people long before LGBTQ entered the popular lexicon.

And Ayers, philosopher, multi-media artist, and political activist, was the creative straw that stirred this rich stew of creative talent, one person at a time, Stipe recalls.

Stipe and Ayers became close friends; Ayers even wrote songs for R.E.M. So taken with Ayers was Stipe that he asked Ayers to dance to a musical piece he created. In the video, Jeremy's Dance, Ayers moves with awkward purpose and a total lack of self-consciousness to Stipe's synthesized beat. The video was shown at Moogfest, in 2016, soon after Ayers unexpected death following a seizure. He was 68.

"His curiosity for every single person he ever met was the foundation of a fascinating and cross-cultural network of friends, acquaintances, and colleagues, often with Jeremy at the very center of several overlapping colonies," Stipe recalled. "He created the salon, laid the trails; he was the connector, the queen ant if you will, the bringer-togetherer."

Studying -- and celebrating -- the diversity of life

The allure of Athens' creative scene also captured Douglas Booher.

He arrived in 1993 and earned a bachelor's degree at the University of Georgia, where he studied ecology. He always had a love of nature's biodiversity, but eventually dropped his pursuit of a Ph.D. (he was studying the sexual selection and mating practices of the eastern bluebird) to become a building contractor.

For the next 12 years he built his own flooring company, which manufactured and designed custom carpets and installed wood products from demolished buildings. On weekends, however, Booher transformed into DJ cut-a-rug, a disc jockey and performance dancer who, along with his artistic partner, The Big Nastee, led explosive dances late into the Georgia night. One of their performances was memorialized in this video, shot in Jeremy Ayers' garden.

But his love of the natural world never waned. One evening he joined Stipe on a visit with Ayers, who was excited to share a book with Booher. "He knew I loved insects and he had recently bought a book on the Chinese culture of keeping crickets for their sounds," Booher recalled. "He was also endlessly fascinated with nature. He knew it would bring me joy."

The act defined Ayers, who always saw the individual amidst the great diversity of his community.

"He gave people the freedom to be who they wanted to be," Booher said.

By 2012, Booher decided he wanted to pursue a career in entomology, the study of insects. He completed his Ph.D. in ecology and evolutionary biology at UCLA, where his dissertation was on the structure and assembly of ant communities.

Last year, he joined the Yale Center for Biodiversity and Global Change as a postdoctoral associate in the lab of biologist Walter Jetz. Like Ayers' embrace of members of the Athens' art scene, the goal of the Jetz lab was to explore the global diversity of life, one species at a time, he said.

In the case of the new ant found in the forests of Ecuador, its large trap jaw mandibles and shining and smooth cuticles set it apart from more than 850 species of its genus, Strumigenys, Booher determined. This was a new species. And tradition allows the discoverers to name newly discovered life.

Booher and Stipe already knew what they wanted to do. Booher discussed the issue with Hoenle, who agreed that Ayers was a worthy designee. They considered the name Strumigenys ayers.

But knowing that Ayers would shy away from an honor that was solely personal, they wanted to find a name that would also honor the many people across the gender diversity spectrum who he so often championed.

"Naming species in honor of people is a centuries old tradition among taxonomists," Hoenle said. "To honor someone means to respect their self-identity, and gender is part of that."

As it happened, in 2007 a publication clarified that the International Code of Nomenclature did not require that new species carry Latin suffixes based on the gender of the individual being honored. So rather than using one of the traditional Latin suffixes -- either ae, which designates a female, or i for a male, or orum for a group of male and female individuals -- Booher and Stipe adopted a new suffix that recognizes non-binary individuals and honors the spirit of Ayers, an activist who had always fought for, celebrated, and honored the diversity of life, including those gender diverse individuals who didn't fit neatly into a binary category.

They named the ant Strumigenys ayersthey.

"I knew Jeremy, and knew of no other human that better represented the pan and inclusive world of humans," Booher said. "He was also a lover of biodiversity, so it just seemed to fit."

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The study on the new species was published in the open-access, peer-reviewed scientific journal ZooKeys.

 

Emergency physicians first to safely treat vaccine-induced blood clot with heparin alternative

AMERICAN COLLEGE OF EMERGENCY PHYSICIANS

Research News

 

WASHINGTON, DC -- A new case report, detailed in Annals of Emergency Medicine, is the first known case of a patient with VITT (vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia) treated with a heparin alternative following the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidance.

An otherwise healthy female patient in her 40s came to the emergency department at UCHealth University of Colorado Hospital twelve days after receiving the Johnson & Johnson vaccine with a headache, dizziness, and vision changes. The patient was treated on April 13, 2021, the same day that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced a pause in the administration of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine. CDC guidance recommended treatment with heparin alternatives but did not recommended any specific alternative in that announcement.

Bivalirudin was given to the patient and the authors write that, "this patient's early outcomes suggest that bivalirudin may be a safe alternative to heparin in patients demonstrating a presentation consistent with VITT."'

"Our experience shows us that these clot reactions are very rare, but they can be treated," said R. Todd Clark, MD, MBA, lead co-author and assistant professor of emergency medicine at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. "Americans can feel comfortable getting vaccinated and should discuss any vaccination concerns with their doctor. Getting vaccinated is a critical step in combatting this pandemic so we can return to our normal lives."

While more research is needed on the efficacy of this medicine, the early outcomes of this case may inform the decision making of other health professionals who may be selecting heparin alternatives for patients with VITT, the authors said.

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Read the case report: https://www.annemergmed.com/pb/assets/raw/Health%20Advance/journals/ymem/YMEM_2021-969.pdf

Annals of Emergency Medicine is one of the peer-reviewed scientific journals for the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), the national medical society representing emergency medicine. Annals of Emergency Medicine is the largest and most frequently cited circulation peer-reviewed journal in emergency medicine and publishes original research, clinical reports, opinion, and educational information related to the practice, teaching, and research of emergency medicine.

Contact: Steve Arnoff | sarnoff@acep.org | Twitter: @emergencydocs