Friday, November 06, 2020

THIRD WORLD USA 
Coronavirus stimulus: 'That's the only way we actually survived'
JUST ANOTHER SHIT HOLE COUNTRY

Akiko Fujita
·Anchor/Reporter
October 7, 2020·

Davina Kelly, 39, knew she was taking a risk when she left her Florida home to see her daughter in Ohio at the start of a pandemic. She never expected it would leave her homeless.


The downward spiral began in late March, with a text message from her daughter threatening to commit suicide because of an abusive relationship. That sent Kelly scrambling to find a one-way Greyhound bus ticket from Jacksonville, Florida, to Youngstown, Ohio.

Within days of her arrival, non-essential businesses were shut down. Travel was dramatically scaled back, effectively stranding her there. With Kelly’s daughter and her two infant grandkids fearful of returning to an abusive home, the family opted to move into a nearby hotel, where they hoped to ride out the pandemic.
Davina Kelly, her two grandchildren, and her daughter.

“The stimulus check is what got us through those two months. It’s why we could stay in the hotel, because I received one and my daughter received one. And that's the only way we actually survived,” Kelly said.

By July, those reserves had dried up. A local church raised money to buy train tickets for her family to return to Florida.

But that only proved to be a temporary fix. By the time she returned to Jacksonville, Kelly’s job at Honeybaked Ham had been eliminated. Health concerns from the pandemic severely limited her options for emergency shelter, while friends politely declined her family’s requests to stay with them at the height of COVID-19 infections. She turned to the only certain choice in front of her — living on the street.

“We would just spend all day with our stuff, walking around until we just couldn't do it anymore,” Kelly said. “Then we would just find where it looked to be a safe spot to sleep, mainly for my daughter and the babies. I couldn't sleep knowing that, you know, somebody can just come up [to us].”

Housing advocates worry Kelly’s story is becoming an increasingly familiar one, with the government now in its third month without additional fiscal bill. A report published by the National Economic Bureau of Research estimates enhanced unemployment insurance and stimulus checks distributed at the start of the pandemic effectively staved off an additional 13.2 million people from falling into poverty.

While federal and statewide eviction moratoriums have largely kept the most vulnerable families in their homes, advocates worry that has only masked the extent of poverty brought on by the crisis. Those like Kelly, who had little savings at the start of the pandemic, relied on government stimulus to make ends meet. With a challenging job market, and prospects of additional fiscal stimulus before the November election waning in Congress, those most in need are faced with a reality void of that lifeline.

“So many of our clients were not working. They were crossing our threshold, virtually during this time, excited to work and they're facing all these additional barriers to work because of COVID,” said Aaryn Manning, executive director of Project Place in Boston, a non-profit group that provides job training and related services to low-income and homeless individuals. “Now transportation is so difficult. Then there's all of these additional health barriers in order for them to be working in, in many of the types of positions that they would be working in.”

WASHINGTON, DC - SEPTEMBER 24: Steven T. Mnuchin, Secretary, Department of the Treasury during the Senate's Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs hearing examining the quarterly CARES Act report to Congress n September 24, 2020 in Washington, DC.
 (Photo by Toni L. Sandys-Pool/Getty Images)More

One paycheck away from tragedy


The eviction moratorium didn’t protect Lakisha Cohen in Galveston, Texas, but government funds did help keep the 43-year-old mother of five in her temporary home — a 2006 Buick Rendezvous.

In April, her landlord kicked her family out of their house, claiming he was selling the home.

Cohen was out within three weeks, loading her youngest kids, 7- and 9-year-old boys into the “old clunker” to map out her next course of action.

“I didn't sleep because my brain was going a million miles a second, trying to figure out, trying to pinpoint the moment everything turned wrong,” Cohen said. “Then I had to figure out okay, how do I get out of this. Because I have my babies now. There's no school, there's no nothing.”

For months, she took her young kids with her to work at Long John Silver’s, where they had access to free internet to conduct their remote classes. When her car broke down, Lakisha tapped into her stimulus funds to fix the vehicle and search for a new place to live.

She visited more than a dozen apartments, but no landlord wanted to take the risk of moving a family in when concerns about COVID-19 infections were so high. So, Lakisha moved her family into a hotel temporarily, until her stimulus funds dried up.

“Pre-pandemic, I was pretty much like everybody else. I had a little bit of money in the bank. I worked. I paid my bills. But I was one paycheck away from being in a tragedy ... If the powers that be had to live a day in the lives of people like me, then their argument wouldn't be so great,” Cohen said, referring to lawmakers pushing back against a larger stimulus package.
‘We are real people’

With President Trump stamping out any hopes of additional fiscal stimulus until after the November election, the burden to help is increasingly falling on non-profit groups like Family Promise.

CEO Claas Ehlers says the needs vary widely, from housing assistance to internet connectivity, particularly for families with school-age children. Affiliated organizations have responded by turning buses into internet hot spots in low-income communities, setting up learning centers for parents who cannot tend to their children, while working to make ends meet.

“The parents of children in poverty are actually demonstrably more invested in their children's remote education than affluent parents are, but the resource gap is so profound, it obliterates that extra concern on the part of the parents,” Ehlers said. “Add to the fact that you have single parents who are working long hours. You've got all of those stresses and everything. We have just accelerated that divide between affluence and poverty among children.”

Kelly and Cohen credit Family Promise for taking their families off the streets. Since the organization took on their cases this summer, both have found temporary homes. Kelly still lives in a hotel, though her daughter and grandkids are now in a house. Cohen recently moved from a temporary church shelter into a new apartment.

With plans to return to school in hopes of finding a more stable job, Cohen is more optimistic about her future than she was in May. But she has a message for lawmakers whom she says are dragging their feet on additional funding for people like her.

“It's not not a waste of money because we are real people. My children are real children who don't have [a lot]. And it's not from a lack of me trying, it is not from me being too lazy to want to get up and go to work,” she said. “I've worked every day that I could possibly work during this pandemic.”

Akiko Fujita is an anchor and reporter for Yahoo Finance. Follow her on Twitter

 

New findings for viral research on bicycle crashes at railroad crossings

UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE AT KNOXVILLE

Research News

New research by Professor Chris Cherry follows his previous research that drew worldwide attention to the frequency of bicycle crashes at a railway crossing near his UT office.

His new work, "A jughandle design will virtually eliminate single bicycle crashes at a railway crossing," was published in the Journal of Transport & Health and provides a unique opportunity to assess the before and after safety performance of fixing a skewed rail crossing for single bicycle crashes.

A jughandle design realigns the bicycle approach to about 60 degrees, virtually eliminating the risk of a rider's tire being caught in the gap between the rail and the pavement, a cause of serious crashes. This significant finding varies from previous design recommendations of a 90-degree approach.

The initial study conducted in 2017 evaluated video data, shown below, that was collected for two months, capturing 13,247 cyclists crossing two sections of the railway along Neyland Drive in Knoxville. The footage captured such a high rate of bicycle crashes attempting to cross the railroad tracks at a narrow approach that in 2015 the City of Knoxville made improvements, diverting the bike lane (in the shape of a jughandle) to create a safer approach.

The jughandle design was installed in the spring of 2015. The post-project data was collected presumably after riders were familiarized with the design, using the same two months in 2017 that had been analyzed in 2014.

The outcomes of a 2020 study show that a low-cost jughandle realignment reduces crash risk of single bicycle crashes by 98 percent while crossing the rails, and that most riders comply with the realignment by following the new recommended path over the railroad tracks.

Design guidance should encourage any intervention that approaches 60 degrees while limiting emphasis on 90-degree crossings-- which can be impossible to achieve in many environments--that are used in current practice.

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Paleogenomics -- the prehistory of modern dogs

LUDWIG-MAXIMILIANS-UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN



Research News

An international team of scientists has used ancient DNA samples to elucidate the population history of dogs. The results show that dogs had already diverged into at least five distinct lineages by about 11,000 years ago and that their early population history only partially reflects that of human groups. Dogs were the first species to be successfully domesticated by humans, and they have been our close companions for at least 15,000 years. In spite of the long and intimate relationship between the two species, little is known about how dog populations diversified and dispersed around the world - or to what extent these developments were linked to human migrations. A large-scale international collaboration now sheds new light on these issues. "With the aid of genetic and statistical analyses, we were able to reconstruct the population history of prehistoric dogs, and investigate its relationship to that of humans," says Laurent Frantz. Frantz (formerly at Queen Mary University of London) was recently appointed Professor of the Paleogenomics of Domesticated Animals at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU) in Munich and is one of the lead authors of the new study. "Our results revealed that the migration patterns of humans and dogs did not always coincide," he adds.

Frantz and his colleagues sequenced a total of 27 ancient dog genomes from Europe, the Near East and Siberia, the oldest of which dates to 10,900 years ago. Their results demonstrate that dogs had already diversified into distinct populations prior to that time. Five separate lineages can be distinguished in the data: Arctic, American, Near Eastern/African, Asiatic and European. The European lineage, to which the great majority of today's most popular breeds belong, is the result of hybridization between the Arctic and Near Eastern/African lines. "One of the biggest surprises for me was that we detected only a minor amount of gene flow from wolves to dogs," Frantz says. "In contrast to the case with many other domesticated pets, the genetic contribution of the wild ancestors of dogs left very little sign in their genomes following their initial domestication. He speculates that this might reflect strong selection on the part of humans against wolf hybrids - which were perhaps more aggressive.

In order to trace the relationships between the population histories of dogs and humans, the team compared the ancient dog genomes with genetic datasets for humans, obtained from DNA samples that were of comparable age, geographical origin and cultural context to those of the canine samples. This comparison revealed that certain aspects of the population history of the dog could indeed be correlated with that of their human contemporaries. For instance, the first farmers, who migrated to Europe and Africa from the Levant during the Neolithic period, were apparently accompanied by their dogs. These then interbred with dogs domesticated by the hunter-gatherer cultures that they encountered in their new homes. However, the resulting diversification of prehistoric dogs has left hardly any traces in the genomes of their modern European descendants. "A process of homogenization subsequently set in, the causes of which remain unknown. In fact, we found that the genome of a dog found at a 5000-year-old site in Southern Sweden can explain practically all of the genetic heritage of modern European dogs. This means that a single population with ancestry similar to that of this individual replaced all other populations on the continent," Frantz explains.

In other cases, however, the migratory patterns of humans and their hounds do not run in parallel with each other. For instance, the migration of peoples from the Eastern steppe zones during the Bronze Age not only led to a dramatic cultural transition, it also left a clear imprint on the genomes of the European populations of that era - but not on those of their dogs. In other words, the arrival of migrants from the steppes did not lead to large-scale and long-term shifts in the genetic heritage of European dogs. The researchers suspect that factors such as trading patterns, preferences for particular types of dog, variations in susceptibility to infectious diseases, or the adoption of local breeds by the incoming population could account for this striking finding. When, where and how often wolves were domesticated by humans are issues that remain controversial. The fact that dogs had already diversified into several different lineages prior to 11,000 years ago points to a long prehistory during the Paleolithic period. "Our data support the idea that dogs were domesticated only once, and subsequently dispersed across the globe together with humans," says Frantz. In his view, the question of where the initial domestication took place is still an open one, which requires further investigation.

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Baby dinosaurs were 'little adults'

Paleontologists describe skeleton of a juvenile Plateosaurus for the first time

UNIVERSITY OF BONN

Research News

IMAGE

IMAGE: MOUNTED SKELETON OF PLATEOSAURUS "FABIAN " IN THE SAURIERMUSEUM FRICK, WITH THE 20 INCH (50 CM) LONG THIGH BONE (FEMUR) OF A LARGER PLATEOSAUR AS SIZE COMPARISON. view more 

CREDIT: © SAURIERMUSEUM FRICK, SWITZERLAND

Long neck, small head and a live weight of several tons - with this description you could have tracked down the Plateosaurus in Central Europe about 220 million years ago. Paleontologists at the University of Bonn (Germany) have now described for the first time an almost complete skeleton of a juvenile Plateosaurus and discovered that it looked very similar to its parents even at a young age. The fact that Plateosaurus showed a largely fully developed morphology at an early age could have important implications for how the young animals lived and moved around. The young Plateosaurus, nicknamed "Fabian", was discovered in 2015 at the Frick fossil site in Switzerland and is exhibited in the local dinosaur museum. The study was published in the journal "Acta Palaeontologica Polonica".

In order to study the appearance of dinosaurs more closely, researchers today rely on a large number of skeletons in so-called bone beds, which are places where the animals sank into the mud in large numbers during their lifetime. However, juvenile animals had hardly been found in these until now. Researchers described fossils of still juvenile plateosaurs for the first time just a few years ago, but these were already almost as large as the adults. One possible reason: "The smaller individuals probably did not sink into the mud quite as easily and are therefore underrepresented at the bone beds," suspects study leader Prof. Martin Sander of the University of Bonn.

He and his team used comparative anatomy to examine the new skeleton, which was immediately remarkable because of its small size. "Based on the length of the vertebrae, we estimate the total length of the individual to be about 7.5 feet (2.3 meters), with a weight of about 90 to 130 lbs. (40 to 60 kilograms)," explains Darius Nau, who was allowed to examine the find for his bachelor's thesis. For comparison: Adult Plateosaurus specimens reached body lengths of 16 to 33 feet (five to ten meters) and could weigh more than four tons. Because of its small size alone, it was obvious to assume that "Fabian" was a juvenile animal. This assumption was confirmed by the fact that the bone sutures of the spinal column had not yet closed. Background: Similar to skull sutures in human babies, bone sutures only fuse over the course of life.

Young and old resembled each other anatomically and in their body proportions

Researchers found that the young dinosaur resembled its older relatives both in anatomical details, such as the pattern of the laminae on the vertebrae (bony lamellae connecting parts of the vertebrae, which are important anatomical features in many dinosaurs), and in the rough proportions of its body. "The hands and neck of the juveniles may be a little longer, the arm bones a little shorter and slimmer. But overall, the variations are relatively small compared to the variation within the species overall and also compared to other dinosaur species," stresses Nau. The juveniles of the related Mussaurus for instance were still quadrupeds after hatching, but the adults were bipeds.

"The fact that the Plateosaurus juvenile already looked so similar to the adults is all the more remarkable considering that they were ten times heavier," emphasizes paleontologist Dr. Jens Lallensack from the University of Bonn. It is however conceivable that the morphological development differed greatly from animal to animal, depending on the climatic conditions or the availability of food. Such differences are still seen in reptiles today.

The well-known descendants of Plateosaurus, the sauropods, are the subject of a current exhibition at the Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig in Bonn. The largest Plateosaurus skeleton ever found can be seen there.

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Publication: Darius Nau, Jens N. Lallensack, Ursina Bachmann, P. Martin Sander: Postcranial Osteology of the First Early-Stage Juvenile Skeleton of Plateosaurus trossingensis (Norian, Frick, Switzerland). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica; DOI: 10.4202/app.00757.2020 http://app.pan.pl/article/item/app007572020.html

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Leg bones of "Fabian" next to those of XL, the largest plateosaurus skeleton discovered in Frick.

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Skeletal reconstruction of "Fabian" (foreground) with preserved bones in white, in size comparison with a human and an adult Plateosaurus.

Ancient crocodiles' family tree reveals unexpected twists and turns

Scientists probing a prehistoric crocodile group's shadowy past have discovered a timeless truth - pore over anyone's family tree long enough, and something surprising will emerge.

UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH

Research News

IMAGE

IMAGE: ARTIST'S IMPRESSION OF MACROSPONDYLUS- AN EXTINCT FOSSIL GROUP OF TELEOSAURIODS. view more 

CREDIT: NIKOLAY ZVERKOV

Scientists probing a prehistoric crocodile group's shadowy past have discovered a timeless truth - pore over anyone's family tree long enough, and something surprising will emerge.

Despite 300 years of research, and a recent renaissance in the study of their biological make-up, the mysterious, marauding teleosauroids have remained enduringly elusive.

Scientific understanding of this distant cousin of present day long snouted gharials has been hampered by a poor grasp of their evolutionary journey - until now.

Researchers from the University of Edinburgh have identified one previously unknown species of teleosauroid and seven of its close relatives - part of a group that dominated Jurassic coastlines 190 to 120 million years ago.

Their analysis offers tantalising glimpses of how teleosauroids adapted to the momentous changes that occurred during the Jurassic period, as the earth's seas experienced many changes in temperature.

"Our study just scratches the surface of teleosauroid evolution," says study lead Dr Michela M. Johnson, of the University's School of GeoSciences. "But the findings are remarkable, raising interesting questions about their behaviour and adaptability.

"These creatures represented some of the most successful prehistoric crocodylomorphs during the Jurassic period and there is so much more to learn about them."

The study reveals that not all teleosauroids were engaged in cut and thrust lifestyles, snapping at other reptiles and fish from the seas and swamps near the coast.

Instead, they were a complex, diverse group that were able to exploit different habitats and seek out a variety of food sources. Their physical make-up is also more diverse than was previously understood, the scientists say.

Previous research had provided insights into the origins and evolution of this fossilised croc's whale-like relatives metriorhynchids, but less was known about teleosauroids.

To address this, the expert team of palaeontologists examined more than 500 fossils from more than 25 institutions around the world.

Cutting edge computer software enabled the team to glean swathes of revealing data regarding their anatomical similarities and differences, by examining the entire skeleton, teeth and bony armor, which indicated whether species were closely related or not.

This information enabled the team to create an up-to-date family tree of the teleosauroids group from which emerged two new large groups, whose anatomy, abundance, habitat, geography and feeding styles differ from one another significantly.

The first group, teleosaurids, were more flexible in terms of their habitat and feeding. The second group known as machimosaurids - which included the fearsome turtle crushers, Lemmysuchus and Machimosaurus - were more abundant and widespread.

Names given by the team to seven newly described fossils, found in both teleosaurids and machimosaurids, reflect a curious range of anatomical features - among them Proexochokefalos, meaning 'large head with big tuberosities' and Plagiophthalmosuchus, the 'side-eyed crocodile'.

There are even hints of their diverse behavioural characteristics and unique locations - Charitomenosuchus, meaning 'graceful crocodile' and Andrianavoay, the 'noble crocodile' from Madagascar.

Researchers have named the newly discovered species, Indosinosuchus kalasinensis, after the Kalasin Province in Thailand, where the fossil - now housed in Maha Sarakham University - was found.

The recognition of I. kalasinensis shows that at least two species were living in similar freshwater habitats during the Late Jurassic - an impressive feat as teleosauroids, with the exception of Machimosaurus, were becoming rare during this time.

Dr Steve Brusatte, Reader in Vertebrate Palaentology, at the School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, said: "The same way family trees of our own ancestors and cousins tell us about our history, this huge new family tree of teleosauroids clarifies their evolution. They were some of the most diverse and important animals in the Jurassic oceans, and would have been familiar sights along the coastlines for tens of millions of years."

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The study, published in the scientific journal PeerJ, was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada, SYNTHESYS Project and Leverhulme Trust Research. The Palaeontological Association and Paleontological Society provided travel grants.


#DMT

An Amazonian tea stimulates the formation of new neurons

UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID

Research News

IMAGE

IMAGE: PREPARATION OF AYAHUASCA IN ECUADOR. / view more 

CREDIT: TERPSICHORE.

One of the main natural components of ayahuasca tea is dimethyltryptamine (DMT), which promotes neurogenesis --the formation of new neurons-- according to research led by the Complutense University of Madrid (UCM).

In addition to neurons, the infusion used for shamanic purposes also induces the formation of other neural cells such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.

"This capacity to modulate brain plasticity suggests that it has great therapeutic potential for a wide range of psychiatric and neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases", explained José Ángel Morales, a researcher in the UCM and CIBERNED Department of Cellular Biology.

The study, published in Translational Psychiatry, a Nature Research journal, reports the results of four years of in vitro and in vivo experimentation on mice, demonstrating that these exhibit "a greater cognitive capacity when treated with this substance", according to José Antonio López, a researcher in the Faculty of Psychology at the UCM and co-author of the study.

Changing the receptor eliminates the hallucinogenic effect

Ayahuasca is produced by mixing two plants from the Amazon: the ayahuasca vine (Banisteriopsis caapi) and the chacruna shrub (Psychotria viridis).

The DMT in ayahuasca tea binds to a type-2A serotonergic brain receptor, which enhances its hallucinogenic effect. In this study, the receptor was changed to a sigma type receptor that does not have this effect, thus "greatly facilitating its future administration to patients".

In neurodegenerative diseases, it is the death of certain types of neuron that causes the symptoms of pathologies such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Although humans have the capacity to generate new neuronal cells, this depends on several factors and is not always possible.

"The challenge is to activate our dormant capacity to form neurons and thus replace the neurons that die as a result of the disease. This study shows that DMT is capable of activating neural stem cells and forming new neurons", concluded Morales.

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References: Jose A. Morales-Garcia1, Javier Calleja-Conde, Jose A. Lopez-Moreno, Sandra Alonso-Gil1, Marina Sanz-SanCristobal, Jordi Riba y Ana Perez-Castillo. "N,N-dimethyltryptamine compound found in the hallucinogenic tea ayahuasca, regulates adult neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo" Translational Psychiatry (2020)10:331. DOI: 0.1038/s41398-020-01011-0.

 

On the hunt for wild bananas in Papua New Guinea


Scientists are racing to collect and conserve wild banana species; a recent expedition to the epicenter of banana diversity shows that wild species hold traits critical to helping the world's favorite fruit survive climate change, pests and diseases

INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (CIAT)

Research News

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IMAGE: SCIENTISTS BART PANIS AND A LOCAL GUIDE HOLD THEIR RARE FIND OF MUSA INGENS, A WILD SPECIES THAT GROWS UP TO 15 METERS IN HEIGHT. view more 

CREDIT: S.CARPENTIER

The banana has its earliest origins in Papua New Guinea, where it was domesticated by indigenous communities at least 7,000 years ago. This ancestor, Musa acuminata, subspecies Banksii, looks very different from the ubiquitous Cavendish banana: peeling back its skin reveals hundreds of large, hard seeds that enable easy reproduction in the wild.

Today, a colorful mix of wild bananas (including Banksii) still grow throughout the humid forests of New Guinea. However, as deforestation and fires decimate tropical and subtropical forests across the South Pacific, we risk losing both the ancestors and the possible future of the banana we know and love.

Against the backdrop of climate change, pests, and rampant diseases, researchers and crop breeders are scrutinizing diverse banana varieties for traits such as disease tolerance, pest resistance, and their ability to adapt to fluctuating temperatures. Wild bananas represent a largely untapped wealth of genetic diversity. Sebastien Carpentier, a scientist at the Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, explains: "It's very important for breeders to have access to crop wild relatives of bananas to help them find the traits that they are looking for."

Mission: search and collect

At the International Musa Germplasm Transit Center (ITC) in Leuven, Belgium, the Alliance manages the world's largest collection of banana germplasm. Yet despite currently holding 1,617 banana accessions, the genebank only scratches the surface of wild banana diversity. Bart Panis, a senior scientist based at the ITC, notes, "We don't know how much is out there."

In-situ conservation is becoming less likely with the loss of the wild bananas' habitat, therefore scientists like Panis are working against the odds to "fill in the gaps" by collecting samples in their native habitat, then transporting them to genebanks for further research and ex-situ conservation.

Last year, a collecting expedition touched down in Papua New Guinea that included Panis, Carpentier, and several other researchers collaborating with the county's National Agricultural Institute, NARI. For nearly two weeks, the team scoured terrain high and low, gathering a total of 31 bunches of eight different species while observing their adaptations in diverse environments.

One particularly fortuitous find was the giant Musa ingens. Despite competing with neighboring trees to grow as high as 15 meters, this towering species is no match for extensive land clearing and currently faces extinction.

Collection challenges

Collection is not easy work: elusive crop wild relatives are called wild for a reason. While they might have favorable traits, some species remain uncultivated because they are not edible for humans. Even banana specialists cannot always identify wild species in the field, and once they are found, the plants might not be in the brief stage where seeds or genetic material are available (bananas do not follow a predictable schedule for fruiting and flowering).

Preservation of viable material also makes successful storage and transportation a major challenge (fruits had to survive 2-4 weeks of travel before their seeds were extracted in Belgium). Furthermore, researchers must adhere to many countries' strict restrictions on the collection and transportation of plant genetic material.

Ensuring future generations of bananas

Back in Belgium, the team carefully stored genebank samples (techniques include drying and cryopreserving seeds) and began conducting a series of experiments to better understand the newly collected material.

Following field observation of Musa balbisiana persevering in open land recovering from fires (indicating the growth of extensive root systems to facilitate water uptake), the researchers have gained insights on water use efficiency, which could help breeders adapt bananas to resist future drought scenarios-- a serious priority as banana farmers currently suffer from up to 65% harvest losses related to drought.

Carpentier notes that there is also potential to fight pests and diseases, saying, "We need to continue to collect, store and screen for resistance in banana wild relatives." Other points of interest include health benefits (wild bananas have been used in traditional medicine, but this is not well-documented) and implications for increasing the yield of bananas per plant.

The results are summarized in two articles, one in Plants evaluating methods to ensure the viability of collected seeds, and the other in Crop Science summarizing the characterization of diverse phenotypes.

The scientists conclude that this work is just part of the ongoing effort to fill in knowledge gaps and ensure the survival of diverse, resilient bananas. Panis and Carpentier agree that it doesn't matter who does it, but it is critical that these banana wild relatives continue to be collected and conserved before they disappear forever.

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A farmer carries a bunch of wild maclayi bananas in Papua New Guinea.

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Bananas originally contained hard seeds. This trait can still be seen in wild species in Papua New Guinea.

 

Reduction of environmental pollutants for prevention of cardiovascular disease

It's time to act

DPT OF CARDIOLOGY - UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER MAINZ

Research News

In a current opinion article "Reduction of environmental pollutants for prevention of cardiovascular disease: it's time to act", published in the European Heart Journal this week, a group of international environmental researchers from the University Medical Center of Mainz (Thomas Münzel and Andreas Daiber), from the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Mar Miller), the Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (Mette Sørensen), the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany (Jos Lelieveld) and the Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA (Sanjay Rajagopalan) summarized the epidemiologic and mechanistic evidence in support of an association between noise and air pollution with cardiovascular and metabolic disease, and recommended comprehensive mitigation measures.

Environmental risk factors are increasingly recognized as important determinants of cardiovascular disease (CVD). While the contribution of high cholesterol, diabetes, arterial hypertension, obesity and smoking are well established, the contribution by factors such as noise and air pollution to cardiovascular disease are often not acknowledged, despite the recognition that they represent the two most common and pervasive environmental risk factors globally.

Recent data indicate that air pollution attributable premature deaths approach 9 million per year globally (mostly cardiovascular causes), accounting for a loss of life expectancy that rivals that of tobacco smoking. The health burden due to noise pollution is mostly based on loss of healthy life years, amounting to several 100 Mio. of disability adjusted life years per year.

In particular with respect to air pollution, 90% of the world population lives in an environment with air pollution levels higher than 10μg/m3, being recommended by the WHO.

"The European levels air pollution limits for PM 25 μg/m3 is 2.5 fold higher than the WHO limit and a reduction of the air pollution limits down to the WHO recommendation mainly due to a phase out of fossil fuel use could prevent around 400.000 to 500.000 thousand excess deaths of Europeans. Thus, we urgently need to reduce these limits" urges Thomas Münzel.

The environmental stressors such as air pollution and noise pollution cause primarily cardiovascular disease such as chronic coronary artery disease, stroke diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension but also neurological diseases and thus represent per se cardiovascular risk factors that can be positively influenced not by doctors or patients themselves but rather by politicians by introducing noise and air pollution limits that protect us from adverse health effects caused by these environmental stressors, "the lead author Münzel comments.

The author team proposes mitigation maneuvers for to protect from air pollution induced health side effects such as active personal exposure mitigation with home air cleaning and personal equipment such as N95 respirators while face masks are not effective in ?ltering PM2.5, Modification of human behavior to reduce passive exposures such as advising patients with pre-established cardiovascular disease to continue to remain >400 m away from major roadways to avoid exposure to traffic pollutants is a reasonable measure, despite the current lack of strong evidentiary support. Although a variety of over the counter drugs and medications have been shown to mitigate association between air pollution and surrogates, almost none can be recommended to protect against air pollution mediated adverse health effects at this time.

With respect to noise pollution the team suggests for road traffic noise that the sound generated by the contact between the tires and the pavement is the dominant noise source, at speeds above 35 km/h for cars and above 60 km/h for trucks. Therefore, changing to electric cars will result in only minor reductions in road traffic noise. Generally applied strategies for reducing road traffic noise include noise barriers in densely populated areas, applying quiet road surfaces, and reducing speed, especially during nighttime. Furthermore, there is a great potential in developing and using low-noise tires. As many of these mitigation methods result in only relatively small changes in noise a combination of different methods is important in highly exposed areas. For aircraft noise, mitigation strategies include to minimizing overlapping of air traffic routes and housing zones, introduction of night bans, and implementation of continuous descent arrivals, which require the aircraft to approach on steeper descents with lower, less variable throttle settings. For railway noise, replacing cast-iron block breaks with composite material, grinding of railway tracks and night bans, are among the preferred strategies for reducing noise. Lastly, installing sound-reducing windows and/or orientation of the bedroom towards the quiet side of the residence can reduce noise exposure.To this end Münzel further proposes that "increased awareness of the health burden posed by the risk factors such as noise and air pollution and their incorporation in traditional medical guidelines will help propel legislation to reduce them and significantly improve cardiovascular health."

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Link to the orginal paper: Reduction of environmental pollutants for prevention of cardiovascular disease: it's time to act European Heart Journal (2020) 00, 1-10 doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa745

Policy, not tech, spurred Danish dominance in wind energy

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

Research News

ITHACA, N.Y. - In emerging renewable energy industries, are producers' decisions to shut down or upgrade aging equipment influenced more by technology improvements or government policies?

It's an important long-term question for policymakers seeking to increase renewable electricity production, cost-effectiveness and efficiency with limited budgets, says C.-Y. Cynthia Lin Lawell, associate professor in the Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management at Cornell University.

In a new study focused on Denmark, a global leader in wind energy - a relatively mature and low-cost renewable technology - Lin Lawell found that government policies have been the primary driver of that industry's growth and development.

"Technological progress alone wouldn't have led to that widespread development of wind energy in Denmark," said Lin Lawell, the Robert Dyson Sesquicentennial Chair in Environmental, Energy and Resource Economics. "Well-designed policy may be an important contributor for nascent industries like renewables, which need to develop technology and which have broader societal benefits in terms of the environment."

Lin Lawell is the co-author with Jonathan Cook, an associate in her DEEP-GREEN-RADAR research group, of "Wind Turbine Shutdowns and Upgrades in Denmark: Timing Decisions and the Impact of Government Policy," published in a recent issue of The Energy Journal.

Wind turbines in many countries are approaching the end of their useful lives of roughly 20 years, Cook and Lin Lawell note, making decisions about whether to scrap or upgrade them increasingly relevant.

Denmark is ahead of that curve, having promoted wind energy since the oil crisis in the late 1970s. The country produces over 40% of its electricity from wind power and dominates other countries, the authors said, in wind deployment per capita and per gross domestic product. The Danish wind industry is highly decentralized, with 88% of the nearly 3,000 producers included in the 32-year study period from 1980-2011 operating no more than two turbines.

The researchers built a dynamic structural econometric model that incorporated the capacity, age and location of every turbine operated by small producers during that period. The model's "bottom-up" approach enabled analysis of individual owners' decisions to shut down, upgrade or add turbines over time, and simulated outcomes if government policies had been scaled back or were not implemented.

"Understanding the factors that influence individual decisions to invest in wind energy and how different policies can affect the timing of these decisions is important for policies both in countries that already have mature wind industries," the researchers wrote, "as well as in regions of the world that are earlier in the process of increasing renewable electricity generation (e.g. most of the U.S.)."

Denmark since the late 1970s has offered a feed-in tariff that guaranteed producers a fixed price per amount of wind energy generated, whether turbines were new or old. Since 1999, replacement certificates have incentivized upgrades.

Both policies significantly impacted small producers' shutdown and upgrade decisions and accelerated the development of Denmark's wind industry, the scholars concluded. Without them, the model showed most small-scale wind producers would have left the industry by 2011, concentrating production in larger wind farms.

However, the analysis determined that replacement certificates were far more cost-effective than the feed-in tariff in encouraging small producers to add or upgrade turbines, helping Denmark reduce its carbon emissions.

The study estimated the Danish government spent $3.5 billion on the feed-in tariff program over the study period, and as much as $114 million on the replacement certificates. Together, the two programs reduced carbon emissions by 57.4 million metric tons of carbon dioxide.

"One was just really expensive at doing it," Lin Lawell said. "Both the cost per metric ton of carbon dioxide avoided, and the cost per percentage point increase in payoff to the turbine owner, are much lower for the replacement certificate program."

For every million metric tons of carbon dioxide avoided, the researchers estimated the feed-in tariff cost Danish taxpayers $61.8 million, compared to $2.2 million or less for the replacement certificates.

Cook and Lin Lawell said their analysis offers lessons about the role of government policy in incentivizing the development of renewables and about which policies generate the most bang for the buck.

"Our application to the Danish wind industry," they wrote, "has important implications for the design of renewable energy policies worldwide."


 

Study shows disadvantaged communities may get overlooked for climate adaptation funding

Case study of California revealed an additional 348 communities eligible for funding

UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI ROSENSTIEL SCHOOL OF MARINE & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE

Research News

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IMAGE: EXTREME HEAT THREATENS THE WELLBEING OF PEOPLE ALL OVER THE WORLD, A NEW STUDY FROM SCIENTISTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI (UM) ROSENSTIEL SCHOOL OF MARINE AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE FOUND... view more 

CREDIT: NASA

MIAMI--While extreme heat threatens the wellbeing of people all over the world, a new study from scientists at the University of Miami (UM) Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science found that some disadvantaged communities in California could be overlooked for state climate adaptation funds.

As government and communities across the U.S. ramp up efforts for equity-oriented climate change adaptation, questions about how to effectively identify and prioritize the limited funding across communities in practice remain.

In this study, researchers used California as a case study to evaluate how the state is targeting and prioritizing environmental justice communities for extreme heat adaptations. When the researchers analyzed CalEnviroScreen 3.0, California's program used to designate a census tract as "disadvantaged" and therefore eligible for equity-oriented project monies from the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund, they found that relying on CalEnviroScreen alone may result in the state overlooking 348 communities that would be eligible under two alternative indices.

"There are limits to the effectiveness of using a single index to guide a fund with projects and communities as diverse as those under the California Climate Investments program," said Lynée Turek-Hankins, a doctoral student at UM's Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy and lead author of the study. "We highlight the need for context-specific tools that can capture local nuances and variabilities."

Although this study focused specifically on extreme heat in California, its findings are applicable for other climate-related hazards and states, said Turek-Hankins.

"Climate change is a threat multiplier for both people and nature. It amplifies risks for communities already grappling with environmental hazards and social stressors. But getting adaptation right at the implementation stage, attuned to differential impacts and benefits across communities, is far from straightforward," said Katharine Mach, associate professor in the Department of Marine Ecosystems and Society at the Rosenstiel School and a co-author of the study. "This analysis points to the importance of combining cross-cutting risk screening with attention to context--the hazards, the needs of communities, and the effectiveness of different resiliency strategies."

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The study, titled "Risk screening methods for extreme heat: implications for equity-oriented adaptation," was published on November 4, 2020 in the journal PLOS ONE, The study's authors include: Lynée Turek-Hankins, Katharine Mach from the University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science; and Miyuki Hino from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

The research was funded by the Mentoring Undergraduates in Interdisciplinary Research (MUIR) Program at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science at the University of Miami, and the Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy at the University of Miami.

About the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School

The University of Miami is one of the largest private research institutions in the southeastern United States. The University's mission is to provide quality education, attract and retain outstanding students, support the faculty and their research, and build an endowment for University initiatives. Founded in the 1940's, the Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science has grown into one of the world's premier marine and atmospheric research institutions. Offering dynamic interdisciplinary academics, the Rosenstiel School is dedicated to helping communities to better understand the planet, participating in the establishment of environmental policies, and aiding in the improvement of society and quality of life. For more information, visit: http://www.rsmas.miami.edu and Twitter @UMiamiRSMAS