Thursday, May 12, 2022

Efforts to unionize Amazon workers in Canada ramp up in Ontario as Teamsters target Hamilton

CBC/Radio-Canada - 

Workers arriving at the Amazon warehouse in Hamilton on Wednesday morning were met by a handful of people in bright yellow vests with pamphlets and signs saying "Amazon needs a union!"

Members of Teamsters Local 879 said they stepped up their efforts after hearing from some workers at the Mountain fulfilment centre who expressed interest in unionizing.

"We have gotten some calls from Amazon workers to do with the conditions inside, how they're being treated," said Jim Killey, who handles organizing for the union. "When they call, we come."

The action outside the Hamilton fulfilment centre follows similar leaflet handouts at other Amazon locations in Ontario, in Milton, Cambridge, Kitchener and London, according to Killey.

"There's a Canada-wide organizing campaign with Teamsters," he said.

The robotics facility, which the company called its "most technologically advanced fulfilment centre" in Canada, opened under a month ago, with Amazon announcing in April it plans to set up three more Ontario facilities in 2023.

The four centres will create a combined 4,500 "safe" jobs, the online retail giant said at the time, with at least 1,500 at the Hamilton location.

Amazon spokesperson Dave Bauer previously told CBC the majority of local warehouse workers would be full time, with a starting wage of $18.70 an hour.

Workers will also have medical, vision and dental coverage, and other benefits like a group RRSP plan, stock awards and performance bonuses, Bauer said.


© Dan Taekema/CBC
Teamsters Local 879 member Steve Robertson hands out informational pamphlets outside the Amazon warehouse in Hamilton on Wednesday.

Asked for comment on the unionization effort in Hamilton, Amazon spokesperson Ryma Boussoufa said the company does not believe "unions are the best answer for our employees," but the choice is up to the workers.

"Our focus remains on working directly with our team to continue making Amazon a great place to work," Boussoufa wrote in an email.

Paul Gray describes Amazon as one of the "most notoriously anti-union companies in Canada."

The assistant professor of labour studies at Brock University in St. Catharines, Ont., pointed to reports of stress and an "incredibly" high injury rate at warehouses because of Amazon's quotas.

While the pay may be higher than other entry-level jobs, Gray said, it's low in comparison to other warehouse work.

"A lot of these workers are saying the compensation may be comparatively good, but that doesn't justify the working conditions that put them in danger."

Union rep says he's heard worker concerns

A lack of breaks, cutting back on time off and being docked for the time it takes to cross the massive facility to use the washroom are among concerns Killey said he's heard from staff in Hamilton.

He declined to be more specific, citing a need to protect the workers.


© Dan Taekema/CBC
The pamphlets included wage comparisons and contact information for Teamsters Local 879.

Unionization efforts are underway at Amazon sites across Canada, including in Montreal and Alberta, where the Teamsters union has an application for a second unionization at an Amazon site near Edmonton.

Killey said news of a recent union vote by Amazon workers at the Staten Island facility in New York City "sparked a lot" of interest in Canada.

A second vote on unionization failed earlier this month, a setback for organizers at the Staten Island site.

Gray, the labour studies professor, said one of the biggest challenges for people looking to unionize at Amazon locations is the "massive amount of turnover" each plant tends to see.

The New York unionization drive provides lessons for Canadian efforts, including that the organizers were co-workers or people known by staff at the warehouse, he said.

Third parties, such as established unions, should take that as a sign to build relationships over time so employees get a sense it's a "genuine collective voice of the workers themselves, not a group coming in from the outside," said Gray.

Campaign won't end in a week, says union

The Teamsters in Hamilton spent about an hour Wednesday handing out brochures sharing wage comparisons and contact information to people driving into the parking lot and workers being dropped off by bus.

The union can help secure "respect in the workplace" and lock in contract details through a collective agreement, Killey said.

"Right now, they're an individual," he said, gesturing at the Amazon building and the people inside.

"With us we're going to protect you, we're going to make sure we take care of you and through collective bargaining we're going to try everything we can to get what you deserve."


© Dan Taekema/CBC
Robertson hands out informational pamphlets to workers getting off the bus outside Hamilton Amazon's location.

Killey estimated the small group of Teamsters on site handed out hundreds of pamphlets.

They were met with "a lot of thumbs up" and questions about how to get ahold of the Teamsters, he added, describing it as a "very positive response."

The action was about getting the word out, said Killey, explaining the union has plans to return and distribute more information.

"This is going to be a campaign that doesn't end in a week," he said. "We're here until they either say 'No' or until we get a certification."
B.C. mine environment safeguards whittled down by amendments, university study says


The Canadian Press



Some environmental safeguards built into British Columbia mine approvals are being gradually whittled away without enough public or scientific oversight, says new university research.

A recently published paper from researchers at Dalhousie University's School for Resource and Environmental Studies concludes that mining companies have been able to amend their original operating conditions in ways that can have serious effects on water resources. Those amendments, it says, are often granted with little apparent scientific justification or followup.

"We express concern that the amendment process is being used as a loophole, intentionally or unintentionally, to evade the rigour and scrutiny of the full environmental assessment process," said Ben Collison, lead author of the paper published in the journal Facets.

Collison said that, while his research was restricted to B.C., the same thing may be happening across the country.

"This could be part of a bigger picture," he said.

David Karn, spokesman for B.C.'s department of Environment and Climate Change, disputed the paper's conclusions.

"The Environmental Assessment Office has a robust process to review any application to amend an environmental assessment certificate," he said in an email.

Collison and his colleagues looked at 23 mines in British Columbia that were approved between 2002 and 2020 after going through an environmental assessment. Of those mines, 15 requested a total of 49 amendments to the original conditions of their operating licence, most within three years of opening.

Almost all — 98 per cent — were granted.

The researchers concluded 20 of those approved amendments were likely to damage water resources. The amendments permitted changes to effluent discharge, increased water withdrawals and damage to fish habitat. One allowed a mine to increase its production 50 per cent.

Collison said those amendments were accompanied by little scientific justification, oversight or monitoring.

"It was very, very difficult to find information in those amendment documents that gave us numerical, quantitative descriptions of the proposed changes," he said. "Oftentimes, these were being approved without any followup monitoring studies or enforcement actions or compliance checkups after the fact."

The report includes examples of amendments being granted despite the B.C. Environmental Assessment Office acknowledging information on their effects was lacking. In 2017, one mine was allowed to change its tailings storage on the understanding that a water treatment plant would be up and running — a plant that, said Collison, still wasn't operating as of earlier this year.

"There were changes that could have potentially serious impacts," he said.

But Karn said that the paper didn't look at the whole story.

"This research project was conducted using only documents posted on the (assessment office's) project information website, which does not provide a complete account of (its) rigorous assessment process and project information," he said.

Karn said all amendments are carefully assessed. First Nations are consulted and public engagement may be sought.

"Amendments do not weaken the requirements for proponents to protect environmental values, conditions and actions, which are part of their environmental assessment certificates, and in many cases will result in strengthened requirements," Karn said.

Collison said the situation has improved in the province since its new environmental assessment legislation became law in 2019, as it has made information more publicly available.

But he warned that his study was narrowly focused. It only dealt with mines, water impacts and one province. And the amendments it examined remain in force.

"This is only a small piece of the puzzle," Collison said.

"The findings call into question the credibility of the entire environmental assessment process. I think there are other impacts that other researchers should look at."

This report by The Canadian Press was first published May 12, 2022.

— Follow Bob Weber on Twitter at @row1960

Bob Weber, The Canadian Press
Fisheries minister pledges to study impact of seals on Atlantic Canada's fisheries

CORNER BROOK, N.L. — More research is needed on the impact of seals on dwindling East Coast fish stocks, federal Fisheries Minister Joyce Murray said Thursday, in response to a report by the region's fisheries industry.


Part of that research will include a summit in St. John's this fall on the country's seal population, Murray said, reacting to the newly released report from the Atlantic seal science task team, which was commissioned by the Fisheries Department in 2020.

The report said the high numbers of grey seals and harp seas "are at, or approaching, historic levels" and are having a "serious impact on the ocean ecosystem in Atlantic Canada. The extent of the impacts cannot be determined with the limited information held by (Fisheries Department) science."

It said the grey seal population in Atlantic Canada has increased from around 15,000 in the 1960s to 424,300 animals in 2016, which is the largest concentration of grey seals in the world. The region's harp seal population has increased from approximately two million animals in the 1970s to an estimated 7.6 million in 2019 — the largest Northwest Atlantic harp seal population in recorded history.

Groundfish stocks in Atlantic Canada, the report said, "are at or near the lowest level ever observed and are experiencing very little recovery due to very high levels of unexplained natural mortality, which has been attributed to seals in some regions, but not in other regions."

Glenn Blackwood, co-chairman of the team that produced the report, said the mortality rate for many fish stocks is high, adding that the region's fishing industry and the Fisheries Department need to know what role seals are playing in the ocean ecosystem.

"Additional work needs to be done on harp and grey seal feeding," Blackwood told the news conference. "Also on distribution patterns, and we need to understand the relationship of seals to fish stocks."

"We believe that industry is ready to step up and work with DFO science on designing, collecting the samples and solving this problem," he added.

Speaking outside a seafood processing plant, Murray drew applause when she said she knows "seals eat fish."

"So, that's the reason we need to better understand the impact they are having on our fish stocks," she said. The minister said that as a first step, her department will host a seal summit this fall.

"That will be to broaden engagement on Atlantic seals and bring stakeholders together to discuss approaches for science, market development and management," she said.

Murray said her department is committed to maintaining the existing markets for Canadian seal products and supporting the development of potential new markets.

That news was welcomed Thursday by the Fur Institute of Canada, which is the national voice for the fur industry.

"Uncontrolled seal populations threaten the health of our oceans and the communities that rely upon them. They threaten the sustainability of our fishing industry, they threaten biodiversity, and they threaten rebuilding our fish stocks," Doug Chiasson, the institute's executive director, said in a statement.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published May 12, 2022.

— By Kevin Bissett in Fredericton.

The Canadian Press
Thousands attend annual anti-abortion rally on Parliament Hill


The Canadian Press

OTTAWA — Thousands of anti-abortion demonstrators descended on Parliament Hill Thursday, as a leaked U.S. Supreme Court draft decision brings renewed attention to the issue on both sides of the border.

"How about that Roe v. Wade decision? Are you stoked? I am," said Jeff Gunnarson, national president of anti-abortion group Campaign Life Coalition.

Gunnarson spoke to the crowd, referencing the draft decision that would overturn the landmark 1973 case in the U.S. on abortion rights.

"They're not. They're nervous," he said, gesturing to the dozens of abortion rights advocates who counter-protested at the margins of the rally.

James Schadenberg said while he would have come out to the rally regardless, he hopes the leaked decision will bring encourage Canada's politicians to bring a law to prevent abortion and "protect the right to life."

Fellow anti-abortion protester Valerie Luetke said the situations in Canada and the U.S. are "certainly different."

“They're trying to strike down the Roe v. Wade abortion law in the States. But here we don't have a law, so we're trying to build a law. So it's definitely different circumstances."

Anti-abortion demonstrators held signs that said "I regret my abortion," and "love life, choose life."

Meanwhile, counter-demonstrators carried placards reading "abortion is health care" and "keep your laws off my body."

Jaisie Walker, executive director for Planned Parenthood Ottawa, said the organization wanted to make sure its presence was extra powerful this year.

"Our goal for the day is to build solidarity amongst the folks who come here today," said Walker, adding the group was there to share information and "support reproductive justice."

Attendees in religious attire were present at the March for Life rally and many speakers made references to Christianity.

"Life is very important. It's a gift from God, the life we have," said Gaetana Nicola, who said she has been coming to the annual rally for a long time.

The Liberals promised last fall to bring in new regulations solidifying abortion access as a requirement for federal funding under the Canada Health Act, but Prime Minister Justin Trudeau last week raised the spectre of enshrining abortion rights in legislation instead. That could make it more difficult for future governments to make adjustments.

Asked Thursday what factors are being weighed in considering whether to legislate, Trudeau said the most important one is that "every woman in Canada should have a full access to legal, safe abortion services, and reproductive health services wherever she is in the country."

He said the government also wants to assure that gains are not rolled back by future governments or court decisions, and discussions are taking place on the best way to do that.

"Maybe it's legislation, maybe it's not legislation, maybe it's leaving it in the hands of the Canadian Medical Association that has ensured governance over these procedures for a long time," he said.

The subject of abortion was broached during the Conservative leadership debate on Wednesday, where every candidate except recently elected Ontario MP Leslyn Lewis said they either supported the right to choose an abortion or would not introduce legislation on abortion as prime minister.

Longtime MP Pierre Poilievre stated that a government led by him wouldn't pass or introduce legislation restricting access to abortion.

Jean Charest, Quebec's former premier, said he supports abortion rights, and called Poilievre's answer insufficient, saying that Canadian women deserved to know where he stood.

Poilievre later said he believes in freedom of choice and would allow free votes from his caucus. He also laid into Charest's own record, noting that the former Progressive Conservative MP voted for a law that would have recriminalized abortion in 1990.

"Whoever the new leader is, the issue is going to come up in the election,” said Scott Hayward, co-founder of RightNow, a organization that works to elect anti-abortion candidates.

“Whether they want to talk about inflation the whole time or not, it's gonna come up and they have to have an answer.”

Lewis is the only one who takes it on and "doesn't look like you're trying to hide from something," Hayward added.

Ottawa police advised those travelling downtown Thursday to expect traffic disruptions, and notify they would carry out rolling road closures ahead of the demonstration.

Vehicles are still not allowed on Wellington Street between Bank Street and Elgin Street, after the “Freedom Convoy” protest that gridlocked downtown Ottawa for several weeks in February.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published May 12, 2022.

———

This story was produced with the financial assistance of the Meta and Canadian Press News Fellowship.

Erika Ibrahim, The Canadian Press

Note to readers: This is a corrected story. An earlier version referred to an anti-abortion group as Canadian Life Coalition.
The use of deepfakes can sow doubt, creating confusion and distrust in viewers

Sze-Fung Lee, Research Assistant, Department of Information Studies, McGill University 

 Benjamin C. M. Fung, Professor and Canada Research Chair in Data Mining for Cybersecurity, McGill University

In early March, a manipulated video of Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy was ciruclated. In it, a digitally generated Zelenskyy told the Ukrainian national army to surrender. The video was circulated online but was quickly debunked as a deepfake — a hyper-realistic yet fake and manipulated video produced using artificial intelligence.

While Russian disinformation seems to be having a limited impact, this alarming example illustrated the potential consequences of deepfakes.

However, deepfakes are being used successfully in assistive technology. For instance, people who suffer from Parkinson’s disease can use voice cloning to communicate.

Deepfakes are used in education: Ireland-based speech synthesis company CereProc created a synthetic voice for John F. Kennedy, bringing him back to life to deliver his historical speech.

Yet every coin has two sides. Deepfakes can be hyper-realistic, and basically undetectable by human eyes.

Therefore, the same voice-cloning technology could be used for phishing, defamation and blackmailing. When deepfakes are deliberately deployed to reshape public opinion, incite social conflicts and manipulate elections, they have the potential to undermine democracy.
Causing chaos

Deepfakes are based on technology known as generative adversarial networks in which two algorithms train each other to produce images.

While the technology behind deep fakes may sound complicated, it is a simple matter to produce one. There are numerous online applications such as Faceswap and ZAO Deepswap that can produce deepfakes within minutes.

Read more: Zao's deepfake face-swapping app shows uploading your photos is riskier than ever

Google Colaboratory — an online repository for code in several programming languages — includes examples of code that can be used to generate fake images and videos. With software this accessible, it’s easy to see how average users could wreak havoc with deepfakes without realizing the potential security risks.

The popularity of face-swapping apps and online services like Deep Nostalgia show how quickly and widely deepfakes could be adopted by the general public. In 2019, approximately 15,000 videos using deepfakes were detected. And this number is expected to increase.

Deepfakes are the perfect tool for disinformation campaigns because they produce believable fake news that takes time to debunk. Meanwhile, the damages caused by deepfakes — especially those that affect people’s reputations — are often long-lasting and irreversible.
Is seeing believing?

Perhaps the most dangerous ramification of deepfakes is how they lend themselves to disinformation in political campaigns.

We saw this when Donald Trump designated any unflattering media coverage as “fake news.” By accusing his critics of circulating fake news, Trump was able to use misinformation in defence of his wrongdoings and as a propaganda tool.

Trump’s strategy allows him to maintain support in an environment filled with distrust and disinformation by claiming “that true events and stories are fake news or deepfakes.”

Credibility in authorities and the media is being undermined, creating a climate of distrust. And with the rising proliferation of deepfakes, politicians could easily deny culpability in any emerging scandals. How can someone’s identity in a video be confirmed if they deny it?

Combating disinformation, however, has always been a challenge for democracies as they try to uphold freedom of speech. Human-AI partnerships can help deal with the rising risk of deepfakes by having people verify information. Introducing new legislation or applying existing laws to penalize producers of deepfakes for falsifying information and impersonating people could also be considered.

Multidisciplinary approaches by international and national governments, private companies and other organizations are all vital to protect democratic societies from false information.

This article is republished from The Conversation, a nonprofit news site dedicated to sharing ideas from academic experts.

Read more:
In a battle of AI versus AI, researchers are preparing for the coming wave of deepfake propaganda


Benjamin C. M. Fung receives funding from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC), Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC), and Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et technologies (FRQNT).

Sze-Fung Lee does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

Detailed 'open source' news investigations are catching on


NEW YORK (AP) — One of the more striking pieces of journalism from the Ukraine war featured intercepted radio transmissions from Russian soldiers indicating an invasion in disarray, their conversations even interrupted by a hacker literally whistling “Dixie.”

It was the work of an investigations unit at The New York Times that specializes in open-source reporting, using publicly available material like satellite images, mobile phone or security camera recordings, geolocation and other internet tools to tell stories.

The field is in its infancy but rapidly catching on. The Washington Post announced last month it was adding six people to its video forensics team, doubling its size. The University of California at Berkeley last fall became the first college to offer an investigative reporting class that focuses specifically on these techniques.

Two video reports from open-source teams — The Times' “Day of Rage” reconstruction of the Jan. 6, 2021, Capitol riot and the Post's look at how a 2020 racial protest in Washington's Lafayette Square was cleared out — won duPont-Columbia awards for excellence in digital and broadcast journalism.

The Ukraine radio transmissions, where soldiers complained about a lack of supplies and faulty equipment, were verified and brought to life with video and eyewitness reports from the town where they were operating.

At one point, what appears to be a Ukrainian interloper breaks in.

“Go home,” he advised in Russian. “It's better to be a deserter than fertilizer.”

The Times' visual investigations unit, founded in 2017 and now numbering 17 staff members, “is absolutely one of the most exciting areas of growth that we have,” said Joe Kahn, incoming executive editor.

The work is meticulous. “Day of Rage” is composed mostly of video shot by protesters themselves, in the heady days before they realized posting them online could get them into trouble, along with material from law enforcement and journalists. It outlines specifically how the attack began, who the ringleaders were and how people were killed.

Video sleuthing also contradicted an initial Pentagon story about an American drone strike that killed civilians in Afghanistan last year. “Looking to us for protection, they instead became some of the last victims in America's longest war,” the report said.

“There's just this overwhelming amount of evidence out there on the open web that if you know how to turn over the rocks and uncover that information, you can connect the dots between all these factoids to arrive at the indisputable truth around an event,” said Malachy Browne, senior story producer on the Times' team.

“Day of Rage” has been viewed nearly 7.3 million times on YouTube. A Post probe into the deaths at a 2021 Travis Scott concert in Houston has been seen more than 2 million times, and its story on George Floyd's last moments logged nearly 6.5 million views.

The Post team is an outgrowth of efforts begun in 2019 to verify the authenticity of potentially newsworthy video. There are many ways to smoke out fakes, including examining shadows to determine if the apparent time of day in the video corresponds to when the activity supposedly captured actually took place.

“The Post has seen the kind of impact that this kind of storytelling can have,” said Nadine Ajaka, leader of its visual forensics team. “It's another tool in our reporting mechanisms. It's really nice because it's transparent. It allows readers to understand what we know and what we don't know, by plainly showing it.”

Still new, the open-source storytelling isn't bound by rules that govern story length or form. A video can last a few minutes or, in the case of “Day of Rage,” 40 minutes. Work can stand alone or be embedded in text stories. They can be investigations or experiences; The Times used security and cellphone video, along with interviews, to tell the story of one Ukraine apartment house as Russians invaded.

Leaders in the field cite the work of the website Storyful, which calls itself a social media intelligence agency, and Bellingcat as pioneers. Bellingcat, an investigative news website, and its leader, Eliot Higgins, are best known for covering the Syrian civil war and investigating alleged Russian involvement in shooting down a Malaysian Airlines flight over Ukraine in 2014.

The Arab Spring in the early 2010s was another key moment. Many of the protests were coordinated in a digital space and journalists who could navigate this had access to a world of information, said Alexa Koenig, executive director of the Human Rights Center at the University of California at Berkeley's law school.

The commercial availability of satellite images was a landmark, too. The Times used satellite images to quickly disprove Russian claims that atrocities committed in Ukraine had been staged.

Other technology, including artificial intelligence, is helping journalists who seek information about how something happened when they couldn't be on the scene. The Times, in 2018, worked with a London company to artificially reconstruct a building in Syria that helped contradict official denials about the use of chemical weapons.

Similarly, The Associated Press constructed a 3D model of a theater in Mariupol bombed by the Russians and, combining it with video and interviews with survivors, produced an investigative report that concluded more people died there than was previously believed.

AP has also worked with Koenig's team on an investigation into terror tactics by Myanmar's military rulership, and used modeling for an examination on the toll of war in a neighborhood in Gaza. It is collaborating with PBS' Frontline to gather evidence of war crimes in Ukraine and is further looking to expand its digital efforts. Experts cite BBC's “Africa Eye” as another notable effort in the field.

As efforts expand, Koenig said journalists need to make sure their stories drive the tools that are used, instead of the other way around. She hears regularly now from news organizations looking to build their own investigate units and need her advice — or students. Berkeley grad Haley Willis is on the team at The Times.

It feels, Koenig said, like a major shift has happened in the past year.

Browne said the goal of his unit's reporting is to create stories with impact that touch upon broader truths. A probe about a Palestinian medic shot by an Israeli soldier on the Gaza strip was as much about the conflict in general than her death, for example.

“We have similar mandates,” the Post's Ajaka said, “which is to help make sense of some of the most urgent news of the day.”

David Bauder, The Associated Press
Mohamed Hadid: Golda Meir 'proud Palestinian,' shows coexistence before Zionism

By MICHAEL STARR - Sunday
The Jerusalem Post
© (photo credit: CAMERA PRESS LONDON)

Jordanian-American real estate developer Mohamed Hadid — the father of models Gigi adn Bella Hadid — claimed on Saturday that former Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir was a "proud Palestinian" and that her comments about Palestinian identity proved that there was religious coexistence and tolerance prior to Zionism.

She [Meir] was proud Palestinian," Hadid said on Instagram, of a video excerpt that he posted of an interview of Meir by Thames TV in the 1970s. "There was [sic] Jews, Christian, Muslim, Palestinians, all Arabs. Israeli prime minister Golda Meir reiterated that she was a Palestinian, carrying a Palestinian passport, in this segment, even though the full interview reflects her colonial Zionist ideology bent on ethnic cleansing and erasing Palestine."



A post shared by Mohamedhadid. (@mohamedhadid)

"I'm Palestinian. From 1921 until 1948 I carried a Palestinian passport. There was no such thing in this area as Jews and Arabs and Palestinians," Meir said in Hadid's clip.

In the full interview, not included by Hadid, Meir goes on to say that "There were Jews and Arabs," and describes Palestinian identity as a modern development. "When were the Palestinians born?"

Meir argued that there was no difference between Arabs on the West and East of the Jordan river and that there was no reason that Jordan couldn't have established a Palestinian state in the West Bank when they had ruled it.

"Golda is saying the Jews were the ones considered the 'Palestinians' back then!" said David Lange of IsraellyCool.

"Mohamed Hadid shares an interview in which Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir explains Arab Palestinian identity is a modern invention and he doesn’t even realize what an own goal this is," remarked Israeli writer Emily Schrader.

"Her remarks above do prove though, that tolerance, co-existence and peace were prevalent in Palestine pre-1948, where all faiths were welcomed and received equal rights in the holy land," said Hadid, father of models Gigi and Bella Hadid. "Then arrived colonial Zionism with the founding of the State of Israel and with it forced expulsions, nakba, occupation, apartheid and war crimes being committed daily to this day, that Golda Meir was directly complicit in, making her what?"

Meir also discussed in the interview how pre-War of Independence, the Jews had accepted partition proposals and the idea of living alongside the Arabs, while the Mandate Arabs did not. She also decried Israel's neighbors for their inability to accept Israel's existence and the Jewish right to self-determination.

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Lapid: Israel doesn't need permission from the US to build in settlements



By TOVAH LAZAROFF AND LAHAV HARKOV - Monday
The Jerusalem Post

© (photo credit: SHLOMI AMSALEM)

Israel doesn't need permission from the United States to build in West Bank settlements, Foreign Minister Yair Lapid told reporters in the Knesset.

"Israel is a sovereign state and does not ask for permission to operate in its territory," Lapid said.

He spoke amid the latest diplomatic row between Israel and the United States over the Higher Planning Council for Judea and Samaria's meeting on Thursday to advance and approve plans for 3,988 settler homes.

The Biden administration had asked Israel not to advance the plans, given its stiff opposition to any Israeli settlement construction.

"We always update the Americans" when it comes to settlement construction. He clarified that this was not the same thing needing their approval.


© Provided by The Jerusalem PostLapid: Israel doesn't need permission from the US to build in settlements

To offset US anger regarding the move, Israel cut back on the scope of the plans by some 1,800-2,000 units. But the move did not appease the Biden Administration, which like the former Obama administration does not want to see the approval of any settlement plans.

US Ambassador to Israel Tom Nides and Secretary of State Antony Blinken as well as State Department spokesman Ned Price have stated many times that they believe such settlement activity harms the possibility of creating a two-state resolution to the conflict.

When asked about tension with the US on this matter, Lapid said, that if the advancement of plans for 3,988 settler homes had "international consequences - it is my job to deal with them and I will deal with them."

HP LOVECRAFT, SHERLOCK HOLMES, SCIFI
Reading to improve language skills? Focus on fiction rather than non-fiction

Raymond A. Mar, Professor of Psychology, York University, Canada -
The Conversation



We all know that reading is good for children and for adults, and that we should all be reading more often. One of the most obvious benefits of reading is that it helps improve language skills. A major review of research on leisure reading confirmed that reading does indeed foster better verbal abilities, from preschoolers all the way to university students. But, does it matter what we read?

In four separate studies, based on data from almost 1,000 young adults, behavioural scientist Marina Rain and I examined how reading fiction and non-fiction predicts verbal abilities.

We found that reading fiction was the stronger and more consistent predictor of language skills compared to reading non-fiction. This was true whether people reported their own reading habits or if we used a more objective measure of lifetime reading (recognizing real author names from among false ones). Importantly, after accounting for fiction reading, reading non-fiction did not predict language skills much at all.

Measuring meaningful language skills

To measure verbal abilities in three of these studies, we relied on items from the verbal section of the SAT, the standardized test used by many U.S. universities when judging applicants. Thus, the measure of language skills employed in these studies is rather obviously tied to an important real-world outcome: admission to university.

Although it was somewhat surprising to discover that reading fictional stories predicts valuable language skills better than reading non-fiction, the repeated replication of this result across several studies increased our confidence in this finding.
Motivations behind leisure reading

In a follow-up study, a collaboration between my psychology lab at York University and a lab at Concordia University led by education professor Sandra Martin-Chang, we asked 200 people about their various motivations for engaging in leisure reading.

Those who reported that they read for their own enjoyment tended to have better language skills. Related to our previous finding, this association was partially explained by how much fiction they had read.

In fact, across several types of motivation, those motivations linked to reading fiction rather than non-fiction were invariably associated with better verbal abilities. On the other hand, when a motivation was more strongly associated with reading non-fiction it tended to be either unrelated to verbal abilities or associated with worse abilities.

For example, people who were motivated to read in order to grow and learn focused on reading non-fiction, so this attitude was actually associated with poorer language skills.
Reading stories

Based on these five studies, the picture is quite clear: it is reading stories, not essays, that predicts valuable language skills in young adults. But why does reading fiction have this unique advantage over non-fiction? We don’t yet exactly know, but we can rule out one obvious possibility: that fiction employs SAT words more often than non-fiction.

To investigate this possibility, we turned to several large collections of texts, containing around 680 million words in total. Words that appeared in the SAT were either less common in fiction compared to non-fiction, or the difference was so small it was negligible.

Fiction readers are therefore not doing better on SAT items simply because fiction contains more SAT words. This means that there must be something special about reading fiction that helps promote language skills. Perhaps the emotions evoked by stories help us to remember new words, or maybe our intrinsic interest in stories results in a stronger focus on the text. Future research will hopefully uncover the reasons for this fascinating difference between reading fiction and non-fiction.
Long-term benefits of reading

Regardless of the reasons, the fact that it is narrative fiction and not expository non-fiction that helps us develop strong language skills has important implications for education and policy.

When it comes to reading, it really is a case in which the rich get richer: A great deal of past research has established that those who read more tend to get better at reading, find it easier and more enjoyable and read more as a result. This results in a causal loop in which leisure reading reaps increasingly larger benefits for readers in terms of language skills. Remarkably, this remains true all the way from preschool to university.

These improved language skills in turn result in all kinds of important advantages, such as doing better at school, attaining a higher level of education and being more successful at work.

Read more: Start a tradition of choosing picture books to share with children in your life

In fact, one study of over 11,000 people found that children who were better readers at age seven had a greater degree of socio-economic success 35 years later! This held true even after accounting for important factors like their socio-economic status at birth, intelligence and academic motivation. Leisure reading is important for developing language skills, which in turn are linked to key socio-economic outcomes.

Implications for education and policy

Work from our lab, based on young adults, is beginning to clarify the association between reading and language abilities, pointing to the importance of reading fiction and not just non-fiction.

This means that it is important to foster a love for fiction in children, to promote the healthy habit of reading stories for pleasure as early as possible.

The current trend of governments prioritizing the sciences over the humanities in education runs directly counter to the evidence available. Given the benefits that verbal abilities provide in terms of success in school and in one’s career, fostering a love for stories in children should be a high priority for governments and educators.

This article is republished from The Conversation, a nonprofit news site dedicated to sharing ideas from academic experts.

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Raymond A. Mar receives funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) of Canada.

Strange dreams might help your brain learn better, according to research by HBP scientists


Peer-Reviewed Publication

HUMAN BRAIN PROJECT

Cortical representation learning 

IMAGE: CORTICAL REPRESENTATION LEARNING THROUGH PERTURBED AND ADVERSARIAL DREAMING view more 

CREDIT: DEPERROIS ET AL. ELIFE 2022;11:E76384

The importance of sleep and dreams for learning and memory has long been recognized - the impact that a single restless night can have on our cognition is well known. “What we lack is a theory that ties this together with consolidation of experiences, generalization of concepts and creativity,” explains Nicolas Deperrois, lead author of the study. 

During sleep, we commonly experience two types of sleep phases, alternating one after the other: non-REM sleep, when the brain “replays” the sensory stimulus experienced while awake, and REM sleep, when spontaneous bursts of intense brain activity produce vivid dreams. 

The researchers used simulations of the brain cortex to model how different sleep phases affect learning. To introduce an element of unusualness in the artificial dreams, they took inspiration from a machine learning technique called Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). In GANs, two neural networks compete with each other to generate new data from the same dataset, in this case a series of simple pictures of objects and animals. This operation produces new artificial images which can look superficially realistic to a human observer. 

The researchers then simulated the cortex during three distinct states: wakefulness, non-REM sleep, and REM sleep. During wakefulness, the model is exposed to pictures of boats, cars, dogs and other objects. In non-REM sleep, the model replays the sensory inputs with some occlusions. REM sleep creates new sensory inputs through the GANs, generating twisted but realistic versions and combinations of boats, cars, dogs etc. To test the performance of the model, a simple classifier evaluates how easily the identity of the object (boat, dog, car etc.) can be read from the cortical representations. 

“Non-REM and REM dreams become more realistic as our model learns,” explains Jakob Jordan, senior author and leader of the research team. “While non-REM dreams resemble waking experiences quite closely, REM dreams tend to creatively combine these experiences.” Interestingly, it was when the REM sleep phase was suppressed in the model, or when these dreams were made less creative, that the accuracy of the classifier decreased. When the NREM sleep phase was removed, these representations tended to be more sensitive to sensory perturbations (here, occlusions).

According to this study, wakefulness, non-REM and REM sleep appear to have complementary functions for learning: experiencing the stimulus, solidifying that experience, and discovering semantic concepts. “We think these findings suggest a simple evolutionary role for dreams, without interpreting their exact meaning,” says Deperrois. “It shouldn't be surprising that dreams are bizarre: this bizarreness serves a purpose. The next time you’re having crazy dreams, maybe don't try to find a deeper meaning - your brain may be simply organizing your experiences.”.

Text by Roberto Inchingolo

 

This work has received funding from the European Union 7th Framework Programme under grant agreement 604102 (HBP), the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme under grant agreements 720270, 785907, and 945539 (HBP), the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF, Sinergia grant CRSII5-180316), the Interfaculty Research Cooperation (IRC) ‘Decoding Sleep’ of the University of Bern, and the Manfred Stärk Foundation.