Tuesday, October 08, 2024

Opinion - America needs a working-class White House


Our first and only Black president went to Harvard; if he had gone anywhere else, he may not have been elected. Similarly, if he had chosen a running mate who wasn’t a career politician — a highly visible, white male politician at that — he may not have won.

But that was then. Now, in the Kamala Harris-Tim Walz ticket, we’ve got a prosecutor and a football coach with nary a sprig of Ivy between them, running against two White men who attended the prestigious Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and Yale Law School, respectively.

The accession of Harris and Walz to the nomination represents an opportunity for us to imagine a White House that could reflect the least of us.

“Far too long, our nation has encouraged only one path to success: a four-year college degree,” Harris told attendees at a recent rally in Wilkes-Barre, Pa. “Our nation needs to the recognize the value of other paths, additional paths, such as apprenticeships and professional programs.”

Harris’s personal choices reflect this common-sense wisdom of education as a tool to open the doors of opportunity, rather than as an exclusive invitation to access.

I find this both refreshing and potentially transformative. As a law professor, I have chosen to teach at schools that promise the opportunity of an education to students from the middle and working classes. My students are bright, engaging and hard-working. Many of them are first-generation college students and will be the first in their families to earn a law degree.

Although they sit in classrooms and are taught a curriculum that does not vary significantly from any other U.S. law school, they will be overlooked for summer internships at blue-chip law firms, jobs at prominent national public interest organizations, and the most coveted federal judicial clerkships, simply because the classrooms where they sit are not located in a law school that is Ivy or Ivy-adjacent.

Their chance of clerking for a Supreme Court justice is almost non-existent, as our justices seek clerkship candidates with Ivy League degrees. They see these types of degrees as proxies for excellence, indices of belonging to the group that gets to make the decisions for all of us, without including the least of us.

A president from a middle-class background who keeps the concerns of middle- and working-class people in the public conversation could change all of this.

Who might such a president appoint to the Supreme Court, and who might that new justice appoint as a clerk? Breaking this class barrier in a Supreme Court appointment could have widespread implications for a nation struggling with questions of identity — fundamentally what America should look like and what it means to be an American.

What might it mean to have a president who attended a Historically Black University as an undergraduate and law school at a state university? What might this signal to those of us who have achieved more than our parents and grandparents could have imagined, but who have been met with a ceiling from which creeps Ivy — invasive, toxic, choking out our voices, smothering our dreams, weaving a wall to block us from full participation in public life,  even as its verdant green and hardiness promises new beginnings and access to power and influence?

Almost half of the Black Cabinet members to serve under a U.S. presidentone-third of the politicians in the Congressional Black Caucus, and two of the three Black justices ever to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court have attended an Ivy League or other elite school for either an undergraduate, graduate, professional degree, or all three. Their work at these institutions bolsters the notion that Black people are only capable of leadership and public visibility at the highest levels of government when they have matriculated through the halls of White, elite power.

Many members of the Congressional Black Caucus attended Historically Black Colleges and Universities and state colleges and universities for one or more degrees. Their presence but lesser national visibility creates the perception that even though their constituents believed them to be enough, they are somehow less educated, less worthy when educated at schools that sheltered Black people in emancipation and beyond and that remain standing strong even through the blitzkriegs of the culture war.

Part of the excitement of the possibility of a Harris presidency comes from the fact that, even if she is not “just like us,” she is more like us than any other minoritized presidential candidate in recent history.  Her presence signals to us that people educated at Historically Black Colleges and Universities and state colleges and universities might have a place as leaders and decision-makers at the highest levels of American government.

Harris’s choice of running mate, a plain-spoken Minnesotan, former high school teacher and football coach, doubles down on that premise.

A successful Harris-Waltz ticket may not be the perfect solution to the problems that plague our nation, but it might just be the perfect pairing for this moment. A middle- or working-class White House means that America’s perception of itself as an inclusive nation made stronger by our differences is finally catching up to its reality, earnestly attempting to hold its disparate pieces together.

Teri A. McMurtry-Chubb is a professor of law at the University of Illinois Chicago and a Public Voices Fellow with The OpEd Project.

Copyright 2024 Nexstar Media, Inc. All rights reserved. T

The Hill.




‘Queer Eye’ Star Jonathan Van Ness Reacts to Being ‘Vilified’ in Trump Ad

Eboni Boykin-Patterson
Mon, October 7, 2024


Photo Illustration by Thomas Levinson/The Daily Beast/Getty/MAGA PAC


Queer Eye co-host Jonathan Van Ness had the “surreal” experience of seeing themself in a TV spot attacking Kamala Harris and “they/them” pronouns in support of Donald Trump on Monday—and they’re pretty “upset” about it.

“I saw myself in a Trump TV ad today and it’s surreal,” Van Ness wrote in a statement posted to their Instagram, adding that it was “kind of iconic, but mostly very unsettling.” Van Ness, who came out as nonbinary in 2019, is featured in a clip from the PAC ad where they’re chatting with VP Harris alongside another clip of Harris talking with drag queen Pattie Gonia. As the clips play, the narrator says, “Crazy liberal Kamala is for they/them. President Trump is for you.” The Trump campaign did not return The Daily Beast's request for comment.

“In this commercial, Trump vilified immigrants, trans people, and queer people generally,” Van Ness also wrote to Instagram. “Don’t think that these white nationalist Christian politicians aren’t a threat to you and vote like it.” Van Ness goes on to express support for Harris in the impending election.

“As a non-binary person, whenever I’m presented with a binary choice, I’m immediately leery. But in this election, it’s really about moving forward” and “trying to trust each other again,” they continued, versus “going backwards to a time where women needed their husband to open a checking account and where segregation was also a matter of ‘states rights.’”

Van Ness went on to call Trump an “authoritarian dictator who has absolute immunity from the Supreme Court” and encouraged their followers to “choose hope over fear.” The host and podcaster has been a vocal supporter of Harris since the VP sat down with the creators and cast of the Queer Eye series at the White House during Pride Month to speak about “progress” for the LGBTQ+ community.

After Joe Biden dropped out of the race and endorsed Harris over the summer, Van Ness expressed their support for her campaign, writing to Facebook, “I believe Vice President Harris will be President Harris! She has what it takes to lead an America that is safe, prosperous, and equitable for all!”



Scientists Say They’ve Traced Back the Voices Heard by People With Schizophrenia

Noor Al-Sibai
Mon, October 7, 2024 



Scientists believe they've discovered where the "voices" heard by some people with schizophrenia emanate from using brainwave mapping.

As detailed in a new study published in the journal PLOS Biology and conducted by researchers at New York University's Shanghai campus, the way people experience auditory hallucinations may not be that different from the way humans hear external sounds.

Scientists have long suggested that people with schizophrenia and other disorders hear voices that are not there because their brains have trouble distinguishing between their own inner thought processes and external voices, which to them makes it seem like someone unseen is speaking to them.

Because these voices are processed like any other sound in the brains of people who experience auditory hallucinations, the team at NYU Shanghai's Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science decided to put electroencephalogram (EEG) monitors on people with schizophrenia  — 20 participants who hear voices and 20 who don't — to see what was different about their brains.

As the researchers discovered, it appeared that the brains of those who experience audio hallucinations failed to fire off the "corollary discharge" signal, which silences our inner monologues and prepares our bodies to hear sounds coming out of our own mouths.

While they prepared to say a syllable aloud, per the scientists' instructions, the hallucinating group not only didn't turn off their inner monologues, so to speak, but also had what seemed to be a hyperactive response to what's known as "efference copy," a brain signal that instructs the motor functions associated with vocalizing.

"Imprecise activation function of efference copy," the researchers wrote, "results in the varied enhancement and sensitization of auditory cortex."

Translation: audio hallucinations activate the sound-processing part of the brain while also impairing some of the motor functions associated with speaking. As a result, there seems to be a breakdown in the way people who have auditory hallucinations process their own thoughts which ultimately leads them to externalize them as outside sounds or voices.

"People who suffer from auditory hallucinations can 'hear' sounds without external stimuli," the team explained in a statement. "Impaired functional connections between motor and auditory systems in the brain mediate the loss of ability to distinguish fancy from reality."

As the researchers note in their paper, discovering where in the brain these signals take place may help improve schizophrenia therapies. This could be great news given that the main treatment for schizophrenia involves talk therapy meant to help people with the disorder deal with their symptoms. [is that worse?]

More on mental health: Novo Nordisk's New Weight Loss Drug Shows Ominous Psychiatric Side Effects

Overview of Julian Jaynes’s Theory of Consciousness and the Bicameral Mind

In January of 1977 Princeton University psychologist Julian Jaynes (1920–1997) put forth a bold new theory of the origin of consciousness and a previous mentality known as the bicameral mind in the controversial but critically acclaimed book The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. Jaynes was far ahead of his time, and his theory remains as relevant and influential today as when it was first published.

Jaynes asserts that consciousness did not arise far back in human evolution but is a learned process based on metaphorical language. Prior to the development of consciousness, Jaynes argues humans operated under a previous mentality he called the bicameral (‘two-chambered’) mind. In the place of an internal dialogue, bicameral people experienced auditory hallucinations directing their actions, similar to the command hallucinations experienced by many people who hear voices today. These hallucinations were interpreted as the voices of chiefs, rulers, or the gods.

Overview of Julian Jaynes's Theory of Consciousness and the Bicameral Mind - Julian Jaynes Society

US looks to resurrect more nuclear reactors, White House adviser says

YOU RESURRECT THE DEAD
YOU REVIVE THE LIVING

Valerie Volcovici
Mon, October 7, 2024 

FILE PHOTO: The Three Mile Island Nuclear power plant is pictured from Royalton


By Valerie Volcovici

NEW YORK (Reuters) - The Biden administration is working on plans to bring additional decommissioned nuclear power reactors back online to help meet soaring demand for emissions-free electricity, White House climate adviser Ali Zaidi said on Monday.

Two such projects are already underway, including the planned recommissioning of Holtec's Palisades nuclear plant in Michigan and the potential restart of a unit at Constellation Energy's Three Mile Island plant in Pennsylvania, near the site of the worst nuclear accident in U.S. history.

Asked if additional shuttered plants could be restarted, Zaidi said: "We're working on it in a very concrete way. There are two that I can think of."


He declined to identify the power plants or provide further details about the effort.

Speaking at the Reuters Sustainability conference in New York, Zaidi said repowering existing dormant nuclear plants was part of a three-pronged strategy of President Joe Biden's administration to bring more nuclear power online to fight climate change and boost production.

The other two prongs include development of small modular reactors (SMRs) for certain applications, and continuing development of next generation, advanced nuclear reactors.

Biden has called for a tripling of U.S. nuclear power capacity to fuel energy demand that is accelerating in part due to expansion of power hungry technologies like artificial intelligence and cloud computing.

Last week, the Biden administration said it closed a $1.52 billion loan to resurrect the Palisades nuclear plant in Michigan, which would take two years to re-open.

Constellation and Microsoft, meanwhile, signed a power deal last month to help resurrect a unit of the Pennsylvania plant, which Constellation hopes will also receive government support.

Zaidi told the conference that the U.S. Navy on Monday had requested information to build SMRs on a half dozen bases. "SMR is a technology that is not a decades-away play. It's one that companies in the United States are looking to deploy in this decade," he said.

Zaidi also addressed the woes that have beset a separate Biden clean energy goal, to bring 30 gigawatts of offshore wind capacity online by the end of the decade.

The administration shelved offshore wind lease sales this year in both Oregon and the Gulf of Mexico due to low demand from companies, as high costs, equipment issues and supply chain challenges hit other projects.

Zaidi said at least half of the 30GW goal is already under construction and that some of the early snags provide helpful learning for future projects.

"I am pretty optimistic about the next of wave of projects where we will have a domestic supply chain and hopefully better cost to capital relative to what projects are facing right now," he said.

(Reporting by Valerie Volcovici; Editing by Bill Berkrot)



ATTACKS ON THE GHETTO NOT THE GATED COMMUNITIES

Over 6,000 people in Haiti leave their homes after gang attack killed dozens

PIERRE-RICHARD LUXAMA and ELÉONORE HUGHES
Sun 6 October 2024 



Haiti Displacement
People displaced by armed attacks receive food from a nongovernmental organization in Saint-Marc, Haiti, Sunday, Oct. 6, 2024. (AP Photo/Odelyn Joseph)

SAINT-MARC, Haiti (AP) — Nearly 6,300 people have fled their homes in the aftermath of an attack in central Haiti by heavily armed gang members that killed at least 70 people, according to the U.N.’s migration agency.

Nearly 90% of the displaced are staying with relatives in host families, while 12% have found refuge in other sites including a school, the International Organization for Migration said in a report last week.

The attack in Pont-Sondé happened in the early hours of Thursday morning, and many left in the middle of the night.


Gang members “came in shooting and breaking into the houses to steal and burn. I just had time to grab my children and run in the dark,” said 60-year-old Sonise Mirano on Sunday, who was camping with hundreds of people in a park in the nearby coastal city of Saint-Marc.

Bodies lay strewn on the streets of Pont-Sondé following the attack in the Artibonite region, many of them killed by a shot to the head, Bertide Harace, spokeswoman for the Commission for Dialogue, Reconciliation and Awareness to Save the Artibonite, told Magik 9 radio station on Friday.

Initial estimates put the number of those killed at 20 people, but activists and government officials discovered more bodies as they accessed areas of the town. Among the victims was a young mother, her newborn baby and a midwife, Herace said.

Prime Minister Garry Conille vowed that the perpetrators would face the full force of the law in comments in Saint-Marc on Friday.

“It is necessary to arrest them, bring them to justice, and put them in prison. They need to pay for what they have done, and the victims need to receive restitution,” he said.

The U.N. Human Rights Office of the Commissioner said in a statement that it was “horrified by Thursday’s gang attacks.”

The European Union also condemned the violence in a statement on Friday, which it said marked “yet another escalation in the extreme violence these criminal groups are inflicting on the Haitian people.”

Haiti’s government deployed an elite police unit based in the capital of Port-au-Prince to Pont-Sondé following the attack and sent medical supplies to help the area’s lone, and overwhelmed, hospital.

Police will remain in the area for as long as it takes to guarantee safety, Conille said, adding that he didn’t know whether it would take a day or a month. He also appealed to the population, saying “the police cannot do it alone.”

Gang violence across Artibonite, which produces much of Haiti’s food, has increased in recent years. Since that uptick, Thursday’s attack is one of the biggest massacres.

Similar ones have taken place in the capital of Port-au-Prince, 80% of which is controlled by gangs, and they typically are linked to turf wars, with gang members targeting civilians in areas controlled by rivals. Many neighborhoods are not safe, and people affected by the violence have not been able to return home, even if their houses have not been destroyed.

More than 700,000 people — more than half of whom are children — are now internally displaced across Haiti, according to the International Organization for Migration in an Oct. 2 statement. That was an increase of 22% since June.

Port-au-Prince hosts a quarter of the country’s displaced, often residing in overcrowded sites, with little to no access to basic services, the agency said.

Those forced to flee their homes are mostly being accommodated by families, who have reported significant difficulties, including food shortages, overwhelmed healthcare facilities, and a lack of essential supplies on local markets, according to the agency.

___

Hughes reported from Rio de Janeiro.


Haiti PM goes abroad for security support after gang massacre

HE FLED

Updated Sun 6 October 2024


STORY: :: Port-au-Prince, Haiti

Haitian Prime Minister Garry Conille embarked on a trip to the United Arab Emirates and Kenya this weekend to seek security assistance, in the aftermath of one of the deadliest gang attacks the country has seen in recent years.

Gran Grif gang members stormed through the western Artibonite town of Pont-Sonde on Thursday, killing at least 70 people, including children, and forcing over 6,000 residents to flee.

:: Saint-Marc, Haiti

Before his trip, Conille visited attack victims at a nearby hospital, where he said his government would allocate resources to bolster security in Pont-Sonde.

The massacre caused widespread shock in a country that has grown accustomed to outbreaks of violence with little police presence.

"The gangs control the area, they destroyed it," says local resident Roseline. "They shoot so many people, it hurt us a lot.”

While in the UAE, Conille said he will discuss with his counterpart on how to find regular flows of police to help Haiti's national police combat security.

He will then depart the UAE for Nairobi, Kenya.

:: October 5, 2024

“One of the aims of this trip is to go to Kenya to talk to President (William) Ruto about speeding up the deployment of Kenyan troops as quickly as possible to continue supporting the national police force.”

:: September 30, 2024

Last week, the U.N. Security Council authorized another year of international security force to help Haitian police fight gangs.

The mission has so far made little progress.

Promised international support still lags and nearby nations have deported migrants back home.

Only about 400 – mostly Kenyan – police officers are on the ground.

Thursday’s attack is the latest sign of a worsening conflict in Haiti, where armed gangs control most of Port-au-Prince and are expanding to nearby regions.


'They're all dead': Haitians mourn loved ones after massacre


Updated Mon 7 October 2024 

STORY: These isplaced Haitians are awaiting food handouts after being driven from their homes by gang violence.

Members of the Gran Grif gang stormed through their town of Pont-Sonde last week, killing at least 70 people and forcing over 6,000 residents to flee with few belongings.

Many of them came to the nearby city of Saint-Marc.

“I lost many many relatives,” says this woman displaced by the gang attack. “Nieces, cousins, aunts, uncles, they’re all dead. They were buried without a funeral.”

The massacre on Thursday was one of the deadliest gang attacks the Caribbean nation has seen in recent years.

The Saint Nicolas Hospital in Saint-Marc treated some of the victims.

One of them is Tcharlith Charles, who says he narrowly escaped death.

"As the gang member approached me, he didn’t point the barrel at me, the gun was facing the ground. I believe in God, I prayed as he tried to fire, it didn’t work."

Gran Grif gang leader Luckson Elan took responsibility for the massacre, saying it was in retaliation for civilians remaining passive while police and vigilante groups killed his soldiers.

Haitian gangs outgun and outnumber the national police force.

And they’ve grown in power as the government has weakened.

Promised international support still lags and nearby nations have deported migrants back to the country.

On Monday, the head of a rotating presidency that is running the country said he would not ratify the handover to the man in line to take over from him, citing unresolved corruption accusations against three other council members.

The break creates fresh uncertainty in the aftermath of the massacre.

The council was formed to replace the government of former Prime Minister Ariel Henry, who was forced to step down amid gang conflicts that have killed thousands and forced over 700,000 people from their homes




UN extends Kenyan policing mission in Haiti in futile attempt to tackle gangs

Amalendu Misra, Professor of International Politics, Lancaster University
Tue 8 October 2024

Haiti is being choked to death by its 200 or so violent criminal gangs. The latest figures to be released by the UN suggest that more than 3,600 people have been killed in the country since January, including over 100 children, while more than 500,000 Haitians have been displaced.

The situation prompted the country’s unelected prime minister, Ariel Henry, to resign in April. And, two months later, a Kenyan-led policing mission tasked with establishing order was deployed to the Caribbean nation. But the operation has so far struggled to rein in the gangs.

So, the UN security council unanimously adopted a resolution on September 30 to extend the mandate of the mission for another year. There was consensus that the law-and-order situation in Haiti is still deteriorating by the day.

The move to extend the mission is, in my opinion, hollow and fails to address the real challenges on the ground. It doesn’t tackle the rampant arms trafficking that is fuelling the violence in Haiti, nor does it secure the funding that will allow the mission to operate effectively.

Read more: How Haiti became a failed state

Haiti has no firearms or ammunition manufacturing capabilities. Yet the country’s gangs are brutalising the masses with all sorts of sophisticated small arms, including sniper rifles, pump-action shotguns and automatic weapons of every kind.

All of these weapons originate outside of the island, primarily from the US, but also from neighbouring Dominican Republic and Jamaica. Experts say lax firearm laws in the US states of Arizona, Florida and Georgia have created a sophisticated arms peddling racket into Haiti.

There is no exact number for how many trafficked firearms are currently in Haiti. But Haiti’s disarmament commission estimated in 2020 that there could be as many as 500,000 small arms in Haiti illegally – a number that is now likely to be even higher. This figure dwarfs the 38,000 registered firearms in the country.

The effectiveness of the Kenyan operation is also being undermined by gross resource limitations. While the mission was approved by the UN security council, it is not a UN operation and relies on voluntary financial contributions. It was originally promised US$600 million (£458 million) by UN member nations, but it has received only a fraction of that fund.

According to Human Rights Watch, the mission has so far received a mere US$85 million in contributions through a trust fund set up by the UN. Haiti’s former colonial master, France, and several other G7 countries have not been so forthcoming.

Inadequate funding has hindered the procurement of advanced weaponry, delayed the payment of police officers’ salaries and has prevented the deployment of more forces on the ground.

Just 400 Kenyan officers and two dozen policemen from Jamaica have arrived in Haiti so far. This is significantly less than the 2,500 officers pledged initially by various countries including Chad, Benin, Bangladesh and Barbados.

This financial woe has had a negative impact not only on the morale of Kenyan police officers, but it has also made Haitians despondent. Haitians are increasingly expressing impatience and disappointment with the Kenyan force in the media and online.

Some critics have accused the officers of being “tourists”, and have pointed out that the gangs have tightened their grip on large swathes of Haiti’s capital, Port-au-Prince, since the mission began.

The pessimism within Haiti was eloquently highlighted by the country’s interim prime minister, Garry Conille, on September 25. Speaking on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly meet in New York, he confessed: “We are nowhere near winning this, and the simple reality is that we won’t without your help.”
Advantage gangs

Finding the Kenyan-led operation a mere irritant, and not a worthy adversary, the gangs have only stepped up the ante. According to a spokesperson for Volker Türk, the UN’s human rights chief, the country’s armed gangs are now doing “everything they can” to maintain control. This has included using sexual assault to instil fear on local populations and expand their influence.

Some UN member nations, such as the US and Ecuador, have requested that a formal UN peacekeeping mission takes place. And, despite previous peacekeeping operations in the country being marred in controversy, Haiti has asked the UN to consider turning the current operation into a peacekeeping mission.

Read more: Haiti: first Kenyan police arrive to help tackle gang violence – but the prospects for success are slim

This mission, which would probably include a larger contingent of troops, should not face the same financial constraints as the current operation. It would have greater visibility on the ground, and more fire power and authority to tackle the gangs.

Past evidence also demonstrates that UN peackeeping missions significantly reduce civilian casualties, shorten conflicts and help make peace agreements stick.

However, the recent push for a peacekeeping mission was thwarted because of opposition by China and Russia, two of the five permanent veto-wielding members of the UN security council.

Beijing and Moscow have consistently argued that political conditions in Haiti are “not conducive” to a new UN peacekeeping operation. They have maintained that the current operation “should reach its full operational capacity before discussing such a transformation”.

Meanwhile, the gangs continue tightening their vice-like grip on the country, with accounts emerging of rampant sexual violence against civilians, the closure of humanitarian corridors, the extension of their territorial control and – of course – even more killings.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Amalendu Misra is a recipient of Nuffield Foundation and British Academy research grants.
Scientists stunned to witness two injured deep-sea ‘jelly’ creatures fuse into one

Vishwam Sankaran
THE INDEPENDENT
Tue 8 October 2024 

Comb jelly in seawater tank (Jokura et al., Current Biology (2024))


Scientists have spotted for the first time two deep-sea “jelly” creatures readily turn into one individual following an injury.

The study, published in the journal Current Biology, may lead to breakthroughs in wound healing, researchers say.

Comb jellies are gelatinous animals related to jellyfish with translucent bodies living in the depths of the sea waters worldwide.


While regular jellyfish use the same opening to eat food and release waste, comb jellies have an anal pore to eject digested food.

They are among some of the earliest animal groups to emerge on Earth with unique nervous systems and strange features compared to other creatures.

In the new study, scientists observed a population of comb jellies kept in a seawater tank in the lab.

Researchers spotted an unusually large individual in the tank with atypical organs.

The comb jelly seemed to have two rare-end lobes and two of a sensory structure called an apical organ, instead of the usual one.

Scientists wondered if this unusual individual arose from the fusion of two injured jellies.

Further studies on the species revealed that over a single night, two individuals can seamlessly become one “with no apparent separation between them”, according to researchers.

When scientists poked at one of the lobes, the whole of the fused creature appeared to react with a startling response, suggesting there was no separation.

“We were astonished to observe that mechanical stimulation applied to one side of the fused ctenophore resulted in a synchronized muscle contraction on the other side,” study co-author Kei Jokura from the the University of Exeter said.

“The data imply that two separate individuals can rapidly merge their nervous systems and share action potentials,” Dr Jokura said.

In just about two hours, 95 per cent of the fused animal’s muscle contractions were found to be completely synchronous.

When the creature fed on fluorescently labelled brine shrimp, scientists found that the food particles went down the fused canal revealing that the animal’s digestive system was also fused.

The comb jelly expelled waste products from both its anuses, but not at the same time.

Researchers are perplexed how the fusion of two individuals into one helps the comb jellies as a survival strategy.

They hope future studies can unravel gaps in knowledge about the species.

Scientists say the latest discovery can also help better understand how the immune system recognises an entity as foreign.

“The capability of transplanted tissue to functionally integrate is unclear in many organisms,” researchers write.

“Our observations warrant further research into understanding the evolution of self–nonself recognition,” they say.

A better understanding of this process could lead to developments in research on regeneration and transplantation.

“Unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying this fusion could advance these crucial research areas,” Dr Jokura says.


Watch: Jellyfish fuse together when they’re injured, scientists discover by accident

Joe Pinkstone
TELEGRAPH
Mon 7 October 2024 

Two comb jelly fish quickly turned into one after suffering injuries


Some jellyfish can fuse together when injured to help their odds of survival, scientists have found.

Comb jellies have been caught on camera joining their movements into one, including a singular digestive tract to allow them to share food.

Scientists at Exeter University investigated this odd survival trait when they noticed one particularly large comb jelly in a seawater tank. The animal appeared to be one organism, but had two back ends and sensory structures.

Further experiments saw the team remove chunks of comb jellyfish bodies and put them in a tank and in nine out of 10 cases the two animals fused together.

When the animals were poked or prodded, the chimaera also responded as one entity, indicating a shared nervous system, the scientists say.







‘Rapidly merge’

“Our findings suggest that ctenophores may lack a system for allorecognition, which is the ability to distinguish between self and others,” said Dr Kei Jokura, the study’s author.

“Additionally, the data imply that two separate individuals can rapidly merge their nervous systems and share action potentials.”

Further study showed that two individuals become one overnight with no apparent separation.

Dr Jokura said: “We were astonished to observe that mechanical stimulation applied to one side of the fused ctenophore resulted in a synchronised muscle contraction on the other side.”

The fused comb jellies had some individual movements for the first hour post-blending, but within two hours 95 per cent of the fused animal’s muscle contractions were completely synchronous.

The study, published in Current Biology, fed the fused jellyfish glowing shrimp and saw the food passed through one digestive system.
Research on regeneration

However, the comb jelly expelled waste products from both its anuses at different times.

The scientific team say it is unclear how the fusion of two individuals into one functions as a way of survival, and hope that more research investigates the phenomenon.

Dr Jokura said: “The allorecognition mechanisms are related to the immune system, and the fusion of nervous systems is closely linked to research on regeneration.

“Unravelling the molecular mechanisms underlying this fusion could advance these crucial research areas.”


Comb jellies fuse together when injured, study finds


Nicola Davis Science correspondent
THE GUARDIAN
Mon 7 October 2024 

A comb jelly in the Bohol Sea, off the Philippines.Photograph: Alamy


It might not be what the Spice Girls envisaged when they sang 2 Become 1, but scientists have found comb jellies do actually fuse together if they are injured.

Researchers studying a species of the gelatinous marine invertebrates known as “sea walnuts” said they made the discovery after spotting an unusually shaped individual in the laboratory tank.

“I was very excited,” said Dr Oscar Arenas, co-author of the work, from the University of California, Berkeley.

Writing in the journal Current Biology, the team reports that, among other features, the creature appeared to have two “aboral ends”, or backsides.

In addition, Arenas said, the animal had two mouths – something the team had never seen before.

“This led us to wonder if it was the result of two independent animals fusing,” he said. “That same night, we began trying to replicate this observation.”

The team took pairs of sea walnuts – collected from different sites at different times – and, for each, removed part of the side of the body. Each pair was then pinned together overnight with their injuries touching.

The results revealed that, in nine out of 10 cases, the individuals had fused.

“Once we realised we could consistently reproduce the fusion, we shortened the time, and eventually we found the fusion occurred within a few hours in a petri dish,” Arenas said.

The team notes it is not the first time the grafting of comb jellies – or ctenophores – has been reported, but they say their experiments expand upon such observations.

Among other findings, the team found when they prodded one side of the fused creature both individuals jerked and contracted, a result that suggests the nervous systems of the pair might have merged, they say.

Arenas said the finding was exciting because very little is known about the ctenophore nervous system.

“Moreover, given that ctenophores are now considered descendants of the ancestors of all other animals, studying how their nervous system works is crucial for understanding the basic principles of neuronal function,” he said.

“Beyond that, our observations suggest that ctenophores might serve as an excellent model for investigating evolutionary processes of self-recognition systems and advancing our understanding of tissue grafting and regeneration in many tissues, including the nervous system.”

The idea that the nervous systems had merged was supported by the discovery that, one hour after the comb jellies were paired, their muscle contractions started to synchronise. An experiment involving six fused pairs suggested 95% of contractions within each pair were completely synchronous after two hours.

The researchers found that when they fed fluorescently labelled food to one of the comb jellies, particles passed into the digestive system of the other. The digested waste products, however, were expelled from both anuses in an unsynchronised manner.

Arenas said the study suggested comb jellies had few mechanisms for distinguishing their own tissues from those of others of the same species.

“I am convinced that it provides insight into the molecular mechanism of how single cells recognise themselves when they coalesce to become multicellular animals.”
UK

Water firms ordered by Ofwat to pay back customers more than £157m
Sky News
Updated Tue 8 October 2024 at 3:23 am GMT-6·3-min read




Water firms in England and Wales have been ordered to return £157.6m to customers due to their poor performance.

Ofwat said the money would come off bills for households and businesses in 2025-26, with the total rebates set to be calculated in December.

Last year, the water regulator ordered firms to repay £114m as part of a similar move.

Ofwat said the results of its annual report on water company performance showed "disappointing results" and that money alone was not enough to address the problems facing the industry.

The regulator also warned that firms were "falling further behind on key targets", with nine out of 11 suppliers experiencing an increase in "pollution incidents" in 2023.

It comes as water bills in England and Wales are set to rise by an average of 21% over the next five years.

Ofwat's chief executive David Black said: "This year's performance report is stark evidence that money alone will not bring the sustained improvements that customers rightly expect.

"It is clear that companies need to change and that has to start with addressing issues of culture and leadership. Too often we hear that weather, third parties or external factors are blamed for shortcomings."

He added: "Companies must implement actions now to improve performance, be more dynamic, agile and on the front foot of issues. And not wait until the government or regulators tell them to act."

Ofwat's report also found that while there had been progress made on leaks, firms had only managed a 6% annual reduction – against a target of 16% by 2025.

However, four water companies – South East Water, South West Water, Thames Water and Yorkshire Water – were upgraded by the regulator from "lagging behind" to "average", but it said performance improvements were inconsistent across the sector.

Anglian Water, Welsh Water and Southern Water were all categorised as "lagging behind".

No firm managed to achieve the regulator's top rating of "leading".

Matthew Topham from We Own It, which is campaigning for the nationalisation of the water industry, said: "Today's action, while a welcome respite from skyrocketing bills, exposes the Catch-22 at the heart of water privatisation.

"Water firms, which desperately need cash to stay afloat, let alone invest to end sewage pollution, will rightly hand back millions they've unfairly taken from the public.

"[But] rather than punishing the shareholders behind these failures, our rivers and seas will suffer from even greater underfunding, and the public from future bill hikes in following years, to cover these costs."

Earlier this summer, the regulator announced it was investigating all wastewater companies due to concerns that some may not be meeting their obligation to minimise pollution.

In August, Ofwat announced that three firms - Northumbrian Water, Thames Water and Yorkshire Water - were facing a combined fine of £168m for a series of failings, including over sewage treatment.

Last year, industry body Water UK apologised on behalf of firms for "not acting quickly enough" on spills.

Years of under-investment by privately-run firms combined with ageing water infrastructure, a growing population and more extreme weather caused by climate change have seen the quality of England's rivers, lakes and oceans plummet in recent years.

Some water utilities are also creaking under high levels of debt or face criticism over dividends to shareholders and executive bonuses.

Environment Secretary Steve Reed said: "Our waterways should be a source of national pride, but years of pollution and underinvestment have left them in a perilous state.

"The public deserves better. That's why we are placing water companies under special measures through the Water Bill, which will strengthen regulation including new powers to ban the payment of bonuses for polluting water bosses and bring criminal charges against persistent law breakers.

"We will be carrying out a full review of the water sector to shape further legislation that will fundamentally transform how our entire water system works and clean up our rivers, lakes and seas for good."


Earth’s ‘vital signs’ show humanity’s future in balance, say climate experts

Damian Carrington Environment editor
THE GUARDIAN
Tue 8 October 2024 


The report said the Earth was entering a ‘critical and unpredictable new phase of the climate crisis’.Photograph: Angelos Tzortzinis/AFP/Getty Images

Many of the Earth’s “vital signs” have hit record extremes, indicating that “the future of humanity hangs in the balance”, a group of the world’s most senior climate experts has said.

More and more scientists are now looking into the possibility of societal collapse, said the report, which assessed 35 vital signs in 2023 and found that 25 were worse than ever recorded, including carbon dioxide levels and human population. This indicates a “critical and unpredictable new phase of the climate crisis”, they said.

The temperature of the Earth’s surface and oceans hit an all-time high, driven by record burning of fossil fuels, the report found. Human population is increasing at the rate of approximately 200,000 people a day and the number of cattle and sheep by 170,000 a day, all adding to record greenhouse gas emissions.


The scientists identified 28 feedback loops, including increasing emissions from melting permafrost, which could help trigger multiple tipping points, such as the collapse of the massive Greenland icecap.

Global heating is driving increasingly deadly extreme weather across the world, they said, including hurricanes in the US and 50C heatwaves in India, with billions of people now exposed to extreme heat.

The scientists said their goal was “to provide clear, evidence-based insights that inspire informed and bold responses from citizens to researchers and world leaders – we just want to act truthfully and tell it like it is”. Decisive, fast action was imperative, they said, to limit human suffering, including slashing fossil fuel burning and methane emissions, cutting overconsumption and waste by the rich, and encouraging a switch towards plant-based foods.

“We’re already in the midst of abrupt climate upheaval, which jeopardises life on Earth like nothing humans have ever seen,” said Prof William Ripple, at Oregon State University (OSU), US, who co-led the group. “Ecological overshoot – taking more than the Earth can safely give – has pushed the planet into climatic conditions more threatening than anything witnessed even by our prehistoric relatives.”

“Climate change has already displaced millions of people, with the potential to displace hundreds of millions or even billions,” he said. “That would likely lead to greater geopolitical instability, possibly even partial societal collapse.”

The assessment, published in the journal Bioscience, said the concentrations of CO2 and methane in the atmosphere were at record levels. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, 80 times more powerful than CO2 over 20 years, and is emitted by fossil fuel operationswaste dumps, cattle and rice fields. “The growth rate of methane emissions has been accelerating, which is extremely troubling,” said Dr Christopher Wolf, formerly at OSU and who co-led the team.Interactive

While wind and solar energy grew by 15% in 2023, the researchers said, coal, oil and gas still dominated. They said there was “stiff resistance from those benefiting financially from the current fossil-fuel based system”.

The report included the results of a Guardian survey of hundreds of senior climate experts in May, which found only 6% believed that the internationally agreed limit of 1.5C would be achieved. “The fact is that avoiding every tenth of a degree of warming is critically important,” the researchers said. “Each tenth places an extra 100 million people into unprecedented hot average temperatures.”

The researchers said global heating was part of a wider crisis, which included pollution, the destruction of nature and rising economic inequality: “Climate change is a glaring symptom of a deeper systemic issue: ecological overshoot, [which] is an inherently unstable state that cannot persist indefinitely. As the risk of Earth’s climate system switching to a catastrophic state rises, more and more scientists have begun to research the possibility of societal collapse. Even in the absence of global collapse, climate change could cause many millions of additional deaths by 2050. We need bold, transformative change.”Interactive

Among the policies the scientists recommend for rapid adoption are gradually reducing the human population through empowering education and rights for girls and women, protecting restoring, or rewilding ecosystems, and integrating climate change education into global curriculums to boost awareness and action.

The assessment concludes: “Only through decisive action can we safeguard the natural world, avert profound human suffering, and ensure that future generations inherit the livable world they deserve. The future of humanity hangs in the balance.”

The world’s nations will meet at the UN’s Cop29 climate summit in Azerbaijan in November. “It’s imperative that huge progress is made,” Ripple said.

Scientists recently checked up on Earth's 'vital signs.' So how are we doing?

CBC
Tue 8 October 2024 

Cows roam an area of the Amazon rainforest that's been recently deforested in Brazil. In recent years, the rate of deforestation has declined, which the lead author of a new report that checks up on Earth's 'vital signs' attributes to new conservationist leadership in Brazil. (Eraldo Peres/Associated Press - image credit)


Scientists have given the planet a check-up — and all is not well.

A major new report on what the authors describe as the world's "vital signs," published Tuesday in the journal BioScience, presents a grim picture of where the planet is headed.

The assessment was prepared by some of the world's top climate scientists and builds on a previous analysis backed by more than 15,000 scientists.

Entitled "The 2024 state of the climate report: Perilous times," the assessment found that 25 of the 35 of the measurements used to track the planet's climate risk, from ocean temperatures to tree cover loss, are at record levels.

These measures look at both how humans are changing the planet, and how the planet is responding.

"We are on the brink of an irreversible climate disaster," the authors wrote. "This is a global emergency beyond any doubt."

At the same time, the report also found some surprising signs of progress that experts say point to a path forward. And that's where we'll start.

Some environmental progress

Two charts in the report show signs of environmental progress.

The first looked at how much of the Amazon rainforest has been lost every year. In recent years, the rate of deforestation has declined.

William Ripple, lead author and professor at Oregon State University, calls the Amazon development "really important good news," which he attributes to new conservationist leadership in Brazil.

The rainforest stores an estimated 123 billion tonnes of carbon, according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, roughly equivalent to four years of global emissions if it were to be released as CO2.

The other chart looks at how much energy consumption can be attributed to renewable energy.

The production of renewables has surged, as the chart shows — although the amount of oil, coal and gas also continues to climb. Climate change is driven primarily by the burning of fossil fuels.

"Solar and wind energy are increasing dramatically," Ripple said. "It's still many times lower than fossil fuel, but the trend is deep and upward — and that is promising."

Emissions still climbing

Overall, however, we are emitting more greenhouse gases than ever, on both a global and individual level.

Prof. Sarah Burch, executive director of the Waterloo Climate Institute, says she sees a glimmer of hope in the face of these numbers.

Burch said even though fossil-fuel consumption hasn't levelled off or declined, it is slowing down — and ultimately that could lead to a more clear shift in how we produce energy.

"That's just how things change," explained Burch, who was not involved with the report.

She warns that this doesn't mean we shouldn't be "more ambitious, more creative and more honest about our progress. But we are making progress."

Climate-related disasters

These next charts from the report illustrate how devastating climate-related disasters have been.

Wildfires and floods are on the rise around the world, and the planet is experiencing more and more days of extreme heat.

The Maligne Lodge hotel is one of the structures that burned in Jasper, Alta., after a wildfire reached the townsite Wednesday evening.

The Maligne Lodge hotel is one of the structures that burned in Jasper, Alta., after a wildfire reached the townsite this July, resulting in $880 million in insured damages. Given the scale of fires in 2023, this year's wildfire season wasn't quite as bad, but it was still quietly devastating. (Name withheld)

"We're having these heat waves and floods and hurricanes and they're becoming more frequent and more intense and leaving trails of devastation worldwide," said Prof. Jillian Gregg, an ecologist at Oregon State University who also contributed to the report.

Canada has seen this first-hand, with the 2023 wildfire season smashing records, followed by another quietly devastating year in 2024.

The increase in extreme weather, Ripple says, is exemplified by last month's Hurricane Helene, which devastated parts of Florida and North Carolina.

He pointed out that even Asheville, N.C., which had been celebrated as a "climate haven" because of its temperate weather, wasn't safe from a storm like Helene, which was made more powerful more quickly by our warming oceans.

We're growing, we're eating

As these disasters play out, the world's population continues to grow, and we are producing — and eating — more livestock every year.

The ruminant livestock population, which includes animals such as cows, sheep and goats, is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions.

It is increasing at a pace of roughly 170,000 animals per day, according to the report.

While fossil fuels are the main driver of climate change, agricultural emissions, which include methane, are also a significant contributor.

According to Our World in Data's analysis of UN figures, an estimated 80 per cent of agricultural land on the planet is used for grazing and growing feed for livestock.

A negative feedback loop occurs as food production is then threatened by drought and other extreme weather events, strengthened and lengthened by climate change.

Funding the fuel

The last chart shows the subsidies provided to the fossil fuel industry, a dynamic experts say has, for years, delayed the transition to renewable energy.

Many international organizations have called for an end to fossil fuel subsidies, and according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), global subsidies surpassed $7 trillion US for the first time last year, with Canada doling out $2 billion in fossil fuel subsidies.

"It's not remotely a level playing field," said Naomi Oreskes, another co-author and a history of science professor at Harvard University.

"If we were to wipe out all subsidies all together, renewable energies would beat the pants off of fossil fuels."
UK Government backs police action against shows of support for Hezbollah

Ellie Ng, PA
Sun, October 6, 2024

The Government has backed police to take action against protesters who show support for Hezbollah, after one man was arrested for allegedly shouting support for the banned organisation during a march in central London.

Tens of thousands of pro-Palestinian demonstrators marched through the capital on Saturday, meeting counter-protests at several points on their route.

The Metropolitan Police arrested two people on suspicion of supporting a proscribed organisation, with one man held after allegedly shouting support for Hezbollah near a pro-Israel counter-demonstration, according to the force.


Science and Technology Secretary Peter Kyle said the police have ‘our full support’ to take action against people carrying signs suggesting support for Hezbollah (Jordan Pettitt/PA)


Another man was arrested on suspicion of wearing or displaying an article indicating support for Hamas, which is also a proscribed organisation, after he was allegedly spotted wearing a parachute, the Met said.

Proscription is the banning of an organisation based on an assessment that it commits or participates in, prepares for, promotes or encourages, or is otherwise concerned in terrorism, according to the Home Office.

It is a crime in the UK to belong to, express support, invite support for or arrange a meeting to back any proscribed organisation.

Images of protesters holding placards that read “I love Hezbollah” have circulated online, and police said they are working to identify those involved.

Counter pro-Israeli demonstrations took place in London on Saturday (Ben Bauer/PA)

In an update on Sunday afternoon, the Met said a “number of further potential offences have come to light on social media” and released a series of images in an appeal for the public’s help to identify people.

Science and Technology Secretary Peter Kyle said the police have “our full support” should they take action against people carrying signs suggesting support for Hezbollah.

Speaking to the BBC’s Sunday With Laura Kuenssberg programme, he said: “Yesterday in the protests there was a lot of peaceful protest but there were people who were carrying signs as the one that you have just described.

“That is a criminal act, supporting a proscribed terrorist organisation such as Hezbollah is a criminal act.”


He added: “The Home Secretary, the Prime Minister said very clearly yesterday that the police have our full support should they take action against people carrying signs like that.”

On Saturday, Home Secretary Yvette Cooper posted to X: “Hezbollah is a proscribed terrorist organisation. Promoting it in Britain is a criminal offence.

“Extremism has no place on Britain’s streets. The police have our support in pursuing those breaking the law today.”

Police made 17 arrests in total around the demonstrations in London on Saturday, as part of a “significant” policing operation in place across the capital in response to planned protest and memorial events marking the anniversary of the October 7 attacks in Israel.



There were eight arrests on suspicion of public order offences, four of which were allegedly racially aggravated.

Three people were arrested on suspicion of assaulting an emergency worker, three arrested on suspicion of common assault and one person was arrested on suspicion of breaching a Public Order Act condition.

Tess Yasser, of the Palestinian Youth Movement, told the PA news agency on Saturday: “We’re here today as part of the international day of action that the Palestinian people have called for to demand a full arms embargo.

“We’re commemorating one year of genocide, one year of resistance. We’ve seen that the genocide has been a form of collective punishment on the people of Gaza who dare to resist a 17-year siege on them which has been inflicted by Israel.


People took part in a silent funeral procession through Edinburgh city centre as part of the Scottish National Demonstration for Palestine on Saturday (Lesley Martin/PA)

“They will continue to resist until the genocide is over and they see the full liberation of their lands and their people.”

Pro-Palestinian demonstrators also took to the streets in Edinburgh and Dublin on Saturday.

On Sunday afternoon, a memorial event will be held in London’s Hyde Park, organised by the Board of Deputies of British Jews, the Jewish Leadership Council and other groups.