Saturday, December 18, 2021

Topalov: Carlsen “should give his brain to science”

Former FIDE World Champion Veselin Topalov puts Magnus Carlsen’s success down to his ability to function normally in the 6th and 7th hour of a game of chess. He was interviewed about the Carlsen-Nepomniachtchi match and more by Evgeny Surov at the opening ceremony of the 4th Salamanca Chess Festival. Veselin also suggested that the World Chess Championship could switch to a knockout system.


Veselin Topalov talks to Romain Édouard, a late replacement for Nigel Short | photo: Romain's Twitter

Veselin Topalov is the top seed for the Salamanca Chess Festival, where the main event is an 8-player tournament taking place at the University of Salamanca. The time control is slow rapid, with 40 minutes per game per player plus a 5-second increment after each move. 


The Opening Ceremony of the Salamanca Chess Festival | photo: official website

Before the tournament began Veselin Topalov talked to Evgeny Surov for chessnews.ru.


Evgeny SurovVeselin, welcome! I haven’t seen you for a long time. How are you living now? What are you doing?

Veselin Topalov: How to say… There are no big changes. I haven’t played much online and overall, since the pandemic began, I’ve been living a family life. There are periods when you have the impression that it’s better not to do anything and to wait it out. It seems the time has come when inactivity is better than activity. I’ve played rapid chess, but I haven’t take part in any major tournaments.

What were your impressions of the World Championship match?

In my view too much was expected of Nepomniachtchi. I, at least, wanted the match to be more hard-fought, but unfortunately… The last time there was such a difference in class was in 2008, when Anand played Kramnik.

In this match the openings didn’t influence the result. Magnus’s huge advantage is that he’s able to play well for a very long time, to make a lot of good moves, as if forever. His brain works well after the fifth, sixth or seventh hour of play.

And how does he achieve that?

You need to ask him… In my view he should give his brain to science, and only then can we find out. And physically he’s very strong, which also helps.

Incidentally, in your best years you were considered one of the most resilient chess players.

That’s something else. To get into good physical shape isn’t so tough, but the structure of his brain is, in my view, very specific. I repeat: after the seventh hour his brain works at almost the same level as in the second hour. Very many people are capable of playing decently for three, four or five hours, but in the 6th-7th hour almost everyone crashes. He, however, plays very evenly. That’s his main advantage over the rest. 


Veselin Topalov had the best reaction ever during a post-mortem after the last round of the 2014 Sinquefield Cup

So you think that nowadays there isn’t a chess player who could play a match against him on a level footing?

For now I don’t see anyone. Sooner or later, when he’s 35-40, he’ll lose his title [unless Magnus concedes the title without playing first], but now he’s simply in his prime. Besides, he has such a style that he simply tortures his opponents in “dull” positions. 90% of players lose interest in such positions, but it’s as if it doesn’t matter to him. It’s very tough to adapt to such a style and it’s hard to fight against. The opening has nothing to do with it. Let’s take that sixth game of the match: Nepomniachtchi made 120 good moves, and it turned out that wasn’t enough!

And as far as modern chess in 2020-2021 goes… Has it changed in comparison to what we saw even 7-8 years ago?

Yes. The trend is that the match won’t be of any more interest. People expect a great deal from a World Championship match, and I don’t know why. In such matches the result is more important, it’s sport and not a show. No-one will play the King’s Gambit. Of course, you can speed up the time control, and maybe that wouldn’t be such a bad idea… But if everything stays as it is, the drawish tendencies will only grow. Computers aren’t going to start playing any worse, and the openings will be analysed further and further. We were actually lucky that the match turned out to be so decisive.

Do we need such a match at all?

I’m not convinced. In general I’m not against the knockout system. Of course, it includes an element of luck, but while you’re playing you can become the World Champion. That’s the big advantage of such a format. But if you make it a knockout, then an annual one. It can’t be every three years.

And the winner gets the World Championship title?

Yes, let’s say at the end of each year.

We had that once. People criticised it: we got the wrong champions…

Of course. Where I’m coming from is that no ideal system exists. Knockouts, and tournaments, and matches, all have their advantages and flaws. But if it’s nevertheless going to be a knockout, then every year.


Romain Édouard is playing in Salamanca as a late replacement for Nigel Short, who is unfortunately fighting a COVID infection. The French Grandmaster was a long-term second of Topalov’s and produced a chess24 video series on Veselin’s play.

There’s going to be lots more rapid and blitz chess coming up in the next week or two. On Friday 17th December Jan-Krzysztof Duda will be the clear favourite for the European Blitz Championship in Katowice, Poland, with the Rapid Championship taking place on Saturday and Sunday.

Saturday 18th December is also when the Vugar Gashimov Memorial begins in Baku, Azerbaijan, with an impressive 8-player line-up of Vishy Anand, Fabiano Caruana, Shakhriyar Mamedyarov, Sergey Karjakin, Richard Rapport, David Navara, Rauf Mamedov and Vugar Asadli.

Then from December 26-30 it’s the big one, the World Rapid and Blitz Championship, hastily rearranged to take place in the Polish capital of Warsaw after COVID restrictions made playing the event in Kazakhstan impossible. Magnus Carlsen is set to top the field, with the event taking place in the Polish national stadium.

We’ll have live commentary here on chess24! 

The world’s largest wind farm will power up before end of 2021


Michelle Lewis
- Dec. 16th 2021 


The UK’s Hornsea Two offshore wind farm, soon to be the world’s largest when it’s completed in 2022, will produce its first power before December 31 of this year.

139 of Hornsea Two’s 165 Siemens Gamesa 8.4 megawatt (MW) wind turbines are installed, and all of the wind farm’s inter-array cables are now in place, reports Offshorewind.biz.

Hornsea Two’s first wind turbine was installed in May, and the majority of the blades were delivered from the Siemens Gamesa factory in Hull.

Danish wind giant Ørsted’s 1.38 gigawatt (GW) offshore wind farm is 55 miles (89 kilometers) northeast of Grimsby, in Lincolnshire. It’s 462 square kilometers (178 square miles) in size. It sits next to its sister project, the 1.2 GW Hornsea One.
Hornsea Two substation Photo: Ørsted
It features an offshore substation and a reactive compensation station. The final export cable was pulled into the reactive compensation station (RCS) in November, according to Ørsted.

As Electrek reported in October:

An RCS is required because of cable length, so it will compensate for reactive power losses in order to ensure power transmission efficiency. Both the offshore substation and the RCS were built in and transported by sea from the Sembcorp Marine facility in Singapore.

Hornsea Two will come fully online next year, when it will power more than 1.3 million UK homes.

Hornsea Two’s superlative status will be temporary, because it will be dethroned by the 4.8 GW Dogger Bank, off the Yorkshire coast in the UK, once it’s completed in 2026, as well as other global projects in the pipeline.

Read more: Offshore wind could power the whole world, says IEA

Photo: Ørsted
SPECULATIVE TECHNO
Sustaera Closes $10 million Series A Financing to Develop Low-Cost Direct Air Capture Technology

Unique technology serves the emerging Carbon Removal market with solution costing <$100/ton at scale

CARY, N.C.--()--Sustaera, a direct air capture (DAC) carbon dioxide removal company spun-out of Susteon Inc., announced the closing of its $10M Series A financing round led by Breakthrough Energy Ventures and Grantham Trust’s Neglected Climate Opportunities LLC. Seed R&D funding was provided by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and North Carolina’s Department of Commerce through multiple grants including one in partnership with Columbia University over the past several years. Sustaera will use the investment to accelerate its research and development program and build its first pilot plant.

“We applaud Sustaera’s important work on carbon dioxide removal”

Limiting global temperatures between 1.5°C and 2°C will require significant and rapid scaling of carbon dioxide removal technologies. IPCC’s scenarios call for ~10 Gt/y of negative emissions by 2050 to achieve 1.5°C pathway of which DAC is to contribute up to 6 Gt/y. Sustaera’s low-cost DAC technology has the potential to provide a real pathway to meet these global carbon dioxide removal targets. At scale, Sustaera projects it will capture a ton of CO2 for less than $100/ton, serving the significant emerging Carbon Removal market projected to be >$ 1Trillion by 2030.

Sustaera’s DAC system is uniquely powered by carbon-free energy and differentiated by use of abundantly available natural minerals repurposed as carbon dioxide capture sorbents, as well as use of a modular component design to allow Sustaera to rapidly scale this technology using existing supply chains and manufacturing infrastructure. These benefits combined with significantly lower land requirements than land-based or natural CO2 capture methods, makes Sustaera a true pioneer of DAC 2.0.

“Sustaera plans to offer commercial DAC systems starting at 10 tons per day that can be multiplied to create facilities capable of capturing thousands of tons of carbon dioxide per day, with a goal of removing 500 million tons cumulatively over the next 20 years,” said Co-founder and Chief Executive Officer Shantanu Agarwal.

The Sustaera team is comprised of engineers who have experience building both small and commercial scale carbon capture plants in the past. Sustaera’s sorbent can be regenerated with renewable electricity at lower temperatures, thus significantly reducing the amount of energy required which often represents more than half of the total capture cost. Sustaera plans to initially sell credits in the voluntary market with Stripe as its first customer, and is in early discussions with several interested stakeholders.

“Sustaera’s Direct Air Capture technology is based on more than 100 person-years of R&D and technology scaleup experience in material science, sorbent chemistry, process design and engineering, and sorbent manufacturing,“ said Dr. Raghubir Gupta, Co-Founder and Chief Technology Officer, who has worked on the development and commercialization of several carbon capture and utilization technologies over the last 30 years. “We are excited to play an impactful role in capturing atmospheric carbon dioxide at scale to restore the planet’s temperature.”

Carmichael Roberts, Breakthrough Energy Ventures, said, “Sustaera's technology is positioned to accelerate the deployment of cost-efficient DAC globally using existing supply chains. This is the type of solution we look for, designed to scale quickly and provide a viable economic negative emission pathway.”

Kevin Tidwell, managing director at Grantham Environmental Trust, said in the announcement that, “We operate with a ‘Race of our Lives’ mindset where every small fraction of a degree will really matter. The Sustaera team, with their daily obsessions to find ways to cost-effectively reach a scale, as soon as possible, gives us great hope. We are grateful for their partnership.”

“We applaud Sustaera’s important work on carbon dioxide removal,” said Dr. Jennifer Wilcox, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary in the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management. “And we’re excited that DOE’s seed investment is helping to advance their innovative DAC system, which has the potential to ultimately capture millions of tons of carbon dioxide.”

Sustaera is currently recruiting mechanical, electrical, chemical, process engineers, material scientists, chemists, and entrepreneurial business majors to support its growth. To learn more about job openings and the company, visit www.sustaera.com.

About Sustaera

Based in Cary, North Carolina, Sustaera is a Direct Air Capture technology startup with deep expertise in carbon capture, separations chemistry and process scale-up. Sustaera’s mission is to deliver low-cost, scalable, carbon removal systems to the world to “Restore the Carbon Balance”. Sustaera’s core technology is based on several breakthroughs in material science, process design, and modular manufacturing. The company is building its first demonstration unit in North Carolina in 2022. More information at www.sustaera.com

About Breakthrough Energy Ventures

Backed by many of the world’s top business leaders, Breakthrough Energy Ventures (BEV) invests in cutting-edge companies that will lead the world to net-zero emissions. BEV has more than $2 billion in committed capital to support bold entrepreneurs building companies that can significantly reduce emissions from agriculture, buildings, electricity, manufacturing, and transportation. BEV’s strategy links government-funded research and patient, risk-tolerant capital to bring transformative clean energy innovations to market as quickly as possible.

The first fund was created in 2016 as part of the Breakthrough Energy network of initiatives and entities, which include investment funds, non-profit and philanthropic programs, and policy efforts linked by a shared commitment to scale the technologies needed to address climate change and achieve a path to net zero emissions by 2050. Visit www.breakthroughenergy.org to learn more.

About Grantham Trust’s Neglected Climate Opportunities

Neglected Climate Opportunities LLC is a climate-focused venture capital vehicle that is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Jeremy and Hannelore Grantham Environmental Trust. NCO invests to redesign energy systems, improve soil health, spare the ocean from acidification, and directly recapture carbon from the atmosphere. The Grantham Environmental Trust and its affiliate, the Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment, believe that innovation and technology are the best hope for an enduring future. The Grantham Trust and Foundation have, for over 15 years, focused almost exclusively on climate change mitigation and currently support over eighty grantees and forty portfolio companies around the world.

Contacts

Shantanu Agarwal
news@sustaera.com

Part two of EU climate plan to tackle buildings, methane and natural gas

By Kate Abnett - Tuesday

BRUSSELS (Reuters) -European Union policymakers on Wednesday set out a second set of proposals to cut emissions across its economy this decade and to put it on track for net zero greenhouse gas output by 2050.

In July, the 27-country bloc became the first of the world's major emitters to map out a detailed plan to meet its climate https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/wrapup-eu-launches-big-climate-plan-our-children-grandchildren-2021-07-14 targets with legislative proposals including bigger carbon markets and a phase-out of combustion engine car sales.

The European Commission proposed a second, smaller set of regulations on Wednesday, which is focussed on buildings, methane emissions and natural gas.

Taken together, the measures aim to ensure the EU - the world's third-largest emitter - meets its goal to cut net greenhouse gas emissions 55% by 2030, from 1990 levels. By 2019, EU emissions were 24% lower than in 1990.

"Europe needs to turn the page on fossil fuels and move to cleaner energy sources. This includes replacing fossil gas with renewable and low carbon gases," EU climate policy chief Frans Timmermans said.

Each proposal faces months of tough talks between member states and the European Parliament before becoming law, with countries split over issues such as the role of gas in the transition and how to help fossil fuel-dependent communities.

The measures proposed on Wednesday include a reform of EU gas markets, which aims to integrate low-carbon gases such as hydrogen into the network, but did not offer the firm phase-out plan for fossil gas that campaigners have called for.

Europe's natural gas consumption will need to drop in the coming decades to meet climate goals. For now, gas provides around a quarter of EU energy - meaning countries are exposed to volatile prices, which have hit record highs in recent months.

The Commission also proposed a system to allow countries to jointly buy gas to form strategic reserves, which states including Spain have said would help them to secure supply.

And Brussels laid out its first legislation to tackle emissions of methane, a potent planet-warming gas.

This proposal would force oil and gas operators in the EU to find and fix leaks of methane in their infrastructure, though it did not extend the rules to cover the companies abroad that supply most of Europe's gas.

"We have health and environmental rules for other imports, so why not natural gas?" said Jill Duggan, executive director of the Environmental Defense Fund Europe.

"Cutting methane pollution is our best, fastest opportunity to slow the rate of warming... the new EU plan fails to seize the moment."

A third proposal aimed at buildings would require EU countries to renovate millions of properties this decade to save energy.

Roughly 85% of Europe's buildings are expected to be standing in 2050. Most are heated by fossil fuels and have a poor energy performance, meaning widespread renovations are needed to bring them into line with the EU's net zero goal.

To help offset the emissions that cannot easily be cut, Brussels said it would create a system next year to encourage technology and farming methods that remove CO2 from the atmosphere as a first step towards creating a regulated market for carbon removals credits.

The Commission also proposed rules to clamp down on environmental crime, with tougher prison terms and by classing illegal timber trade and illegal ship recycling as such offences.

Simone Tagliapietra, senior fellow at think tank Bruegel, said Wednesday's proposals addressed "major stumbling blocks in the EU decarbonisation pathway".

(Reporting by Kate Abnett; Editing by Barbara Lewis and Alexander Smith)
1 person critically injured in Whitby collision involving self-driving shuttle

Durham police are investigating a crash in Whitby involving a self-driving shuttle that left one person with critical injuries.


Bryann Aguilar, CP24 Web Content Writer
@BryannAguilar
Last Updated Thursday, December 16, 2021 10:58PM EST

One person was critically injured when a self-driving shuttle bus crashed into a tree in Whitby Thursday afternoon.


Durham police said the collision happened in the area of Watson Street West and Victoria Street around 4 p.m and involved a Whitby Autonomous Vehicle Electric (WAVE) shuttle.

"There was one operator on board," Acting Sgt. George Tudos said. "No pedestrians or any passengers so that one person did suffer critical injuries."

PHOTOS

Durham police are investigating a crash in Whitby involving a self-driving shuttle bus.

The person was taken to a trauma centre, where he remains in life-threatening condition.

The cause of the crash is unknown.

"We are doing a parallel investigation with the Ministry of Labour to try to determine exactly what happened," Tudos said.

The WAVE bus hit the streets of Whitby last month as part of a pilot project “to learn about how autonomous technologies can contribute to safer, more sustainable and connected transit and traffic operations.”

The self-driving bus travels a six-kilometre route that begins and ends at Whitby GO Station, operating at a speed of no more than 20 kilometres per hour. It is equipped with radar and a 360-degree camera to scan for obstacles, allowing it to adjust and navigate around them.

According to Durham Region Transit, a trained safety attendant is on board all the time and can manually take control of the vehicle at any time if required.

- with files from CTV Toronto's Carol Charles


Stop 'mass surveillance' of British Columbians, U.S. company told

B.C.'s information and privacy commissioner has ratcheted up his language in ordering a non-compliant U.S. company to stop collecting and storing facial images of British Columbians
michaelmcevoy-and-danieltherrien-creditjeremyhainsworth (2)
B.C. privacy commissioner Michael McEvoy and federal counterpart Daniel Therrien.

The province's privacy watchdog has ordered a U.S.-based facial recognition company to stop collecting, using and disclosing images of British Columbians without consent.

The order to Clearview AI — made by B.C.'s Information and Privacy Commissioner Michael McEvoy on Dec. 14 — was initially a set of February recommendations that the company has refused to comply with, McEvoy’s office said.

The recommendations followed a joint investigation report by the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, the Commission d’accès à l’information du Québec, the Information and Privacy Commissioner for British Columbia, and the Information and Privacy Commissioner of Alberta.

Similar orders were issued by the Quebec and Alberta commissioners.

They found the New York-based company violated federal and provincial privacy laws.

“What Clearview does is mass surveillance and it is illegal,” Privacy Commissioner of Canada Daniel Therrien said at the time. “It is completely unacceptable for millions of people who will never be implicated in any crime to find themselves continually in a police lineup.”

The commissioners found that Clearview had used facial recognition tool functions in four steps:

  • First, it scraped images of faces and associated data from publicly accessible online sources (including social media), and stored that information in its database;
  • Second, it created biometric identifiers in the form of numerical representations for each image;
  • Third, it allowed users to upload an image through its app, which was then assessed against those biometric identifiers and matched to images in its database, and;
  • Fourth, it provided a list of results, containing all matching images and metadata. If a user clicks on any of these results, they are directed to the original source page of the image.

As a result, the order said, Clearview amassed a database of over three billion images of faces and corresponding biometric identifiers, including those of a vast number of individuals in Canada, including children.

That tool was offered to namely law enforcement agencies, although other organizations and private sector entities also accessed it via a free-trial service, the order said.

The commissioners found Clearview did not obtain the requisite consent to collect, use and disclose the personal information of Canadians. The personal information, they concluded, was for an improper purpose.

The commissioners recommended to Clearview that it:

  1. cease offering the facial recognition services that were the subject of the investigation to clients in Canada;
  2. cease collection, use and disclosure of images and biometric facial arrays collected from individuals in Canada, and;
  3. delete images and biometric facial arrays collected from individuals in Canada in its possession.

The order noted that, in May, Clearview responded to the recommendations. It said it had not been providing any services to any clients in Canada since the summer 2020 and would offer an audit trail of services it had offered.

On recommendations two and three, though, Clearview said it was not possible to tell if people in the photos were in Canada at the time the photo was taken, or if they were Canadian citizens.

"'Not only does Clearview not view Canadian law as applying, but to the extent it did, the use of the photographs would be permissible as being publicly available,'" the order quotes Clearview as responding.

The company said it had gone beyond its obligations but "'cannot commit itself to anything that is impossible and or [sic] required by law.'"

Now, McEvoy has issued the following orders to be complied with by Jan. 25, 2022:

  • Clearview is prohibited from offering its facial recognition services that have been the subject of the investigation, and which utilize the collection, use and disclosure of images and biometric facial arrays collected from individuals in British Columbia without their consent, to clients in British Columbia;
  • Clearview shall make best efforts to cease the collection, use and disclosure of images and biometric facial arrays collected from individuals in B.C. without their consent, and;
  • Clearview shall make best efforts to delete the images and biometric facial arrays in its possession, which were collected from individuals in B.C. without their consent.

“We welcome these important actions taken by our provincial counterparts," Therrien said. "While Clearview stopped offering its services in Canada during the investigation, it had refused to cease the collection and use of Canadians’ data or delete images already collected."

“These orders also highlight once again significant shortcomings with the federal private sector privacy law," Therrien continued. "The Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada does not have order-making powers under the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act.”

jhainsworth@glaciermedia.ca

twitter.com/jhainswo

RELIGIOUS OPPRESSION DRIVES YOU CRAZY
Russian Teenager 'Self-Detonates' at Historic Convent's Orthodox School


Updated: Dec. 13, 2021
Vitaly Gladyshev / VK

A Russian teenager attempted to blow himself up at an Orthodox school outside Moscow, wounding himself and at least one minor, Russia's Interior Ministry said Monday.

The 18-year-old set off an improvised explosive device at 08:24 a.m. Moscow time at the 14th-century Vladychny Women’s Monastery, the site of the school in the city of Serpukhov less than 100 kilometers south of the Russian capital, the ministry said.

The suspect, who was identified as a graduate of the monastery's Orthodox school, was injured in the blast and hospitalized, the ministry said.

A 15-year-old teenager was also wounded in the blast, the Interior Ministry said.

The Moscow region children's rights ombudswoman told Interfax that 10 minors had been injured in addition to the suspect, but that none of them were in life-threatening condition.

The state-run TASS news agency, citing an unnamed law enforcement source, reported that the suspect is in critical condition.

"He survived, but the explosion tore off his leg," TASS cited its source as saying.

Police evacuated staff and students from the Orthodox school building and ambulances were called to the scene.

TASS reported that the suspect had planned to carry out the attack during the Orthodox school's morning prayers, but set off the explosives outside the school after he was unable to enter. The explosion damaged the school's door, TASS said.

“The suspect is believed to have been motivated by his hatred of the school teachers and nuns,” Interfax quoted an unnamed source as saying. The source added that he had been “bullied” during his time as a student.

The RBC news website, citing a student at the school, identified the attacker as Vladislav Struzhenkov. The student described him as “friendly, peaceful and quiet.”


“He was fond of shooting, and sometimes he talked about things like fires, explosions. Once when we spoke, he said: 'My teacher pissed me off, I hate her, I want her to catch on fire.' But that was one time,” the student was quoted as saying.

Russia's Investigative Committee, which probes major crimes, said it has dispatched personnel to the scene and opened a criminal case on illegal circulation of explosives and attempted murder.

THE AUTHORITARIAN RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH MAKES THE CATHOLIC CHURCH LOOK LIBERAL
Lithuanian groups promote ‘irresponsible’ procedure to ‘reverse’ abortions

openDemocracy and LRT reveal that unproven ‘abortion reversal treatment’, supported by US Christian Right organisations, has reached Lithuania


Jurga Bakaitė  Tatev Hovhannisyan
15 December 2021

Illustration: Inge Snip

A doctor and NGOs in Lithuania are promoting a controversial ‘treatment’ that claims to be able to ‘reverse’ medical abortions, a joint investigation by openDemocracy and Lithuanian public broadcaster LRT can reveal.

The doctor – who was willing to prescribe medication for so-called ‘abortion pill reversal’ and who described a medical abortion as a form of “poisoning” – is linked to US Christian Right group Heartbeat International.

‘Abortion pill reversal’ (APR) is an unproven procedure that prescribes large doses of the hormone progesterone, to be taken after the first of two pills used for a medical abortion.

But the only trial into APR, in the US in 2019, was halted after some participants ended up in hospital with severe bleeding.

Earlier this year, openDemocracy’s global investigation into ‘abortion pill reversal’ revealed how the ‘treatment’ is spreading globally, including in Lithuania.

Following our investigation, health experts and lawmakers called for action from regulators to protect women from the spread of this controversial method.
‘It’s a normal thing’

Georgijus Gaidukevičius, a doctor in Vilnius, Lithuania’s capital, who offered a prescription for APR to an undercover reporter from openDemocracy, attempted to play down its risks.

“Why is this illegal?” he said. “It’s a normal thing. If a person is poisoned, one takes drugs. If one takes an abortion pill, it’s also poisoning, so we can prescribe antidotes.”

Gaidukevičius was speaking after being caught on a private messaging service, apparently willing to prescribe progesterone to ‘reverse’ a medical abortion.

“We will try to help you, but you will need to take some drugs,” he told our undercover reporter. We were given his details by a 24-hour APR hotline run out of the US by Heartbeat International.

Gaidukevičius – who is also an Orthodox priest as well as the founder of the Christian Medical Centre in Vilnius, where he works as a family doctor – claimed the “treatment” was safe, and that hormones were “not harmful”.

“Today is Sunday. I am […] not in Vilnius. Tomorrow I’ll have access to my computer at work and will write the prescription,” he told our reporter. He agreed to email it so that she could get the hormones at her local pharmacy.

Later, when confronted by LRT, he denied prescribing any hormones himself, saying he only gave openDemocracy contact details for another doctor who could do so.
Advice from the KNC ‘crisis pregnancy centre’

Abortion has been legal in Lithuania since 1955. Surgical terminations are available on request until the 12th week of pregnancy, and up to 22 weeks in some cases (for instance, if the woman’s life or health is at risk).

However, medical abortions are illegal, despite being declared safe by the World Health Organization. That’s why some Lithuanian women choose to buy abortion pills online for home use, which can lead to health risks.

Lithuania’s Free Society Institute (Laisvosios Visuomenes Institutas, LVI) is the only group offering publicly available information on APR in Lithuanian. LVI is an NGO that advocates “human dignity and life from conception to natural death” and “the natural family based on marriage and/or family ties”. It claims that “11% of crisis pregnancy centres” in the US offer the procedure, which has “saved the lives of over 1,000 babies”.

LVI often collaborates with the Krizinio Nėštumo Centras (KNC – literally ‘crisis pregnancy centre’) in Vilnius, which “seeks to prevent abortion in Lithuania”.

A journalist from LRT called the KNC hotline, claiming to be a pregnant woman who had recently taken the first pill for a medical abortion, but had changed her mind and now wanted to keep the pregnancy.

The consultant she spoke to immediately suggested she try APR, then offered a consultation with a gynaecologist. “Since progesterone is not registered in Lithuania, it is not used officially. But there is such an option abroad,” the consultant said.

After the call, the reporter received a text message from the consultant: “Do not take other pills. If you understand English, read about the ‘abortion reversal pill’. I or a doctor will call you later.”

Later, the KNC consultant told the reporter she had read online that “24 hours is a safe period” in which to try reversing an abortion. “You took the pill 12 hours ago. So, there you go, it’s not all bad. There are no guarantees, as you understand, but you can take some steps to find out,” she said.

The KNC consultant did not mention any risks involved in taking APR. She conceded that “it’s illegal in Lithuania, but women are taking it.”
‘Irresponsible’, a ‘low-probability experiment’

Progesterone is not in itself a dangerous drug. However, its use in high doses in APR has been called “dangerous to women’s health” and based on “unproven, unethical research” by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.

Esmeralda Kuliešytė, head of Lithuania’s Family Planning and Sexual Health Association, said that progesterone could be prescribed in rare cases to preserve a pregnancy threatened by infection or hormonal imbalance.

“But offering APR ‘treatment’ to women is irresponsible,” she told LRT. She also said that KNC is not a medical institution: “They don’t know what they are talking about. A woman should only go to a healthcare establishment and professional doctors.”

Vytautas Klimas from the Lithuanian Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists said that progesterone ‘treatment’ to reverse abortions “is not backed up by any scientific research”.

"Every such treatment is a low-probability experiment on a patient," he said.

There is pressure on us, gynaecologists, to send everyone to KNC

There have long been questions about KNC’s transparency. The centre claims to provide help to all women, including those who have had an abortion, but its website contains mainly anti-abortion content and testimonials from women who condemn abortion.

Earlier this year, the LRT documentary Colours (Spalvos) revealed that KNC had been calling women who had contacted them and pressuring them to reconsider their decisions to terminate pregnancies.

“There is pressure on us, gynaecologists, to send everyone to KNC. This was sought through the health ministry and the [Lithuanian parliament’s] health committee,” Rūta Nadišauskienė, then head of obstetrics and gynaecology at Kaunas Clinics, said in the documentary.

KNC runs high-profile ads, including on TV, and is frequently in the limelight because of its connections to powerful people.

It is supported by several celebrities including TV host Rolandas Mackevicius. In October 2020, Diana Nausėdienė, wife of the Lithuanian president Gitanas Nausėda, hosted an event for KNC, LVI and a number of other NGOs at the presidential palace. Human rights organisations criticised the event for “politicising abortions”.

Last month, LVI organised another conference (this time online) with the first lady and an MP attending, funded by the labour ministry.
Progesterone not approved for use in pregnancy

Asked about offering unproven progesterone treatment, KNC told us, in a written response, that it simply provided information on “the APR method used in global practice”.

“There are women who buy [abortion] pills illegally and change their minds after taking them. In this case, the progesterone pill is used in some countries,” KNC said.

“We believe that a woman has the right to be informed about the various options and to make the most appropriate decision while consulting with her doctor.”

The Lithuanian health regulator allows for the prescription of drugs outside of their intended purpose only in exceptional cases. The decision must be taken by a panel of doctors and requires the patient’s written consent. Even then, the dosage and the course of treatment must be based on scientific evidence.

The regulator confirmed to LRT that progesterone is not included in the country’s register of medicinal products for use in pregnancy. It is prescribed to treat premenstrual syndrome, irregular periods and premenopausal or menopausal symptoms.

“To the health ministry’s knowledge, there are no clinical trials confirming that progesterone could help preserve pregnancy after the intake of drugs intended to terminate the pregnancy,” the ministry said.
Sunni Islamic jurisprudence, sex reassignment surgery and transgender rights



The Sunni religious establishment is resisting transgender demands by banning gender affirming surgery – while allowing “sex correction” for intersex people

Nora Noralla
13 December 2021, 12.00am

Modern Sunni Islamic scholarship started examining the issue of transgenderism in the 1980s |

Shaun Higson / Cairo / Alamy Stock Photo. All rights reserved

“Today we are seeing an obsession with unwarranted sex change, which not only goes against basic human nature but is unanimously rejected by all revealed religions.” Ahmed Al-Tayeb, the grand imam of Al-Azhar – Egypt’s highest religious authority – made this statement on his Facebook page just two days after the Transgender Day of Remembrance 2021. To understand his position, one must examine how Sunni Islam views what’s known as gender affirming surgery, or sex reassignment surgery.

In many countries, sex reassignment surgery refers to operations that some (but not all) transgender people undergo so that their body aligns with their gender identity. However, the term is used differently in several Sunni Muslim-majority countries including Morocco, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Kuwait, Jordan and Oman.

Modern Sunni Islamic scholarship started examining the issue of transgenderism in the 1980s, when several fatwas (religious rulings) were issued, most notably from Al-Azhar in 1988 and the Islamic Fiqh Council of the Muslim World League in 1989. Both fatwas used problematic concepts that pathologise transgenderism to address the issue.

The Al-Azhar fatwa stated: “It is permissible to perform the operation for a biological need, to reveal any hidden male or female organs,” but not “at the mere wish to change one’s sex from woman to man, or vice versa”.

“Sex change” vs “sex correction”


Thus, for Sunni clerics, there is a distinction between “sex change”, referring to gender affirming surgeries for transgender people, whose gender differs from the sex they were assigned at birth, and what they term “sex reassignment” or “sex correction”, by which they mean surgeries conducted on intersex individuals, who are born with characteristics that vary from what is considered typical for female or male bodies. Only the latter is permitted according to this interpretation of Sharia.

Following these fatwas, policymakers and medical authorities began to adjust their positions to bring them in line with the religious decision. In 2003, the Egyptian medical syndicate was the first to officially ban its doctors from performing “sex change” surgeries in its code of ethics. At the same time, it introduced a new term called “tṣḥīḥ al-ǧns”, which translates as “sex correction”, to allow sex reassignment surgeries for intersex individuals.

Legal changes

Others soon followed in Egypt’s footsteps and amended or introduced new medical responsibility laws to ban “sex change” surgery and only allow “sex reassignment” (or “sex correction”) for intersex people. Legislative changes were made in the UAE in 2016, Jordan in 2019, Oman in 2019, and Morocco in 2021, while Saudi Arabia and Kuwait have de facto bans through medical guidelines and judicial opinions.

Yasser Jamal head of the sex correction surgical centre at King Abdulaziz University Hospital in Saudi Arabia stated in 2018: “Sharia has prohibited sex change for normal individuals, we only perform sex corrections here and not sex change and only for people who biologically need it.”

Religious authorities should reform their positions on transgender issues and stop their interference in medical matters

In 2017, a similar statement came from Amin Al Amiri, assistant undersecretary at the Ministry of Health in the UAE: “We want to clarify the difference between the terms ‘sex change’ and ‘sex correction surgery’, as sex change surgery remains illegal in the UAE.”

In Egypt, in 2020, Osama Abdel-Hay, head of the medical syndicate’s sex correction committee indicated that the committee only approved intersex cases for surgery. Meanwhile, Morocco amended its civil status law in 2021 to only allow surgery and legal gender recognition for individuals medically identified as intersex.

As a result, transgender people in these countries who seek surgery are faced with having to travel abroad to countries like Thailand or Turkey. Or they can have the surgery in underground, expensive and ill-equipped clinics at home. The surgeries can be risky and lead to medical complications that these clinics can’t cope with, as was the case with Ezz El-Din, a 26-year-old transgender man who died after botched surgery in an underground Egyptian clinic.

Legal recognition


Even those who are wealthy and privileged enough to find a way to have surgery are still faced with another major challenge – obtaining legal gender recognition (LGR). Because these Sunni Muslim-majority countries rely on principles of Sharia in their civil registration laws, judiciaries reject requests for new papers, citing Sharia as the reason.

In 2004, a Kuwaiti appeal court rejected a request from a transgender woman to be granted LGR; in 2016, an Egyptian administrative court refused the same request from a transgender man; and in 2019, the UAE’s Federal Supreme Court rejected a request from three transgender men.

These three judgements came from three different jurisdictions, but they all cited the same reason – that the plaintiffs underwent “sex change” surgeries and not “sex reassignment” surgeries. Therefore, they had violated Sharia and would not be granted LGR.

State persecution


Denying LGR often leaves transgender people marginalised and vulnerable, facing limits on their rights to access healthcare, employment, and housing. Furthermore, authorities in these countries often use laws regarding “public decency”, “crossdressing” and “sodomy” to arrest, harass and prosecute transgender people.

In 2017, two Pakistani transgender women were “tortured to death” by the police in Riyadh, after authorities raided a house and arrested 35 people for “cross-dressing”. In 2020, a transgender woman was sentenced to three years in prison in Egypt for “inciting debauchery” and in 2021, a Kuwaiti transgender woman was sentenced to two years in prison and a fine of 1,000 Kuwaiti dinars ($3,315) for “misusing phone communication” by “imitating the opposite sex”.

All these policies and practices violate transgender people’s fundamental rights, including the right to health, education, employment, housing, enjoyment of life, bodily integrity and equality before the law. Authorities in Egypt, Oman, UAE, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Kuwait and elsewhere should allow transgender people access to gender-affirming medical care, should drop the term “sex correction” or “gender correction” and should revise the definition of “sex reassignment” to include the transgender population.

These states should also establish clear and accessible legal gender recognition mechanisms modelled on an individual’s right to self-identification. Furthermore, religious authorities should reform their positions on transgender issues and stop their interference in medical matters.