Deep-sea mining forms 'dust clouds' that devastate marine life

05-19-2024
By Rodielon Putol
Earth.com staff writer

Recent PhD research conducted at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean has revealed new insights into the potential impacts of deep-sea mining on marine life.

Marine geologist Sabine Haalboom’s findings illustrate that while much of the debris from mining activities — referred to as ‘dust clouds’ — settles relatively close to its source, a notable portion spreads far into the water.

This research, carried out in the Clarion Clipperton Zone, provides a crucial understanding of how mining operations could affect these pristine environments. Haalboom defended her dissertation on this topic at Utrecht University, highlighting significant concerns for deep-sea ecosystems.

Deep-sea mining and marine life

The depths of the ocean harbor unique ecosystems, with conditions and life forms that remain largely mysterious to scientists. These ecosystems are often fragile and sensitive to changes in their environment.

Deep-sea mining, particularly the extraction of valuable metals like manganese nodules, disturbs the ocean floor’s silt. This process can create extensive dust clouds, clouding the water over vast areas and potentially impacting these pristine habitats.

Given our limited understanding of deep-sea life, these disturbances could have unforeseen effects on the delicate underwater communities. The organisms living in these depths rely on specific environmental conditions for survival. Any alteration, even minor, could disrupt their way of life, leading to unknown consequences.

The potential impact of deep-sea mining on biodiversity and marine ecosystem functions remains a significant concern. Therefore, deep-sea mining’s environmental footprint needs careful consideration.

Researchers stress the importance of thorough studies to understand the full implications before engaging in large-scale mining operations in these unexplored and vulnerable areas.


Deep-sea mining’s environmental footprint

Haalboom utilized various instruments to measure the quantity and size of suspended particles in the ocean water. Her experiments took place in the Clarion Clipperton Zone, an area rich in manganese nodules.

She dragged a 500-kilogram grid of steel chains across a 500-meter stretch of the seabed. This action stirred up a significant amount of sediment, resulting in immediate murkiness in the water.

Initially, most of this stirred-up material settled quickly, within a few hundred meters of the disturbance site. This quick settling suggested that the immediate impact of mining activities might be localized. However, further observations revealed a different aspect.

A small fraction of the sediment did not settle quickly and remained suspended in the water. This suspended sediment was visible even hundreds of meters away from the initial disturbance.

These findings highlight the potential for deep-sea mining activities to affect broader areas of the marine environment, emphasizing the need for thorough research before large-scale mining operations proceed.

Persistent clouds

Further studies have shown that these “dust clouds” can travel up to five kilometers from the original mining site. This persistence poses a potential threat to the clarity of the water, which is typically crystal clear and vital for the survival of local marine life.

The scarce food available in these clear waters is crucial for the organisms that inhabit the deep sea, making even small changes to their environment potentially impactful.

Additional consequences

Deep-sea mining poses additional risks. It can disrupt habitats, leading to the loss of biodiversity. The noise and vibrations from mining equipment can affect marine life, particularly species reliant on echolocation.

Deep-sea mining activities can release toxic substances trapped in seabed sediments, contaminating the water and harming marine organisms. The physical removal of substrate can destroy slow-growing deep-sea corals and sponges, critical for ecosystem health.

Additionally, the increased human activity could introduce invasive species, further threatening native marine life. These potential impacts underscore the need for cautious, well-informed approaches to deep-sea mining.
Need for research in deep-sea mining

Haalboom’s co-promoter, NIOZ oceanographer Henko de Stigter, has expressed concern over the rapid commercial interest in deep-sea mining. He argues that the initial findings of quick sediment settling do not capture the full potential impact of these mining activities on deep-sea ecosystems.

The long-term effects of even minimal sediment dispersal are still unknown, prompting both Haalboom and De Stigter to advocate for more extensive research before proceeding with large-scale mining operations.

In conclusion, while deep-sea mining presents a tempting opportunity to extract valuable resources, the potential risks to unknown marine ecosystems and the broader environmental impacts demand careful consideration.

The call for further study is clear: we must fully understand the consequences of our actions in these remote, unexplored parts of our planet before making irreversible decisions.

Monitoring strategies of suspended matter after natural and deep-sea mining disturbances

by Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research

Deployment of Royal IHC's Apollo II pre-prototype nodule collector vehicle from the aft of 

RV Sarmiento de Gamboa during the 2018 field test in Málaga Bight. Credit: Alberto Serrano.

"Dust clouds" at the bottom of the deep sea, that will be created by deep-sea mining activities, descend at a short distance for the most part. That is shown by Ph.D. research of NIOZ marine geologist Sabine Haalboom, on the bottom of the Pacific Ocean.

Yet, a small portion of the stirred-up bottom material remains visible in the water at long distances. "These waters are normally crystal clear, so deep-sea mining could indeed have a major impact on deep-sea life," Haalboom states in her dissertation that she defends at Utrecht University on May 31.

Currently, the international community is still discussing the possibilities and conditions for mining valuable metals from the bottom of the deep sea. This so-called deep-sea mining may take place at depths where very little is known about underwater life.

Among other things, the silt at the bottom of the deep sea, which will be stirred up when extracting manganese nodules, for example, is a major concern. Since life in the deep sea is largely unknown, clouding the water will definitely create completely unknown effects.

For her research, Haalboom conducted experiments with different instruments to measure the amount and also the size of suspended particles in the water. At the bottom of the Clarion Clipperton Zone, a vast area in the depths of the Pacific Ocean, Haalboom performed measurements with those instruments before and after a grid with 500 kilograms of steel chains had been dragged across the bottom.

Sensor frame deployed among the polymetallic nodules in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone in

 the NE equatorial Pacific Ocean. The top sensor is a turbidity sensor recording suspended

 particulate matter loads and the bottom vertically mounted sensor is an ADCP

 (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) used for recording current speed and direction, as well

 as vertical profiles of turbidity. 

\Credit: ROV KIEL 6000 (GEOMAR, Kiel).

"The first thing that strikes you when you take measurements in that area, is how unimaginably clear the water naturally is," Haalboom says.

"After we dragged the chains back and forth over a 500-meter stretch, the vast majority of the stirred-up material settled within just a few hundred meters. Yet, we also saw that a small portion of the stirred-up bottom material was still visible up to hundreds of meters from the test site and meters above the bottom. The water was a lot murkier than normal at long distances from the test site."

In a follow-up study, in which Ph.D. candidate Haalboom was not involved, the "dust clouds" were visible even up to five kilometers away from the test site.

International companies that are competing for concessions to extract the scarce metals from the deep-sea floor, are seizing on the results of these initial trials as an indication of the low impact of deep-sea mining on bottom life. Yet, that is not justifiable, says the co-promoter of Haalboom's research, NIOZ oceanographer Henko de Stigter.

"Sure, based on this Ph.D. research and also based on follow-up research, we know that the vast majority of the dust settles quickly. But when you take in consideration how clear these waters normally are, and that deep-sea life depends on the very scarce food in the water, that last little bit could have a big impact," he says.

Both Haalboom and De Stigter urge more research before firm statements can be made about the impact of deep-sea mining. "It is really too soon to say at this point how harmful or how harmless that last bit of dust is that can be spread over such great distances", de Stigter emphasizes.

More information: Monitoring Strategies of Suspended Matter after Natural and Deep-Sea Mining Disturbances, (2024). DOI: 10.33540/2217

Provided by Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research 

Deep sea mining could be disastrous for marine animals

Final dust settles slowly in the deep sea

Date: May 15, 2024

Source: Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research

Summary:

'Dust clouds' at the bottom of the deep sea, that will be created by deep-sea mining activities, descend at a short distance for the biggest part. Yet, a small portion of the stirred-up bottom material remains visible in the water at long distances.Share:


FULL STORY

'Dust clouds' at the bottom of the deep sea, that will be created by deep-sea mining activities, descend at a short distance for the biggest part. That is shown by PhD research of NIOZ marine geologist Sabine Haalboom, on the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. Yet, a small portion of the stirred-up bottom material remains visible in the water at long distances. "These waters are normally crystal clear, so deep-sea mining could indeed have a major impact on deep-sea life," Haalboom states in her dissertation that she defends at Utrecht University on May 31st.

Unidentified Living Organisms between manganese nodules

Currently, the international community is still discussing the possibilities and conditions for mining valuable metals from the bottom of the deep sea. This so-called deep-sea mining may take place at depths where very little is known about underwater life. Among other things, the silt at the bottom of the deep sea, which will be stirred up when extracting manganese nodules, for example, is a major concern. Since life in the deep sea is largely unknown, clouding the water will definitely create completely unknown effects.

Variety of instruments

For her research, Haalboom conducted experiments with different instruments to measure the amount and also the size of suspended particles in the water. At the bottom of the Clarion Clipperton Zone, a vast area in the depths of the Pacific Ocean, Haalboom performed measurements with those instruments before and after a grid with 500 kilograms of steel chains had been dragged across the bottom.

Still murky for a long time

"The first thing that strikes you when you take measurements in that area, is how unimaginably clear the water naturally is," Haalboom says. "After we dragged the chains back and forth over a 500-meter stretch, the vast majority of the stirred-up material settled within just a few hundred meters. Yet, we also saw that a small portion of the stirred-up bottom material was still visible up to hundreds of meters from the test site and meters above the bottom. The water was a lot murkier than normal at long distances from the test site."

In a follow-up study, in which PhD candidate Haalboom was not involved, the 'dust clouds' were visible even up to five kilometers away from the test site

Scarce food in clear water

International companies that are competing for concessions to extract the scarce metals from the deep-sea floor, are seizing on the results of these initial trials as an indication of the low impact of deep-sea mining on bottom life. Yet, that is not justifiable, says the co-promoter of Haalboom's research, NIOZ oceanographer Henko de Stigter. "Sure, based on this PhD research and also based on follow-up research, we know that the vast majority of the dust settles quickly. But when you take in consideration how clear these waters normally are, and that deep-sea life depends on the very scarce food in the water, that last little bit could have a big impact."

Too early to decide

Both Haalboom and De Stigter urge more research before firm statements can be made about the impact of deep-sea mining. "It is really too soon to say at this point how harmful or how harmless that last bit of dust is that can be spread over such great distances," De Stigter emphasizes.

Story Source:
Materials provided by Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

 

Marine Policy

Volume 162, April 2024, 106073

A precautionary tale: Exploring the risks of deep-sea mining

Author links open overlay panel, 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106073Get rights and content

Abstract

Since the 1970 s, scientists and entrepreneurs have been seeking new opportunities to mine by exploring the deep sea as a viable option. Deep-sea mining was soon seen as an alternative to terrestrial mining, especially for precious materials needed for technology. The International Seabed Authority (ISA) has been tasked with the mandate to govern deep-sea mining within the high seas, including providing exploration permits to countries, as well as eventual exploitation contracts, once such activities commence within the next decade. In this exploratory study, we analyze the levels of international cooperation and other indicators of the 21 countries that have been given permits by the ISA to explore areas for deep-sea mining in the high seas. By examining whether these countries have ratified the 17 major international sea; illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing; climate; and transnational organized crime conventions; providing a case study of worst performing countries in terms of their ratification status of such conventions; as well as examining the performance of these 21 countries on 18 global risk indicators, this paper finds that, overall, there is lack of commitment among these countries with their international obligations, while they rank moderate-to-high on the 18 global risk indicators. These findings should be a warning sign to the international community, as well as ISA that is responsible for issuing permits for deep-sea mining.

Introduction

Deep-sea mining, which is the process of mining precious metals from below the deep seafloor, is a relatively new industry. This industry is thought to be profitable and alluring, because the metals in the deep sea can be used in batteries for electronics. There are three types of valuable metal deposits located within the deep sea, and these include polymetallic nodules, cobalt crusts, and seafloor massive sulfides [11], [14]. Each of these deposits are rich in cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, and other metals, which are frequently used in batteries for electronics [14], [6]. These metals are mined using a three-phase process: prospecting, exploration, and exploitation [10]. To date, there has been no exploitation of the deep sea [9].

Discovered in the late 1950 s, the deep-sea was seen to contain an endless supply of valuable metals that would one day lead to the end of terrestrial mining [5], [6]. Throughout the 1970 s, ships were deployed to the Pacific Ocean in hopes of finding ways to extract the battery metals from the seabed [5], [6]. However, due to a lack of technology with the ability to extract the metals from the seafloor, deep-sea mining became impossible at that time [5], [6].

Today, deep-sea mining has gained a renewed interest, and it can take place in either coastal countries’ exclusive economic zones (EEZs) or in the International Seabed Authority’s Area [1], [3]. In EEZs, current deep-sea mining explorations take place in Papua New Guinea, Fiji, The Cook Islands, and Nauru. Mining in the high seas is under the jurisdiction of the International Seabed Authority.1

Deep-sea mining does not come without potentially devastating environmental risks [7], [11], [13], [18], [2]. There are thousands of species that are threatened by the disruption deep-sea mining will bring to their ecosystem [13], [18], [2]. While there has been some work to protect ecosystems in the deep sea, scientist still do not know the full impact of deep-sea mining on the environment [7], [11], [12], [13], [18], [2].

Mining operations can have an impact not only on the deep sea, but the ocean in general [7], [11], [13]. Mining equipment is loud, disruptive on the surface of the ocean floor and the top surface of the ocean, and it gives off heavy light pollution [7], [11]. Additionally, mining equipment often stirs up sediments that can dislocate animals or create clouds of dust [11], [12]. When this dust settles, it can harm and possibly kill filter-feeders at the bottom of the ocean that rely on clean water flow [11], [12]. According to Greenpeace International [7], fish stocks will be endangered by the disruption on the surface of the ocean. Furthermore, the burden will fall on communities, which are disproportionately in the global south, that rely on fish stocks for economic means or for food [7]. Lastly, deep-sea mining can release carbon that is normally absorbed by the sea into the atmosphere [7].

In addition to biological impacts, deep-sea mining can significantly affect the chemical composition of the deep sea [11]. This is because extracting manganese can release toxic metals into the marine environment. Additionally, because metal extraction happens vertically, deep sea water is extracted along with the minerals and is often discharged either along the way or at the top of the ocean [11], [12]. The composition of this water can be different than that at the surface, and this can be disruptive to the ecosystem on the ocean surface (Koschinksy et al., 2018).

To combat threats to ecosystems, scientists have developed deep-sea restoration projects [18], [2]. For example, species, like cold water corals, are taken out of the deep-sea environment, placed in labs where they grow, and then reintroduced to the seafloor [2]. While experiments have shown that, after three years of post-reintroduction, 76% of corals survived [2], scientists do not know how successful large-scale restorations would be [18], [2]. Barbier et al. [2] point out that current knowledge is not promising, calling on research that was done on freshwater restoration. Four decades after freshwater restoration, ecosystems do not recover the full biodiversity as they had before disruption [2]. Another study with similar results was conducted in the Peru Basin [11]. The study removed manganese sediments, as a commercial deep-sea mining company would, to understand the environmental cost (Koschinksy et al., 2018). They found that mining caused permanent damage to the habitat [11]. Furthermore, costs for restoration can be very expensive. One estimate suggests that it would cost 75 million USD to restore one hectare of seabed in the Darwin Mounds in the Northeast Atlantic [2]. Overall, the environmental cost of deep-sea mining is not small, and it can be drastic if deep-sea mining begins before we truly understand its impact on the ocean.

Roche and Bice (2013) argue that the social costs of deep-sea mining will be very similar to the social costs of terrestrial mining. Social impacts of mining highly depend on the location and how long the project is expected to last (Roche & Bice, 2013). While there are uncertainties surrounding the social costs of deep-sea mining due to the fact that deep sea mining is yet to occur, some researchers have begun assessing both the potential costs and the benefits. In terms of costs, some argue that developing nations can: (a) see their economies be taken over by foreign corporations of the countries that received the permits to mine within their EEZs; (b) experience increased demands on infrastructure, such as ports, causing strain to these nations; and (c) witness potential displacement of local fishers (Roche & Bice, 2013). Additionally, a cost-benefit analysis conducted by the European Parliament Research Service concluded that while deep-sea mining is foreseen to generate fewer economic opportunities and jobs, it is likely to have substantial impacts on these communities, especially if “fish stocks are affected or if land-based processing practices of mining-related activities are not controlled” ([17], p. 55). Koschinsky et al. [11] warn that this does not take into account the fact that plumes of sediment from the deep-sea can travel far beyond the deep-sea mining site, impacting fishing by polluting the environment of the fish. Others suggest that the social costs of deep-sea mining can be situational: for example, a cost-benefit analysis conducted by Wakefield and Myers [19] found that allowing for deep-sea mining for sulfide deposits in Papua New Guinea and manganese modules in Cook Islands has the potential to improve the well-being of the people in these nations, nevertheless the same cannot be concluded for cobalt mining in the Marshall Islands, as such activity is not likely to improve the well-being of the communities in this nation.

It is important to acknowledge that ‘social cost’ does not inherently imply a negative connotation. Terrestrial mining has benefitted, in some capacity, developing countries by boosting education and healthcare access and quality, by allowing community members to participate in the economy by owning better homes or opening businesses, and by affording opportunities for women to get involved (Roche & Bice, 2013). Deep-sea mining may have similar impacts. For example, Wakefield and Meyers (2018) predicted that deep-sea mining on the Cook Islands would lead to 150 jobs for 20 years. While this number may appear small, when taking into account how small the Cook Island’s workforce is, 150 jobs is actually a 2% increase in employment (Wakefield & Meyers, 2018). All social implications as they apply to deep-sea mining are yet to be seen, but these need to be taken into consideration before deep-sea mining exploration actually begins [8], [4].

As it can be seen, deep-sea mining comes with some known environmental and social impacts [7], [11], [2], however, studies on the risks associated with deep-sea mining remain scarce. This paper fills one gap in this research by focusing on examining data on 21 countries that have been given mining exploration permits by the International Seabed Authority (see Appendix 1 for a list of these countries). The risks are assessed in terms of their international commitments through the ratification/signing of international treaties, as well as through their performance on various risk indices. This paper argues that the overall lack of good-faith commitment through clear demonstration of ratification of relevant international treaties, in combination with various performance indices of risk (as assessed by third parties, such as the World Bank), should be a warning sign and be taken into consideration when issuing permits for deep-sea mining.

Section snippets

Researh methods

To achieve the goal outlined above, this research collected data on all 21 nations that have a contract with the ISA. The data were separated into two subcategories: commitments to UN and other International Conventions; and Other Risk Indicators. The following section will lay out the conventions and other indicators for which data were collected, summarized, and analyzed in this research.

Ratification of major international conventions

For the purposes of this research and its scope, we have identified a total of 17 international conventions. These fell into four different groupings, including sea conventions (n=5), IUU-fishing related conventions (N=3), climate conventions (n=4), and transnational organized crime-related (TOC) conventions (n=5). The 21 countries that have been given permission for deep-sea mining have performed relatively differently in terms of their commitment to these conventions. Of the 17 conventions,

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Gohar A. Petrossian: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Jess Lettieri: Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.

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Is a Deep-Sea Mining Boom Inevitable?

By Felicity Bradstock - Feb 27, 2024, 

• Norway's recent approval of deep-sea mining sets a precedent for other nations, as they seek to access critical minerals necessary for renewable energy technologies.
• 
  
• While environmentalists and scientists oppose deep-sea mining due to potential ecological damage, the growing demand for critical minerals is driving interest and exploration in this sector.
• 
  
• The International Seabed Authority is expected to resume talks on deep-sea mining regulations, with concerns over environmental impact and calls for a pause on mining activities from various countries and major corporations.
• 
  

Just a month after Norway approved the world’s first deep-sea mineral mining, a UN regulator has stated that he thinks the international practice of deep-sea mining is likely inevitable. There is growing interest in commercial deep-sea mining for critical metals and minerals to support an accelerated global green transition. However, there is also widespread opposition due to fears of the environmental impact of these types of activities, which could hinder efforts to tackle climate change. 

At the beginning of the year, Norway became the first country to approve the practice of deep-sea mining for critical minerals. There has been a growing international discussion around the potential for deep-sea mining to extract metals and minerals needed to grow the world’s renewable energy capacity and help develop clean technologies. However, there has been widespread opposition to these types of mining activities from environmentalists and scientists who say we do not yet understand the potential impact of deep-sea mining well enough for it to be deemed safe. Many worry that the environmental impact of deep-sea mining could undermine the efforts of developing the world’s renewable energy capacity to tackle climate change. 

In January, the Norwegian parliament voted in favour of opening its waters for commercial-scale deep-sea mining to support a global shift away from fossil fuels to renewable alternatives. It also believes that deep-sea mining could be less harmful to the environment than land-based mining, the widespread practice currently used to extract metals and minerals. There is an abundance of potato-sized nodules of critical minerals, including cobalt, nickel, copper, and manganese, sitting on the bottom of the seafloor that Norway, and many other world powers, want to access through deep-sea mining to meet the growing demand for critical minerals from the green energy sector. However, Norway will not immediately commence mining operations. The government will instead assess proposals from mining companies on a case-by-case basis for license approval. 

This month, Michael Lodge, the head of the International Seabed Authority, the U.N. regulator that oversees deep-sea mining, said that he believes it is only a matter of time until deep-sea mining activities take place. Lodge is seeing renewed global interest in deep-sea mining as a means of accelerating the global green transition. Governments and regulators worldwide have been exploring ways to meet the growing demand for critical metals and minerals, for fear that demand will outstrip supply if we cannot access alternative mineral deposits. 

Lodge explained, “One of the main drivers of industrial interest is the potential to produce larger quantities of minerals at equivalent or lower cost to what can be produced on land.” He added, “That’s the commercial driver and certainly there is vast resource potential in seabed minerals. The question is whether they can in the end be produced economically. “But the resource potential is absolutely there. This is clear. The technology is advanced, so it seems like it is possible. And at the same time, it is very clear also that demand for minerals is increasing exponentially and is only going to continue to increase.”

The ISA is scheduled to recommence talks on deep-sea mining in Kingston, Jamaica, in March. If successful, this could lead to the development of a regulatory framework for deep-sea mining on a commercial scale. The ISA regulates mining across an area covering 54 percent of the world’s oceans, representing 68 member states as well as the EU, but not the U.S. The ISA Council has previously stated its intention to develop deep-sea mining regulations by 2025. However, 24 countries around the globe have called for a pause on these types of activities, supported by several major companies, such as Google, Samsung, and Volvo. Deep-sea mining requires the use of heavy machinery to remove metals and minerals from the ocean floor. There is a fear that commencing deep-sea mining operations before fully understanding the potential impact on the sea bed could lead to permanent harm to marine life and ecosystems. 

Nevertheless, Lodge believes it is only a matter of time until deep-sea mining activities are approved. He said, “Clearly now, we are reaching a very high level of interest so I would say that yes it seems to be inevitable.” Lodge added, “Whether that takes place in international waters, or in national waters, whether that be Norway or another country, that’s impossible to say. It depends in part upon the terms and conditions I suppose.” He emphasised the unsustainability of the current situation, with a few state powers dominating the mineral and metal mining industry – such as China and Russia, and suggested that deep-sea mining could create greater competition in the industry and provide the stable supply of resources needed to support a global green transition. 

By Felicity Bradstock for Oilprice.com

 

Ocean’s Last Frontier: Hidden Dangers of Deep-Sea Mining

Anuraj Singh , Rohan Singh | 

17 Oct 2024

What are the legal challenges of deep-sea mining and why cannot the world wait any longer to deal with them?

The International Seabed Authority (ISA), based in Kingston, Jamaica, has emerged as a significant cause for worry as it exercises control over more than half of the world’s ocean area, with minimal public supervision or media examination.

Founded in 1994, the authority is entrusted with the twin mandate of safeguarding and utilising the Earth’s seas, which raises concerns about potential conflicts of interest in its activities.

One of the main critiques centres on the perceived favouritism of the ISA towards mining corporations. The secretary-general of the ISA Michael Lodge, frequently criticised for his strong connections to the mining industry, further exacerbates concerns over the agency’s neutrality. Detractors contend that this interplay could undermine the ISA’s dedication to protecting the oceans.

Founded in 1994, the ISA is entrusted with the twin mandate of safeguarding and utilising the Earth’s seas, which raises concerns about potential conflicts of interest in its activities.

The ISA is a crucial institution in our global scene, as it addresses the urgent requirement for sustainable management of international seabed resources. The ISA’s regulatory structure ensures responsible exploration of deep-sea mining, as it recognises its role as a caretaker of the shared legacy of humankind.

The function of resource exploitation beyond national borders is addressed by implementing rigorous standards and limiting undesirable environmental repercussions.

Amidst the increasing demand for resources from the ocean floor, the importance of the ISA is its capacity to reconcile economic ambitions with environmental responsibility, promoting fair advantages for all countries and protecting the fragile equilibrium of our interconnected global ecosystem.

Deep-sea mining, an increasingly contentious practice, is motivated by the need for a rapid solution to the worldwide scarcity of metals. The ISA, primarily targeting mining contractors, has granted exploratory licences for polymetallic nodules to 19 firms.

These nodules, which have an appearance similar to little rocky objects, contain significant amounts of metals such as cobalt and nickel. These metals are essential components for the rapidly growing lithium battery industry.

The ecological ramifications of deep-sea mining are substantial and pervasive. Deployment of large submersible mining vehicles, such as the Patania II, has the potential to cause significant disruption and damage to the ocean floor. Activities of dredging and polymetallic nodule removal pose a significant risk of causing irreparable harm to the marine ecosystem, comparable to the destructive impact of deforestation on a rainforest.

Deep-sea ecosystems are remarkably fragile and exhibit a sluggish capacity for regeneration as a result of the severe conditions of pressure, temperature and darkness. Mining endeavours have the potential to destabilise sediment plumes, which can result in the suffocating of benthic organisms and the disruption of the intricate food chain equilibrium.

The nodules, which require more than 10 million years to develop, are a limited resource, highlighting the necessity for carefulness in their exploitation. Although the mining industry advocates for deep-sea mining as a circular economy solution, some contend that this approach neglects the environmental repercussions.

Achieving true circularity necessitates significant investment in recycling infrastructure, rather than relying solely on large-scale metal extraction. The pressing need for minerals, particularly cobalt (expected to increase by 500 percent by 2050, as stated by the World Bank), underscores the necessity for systemic alterations in consumer habits and the longevity of products.

Notwithstanding the pressing nature of the issue, there is a growing worldwide movement that is gathering strength and promoting the prohibition of deep-sea mining.

ISA, having assigned substantial areas of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian seas, is now facing crucial decisions over the issuance of licences for industrial extraction. Demands for a distinct division between ISA and mining corporations resonate, underscoring the imperative for a global prohibition on deep-sea mining in the open seas, akin to the effective ban on whaling.

This year is significant as industrial extraction may begin if the ISA approves mining permits. The need to take action is emphasised by the irreparable consequences that deep-sea mining could have on marine biodiversity, climate regulation and the overall well-being of the planet.

Deep-sea mining, an increasingly contentious practice, is motivated by the need for a rapid solution to the worldwide scarcity of metals.

As the ISA’s involvement in the allocation of oceanic regions is examined closely, ongoing endeavours to advocate for a prohibition emphasise the significance of averting the irreversible ramifications of unregulated deep-sea mining.

In addition to the pressing environmental concerns, it is imperative to implement a more holistic systemic transformation. In order to meet the incessant demand for the most recent technological products, both product design and consumer behaviour must change.

The prevalent consumerist (disposable) culture, characterised by the frequent replacement of items instead of their repair, perpetuates the extraction of resources. The establishment of a truly circular economy necessitates substantial investments in recycling infrastructure and a comprehensive reassessment of the lifecycles of products.

Although proponents of deep-sea mining assert that it serves as a means to reduce reliance on new materials and close the cycle, this strategy’s sustainability is called into question. The extensive magnitude of polymetallic nodule extraction required to satisfy demand gives rise to apprehensions regarding inadvertent repercussions on marine ecosystems, atmospheric carbon levels, and the intricate equilibrium of life on our planet.

For example, promoting the prioritisation of repair and maintenance over the perpetual upgrading of devices among consumers could serve as a means to alleviate the environmental consequences.

In the same way, incorporating modularity or easy upgradability into the design of electronic devices can aid in the establishment of a more sustainable product lifecycle. Investing in the development of innovative recycling technologies or investigating sustainable material alternatives may present more environmentally favourable alternatives to deep-sea mining.

The capacity for an enduring and catastrophic effect on the life-support systems of our planet must not be undervalued. Deep oceans, which are frequently perceived as inaccessible and detached from terrestrial existence, serve an essential function in the processes of carbon sequestration and oxygen generation. It is not merely an environmental imperative that these ecosystems be preserved; it is also vital to the welfare of humanity.

An increasingly urgent matter that demands the attention of the international community is the implementation of a comprehensive prohibition on deep-sea mining in international waters. Attaining this objective requires coordinated endeavours to enhance consciousness, galvanise public sentiment, and interact with policymakers on a global and domestic scale.

The ecological ramifications of deep-sea mining are substantial and pervasive.

In conjunction with the critical nature of safeguarding our oceans, the triumph of previous environmental movements provides optimism that a unified front can emerge to oppose the ill-advised endeavour of deep-sea mining.

The ISA plays a crucial role in response to the changing Polar Silk Route and its impact on the growing marine operations in the Arctic. In addition to its traditional role of regulating mineral-related operations in the international seabed, the ISA is also faced with the task of addressing the issues presented by possible resource extraction and environmental consequences linked to the opening of Arctic shipping routes.

The mandate of the ISA is extended to encompass the wider repercussions of climate change, requiring the implementation of flexible legislation to guarantee sustainable practices, mitigate ecological damage, and promote fair utilisation of these fragile polar settings.

As countries increasingly explore the Arctic region for transportation and natural resources, the ISA plays a crucial role in protecting the fragile equilibrium of this developing maritime boundary.

India’s role in protecting the oceans

India has emerged as a major player in global ocean governance. Its involvement in the Arctic Council as an observer nation underscores this commitment. While primarily focused on the Arctic, India’s ocean conservation efforts extend to its coastal waters and beyond.

Domestically, the Offshore Areas Mineral (Development and Regulation) Act of 2002 provides a framework for managing mineral resources within India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Additionally, India’s network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) showcases its dedication to safeguarding marine ecosystems.

India’s MPAs are designated coastal and marine regions under varying degrees of protection, case in point, the Gulf of Munnar Marine National Park and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. These MPAs are crucial safeguards for biodiversity since they protect coastal communities, and contribute to creating sustainable fisheries by preserving critical marine habitats.

There is a growing worldwide movement that is gathering strength and promoting the prohibition of deep-sea mining.

On the international stage, India actively participates in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) meetings, shaping global maritime regulations. The country is also a member of the International Maritime Organisation, contributing to international efforts to protect marine environments from shipping pollution. India’s growing scientific research on deep-sea ecosystems is crucial for informed decision-making.

India has been an active participant in the ISA. The country holds two exploration contracts granted by the ISA: one for polymetallic nodules in the Central Indian Ocean Basin and another for polymetallic sulphides in the Indian Ocean Ridge. These contracts highlight India’s interest in tapping into the potential mineral wealth of the seabed.

However, India’s role in the ISA extends beyond its own exploration interests. As a developing country with significant stakes in ocean resources, India can play a crucial role in shaping international regulations for deep-sea mining.

By advocating for stringent environmental safeguards and promoting equitable sharing of seabed resources, India can contribute to the sustainable management of the ocean floor.

Additionally, this would help India’s broader strategic ambitions. Given China’s increasing influence in the region and even in deep-sea mining, India stands at a critical juncture to not only counter-balance its rival but also solidify itself as a regional hegemon.

However, India faces several challenges in balancing its economic interests with environmental stewardship. It is critical to create sound legal frameworks for deep-sea mining, make sure that benefits are shared fairly, and fund research and development for sustainable alternatives.

In order to solve mutual problems and boost its bargaining power inside the ISA, India can also take advantage of its position to form alliances with other Global South nations.

By actively participating in the ISA and promoting sustainable ocean governance, India can place itself as a global leader in ocean conservation and management. However, a significant gap exists in India’s regulatory framework for deep-sea mining beyond its EEZ.

India’s approach to deep-sea mining will be crucial in shaping the future of this emerging industry. By carefully considering the potential benefits and risks, India can position itself as a responsible and innovative player in the global ocean economy.

The absence of a global leader: A critical gap in deep-sea governance

One major obstacle to successful global ocean governance is the US’s glaring exclusion from the ISA. In the past, the US has opposed the development of a legal framework for deep-sea mining, placing domestic mining interests ahead of international cooperation. The US has not yet taken the lead in this re-evaluation, despite growing global worries about the activity’s environmental effects.

This year is significant as industrial extraction may begin if the ISA approves mining permits

With its significant geopolitical and economic clout, the United States is in a unique position to affect the direction of deep-sea mining. Its involvement in the ISA would be crucial to creating strong environmental protections and guaranteeing fair resource distribution. Regrettably, the US’s prolonged absence prevents the establishment of a complete and efficient international order by leaving a leadership vacuum.

This absence of global leadership raises the possibility of uncontrolled, potentially dangerous deep-sea mining operations.

Due to the lack of a distinct global leader, other nations have been able to step in and take advantage of the opportunity, although their level of success has varied. China has become a major participant in deep-sea mining, making substantial investments in research and development.

Although there are concerns about China’s environmental record, its involvement has emphasised the necessity of robust international cooperation. In contrast, nations such as Norway, which have a well-established history of marine conservation, have adopted a more prudent strategy by prioritising the precautionary principle.

By reengaging with the ISA, the US has the potential to establish a crucial equilibrium between economic interests and environmental preservation. Participating would not only bolster the global regulatory framework but also amplify its influence in determining the future of the maritime economy.

Additionally, the leadership of the US has the potential to cultivate enhanced confidence and collaboration among nations, thereby diminishing the likelihood of geopolitical conflicts stemming from the race for seabed resources.

It is imperative for the international community to escalate its efforts in order to promote US involvement in this crucial matter. It is also important to adopt a cooperative strategy that includes all significant maritime nations in order to safeguard the fragile marine ecosystems and guarantee the sustainable administration of oceanic resources.

A call to action: Protecting our ocean’s last frontier

The prospect of deep-sea mining poses a significant threat to the future of our oceans. The potential ecological damage is tremendous, with extensive implications for marine biodiversity, climate regulation and human well-being.

India has emerged as a major player in global ocean governance. Its involvement in the Arctic Council as an observer nation underscores this commitment.

Deep-sea habitats, commonly known as the ‘rainforests of the sea’, house a wide variety of distinctive and delicate species, such as deep-sea corals, sponges and peculiar fish that have evolved in harsh environments.

These ecosystems play a crucial role in providing essential services to the environment, including storing carbon, recycling nutrients and sustaining global fisheries.

Mining in these fragile areas has the potential to do irreparable harm, resulting in widespread species loss and disturbing the delicate equilibrium of marine ecosystems.
In addition to the immediate ecological consequences, deep-sea mining presents substantial hazards to climatic stability.

The ocean plays a vital role in the regulation of the Earth’s climate through the absorption of carbon dioxide. Mining activities that disturb seafloor sediments have the potential to release stored carbon, which can worsen the effects of climate change.

In addition, deep-sea mining may disrupt the ocean’s capacity to absorb heat, which could result in heightened occurrences of severe weather events and an increase in sea levels.

It is necessary to consider the substantial environmental concerns while evaluating the potential economic advantages of deep-sea mining. Engaging in deep-sea mining without a thorough comprehension of its repercussions is a risk that we cannot financially bear, despite the worldwide need for essential minerals.

To decrease our dependence on deep-sea resources, it is crucial to allocate resources towards researching and developing alternative technologies, including enhanced recycling techniques, advancements in battery technology, and sustainable mining practices on land.

In order to protect our seas for future generations, it is imperative that we insist on prompt action from governments, international organisations and the mining sector.

In addition, deep-sea mining may disrupt the ocean’s capacity to absorb heat, which could result in heightened occurrences of severe weather events and an increase in sea levels.

It is also crucial to implement a worldwide ban on deep-sea mining until comprehensive scientific studies, assessments of environmental damage and international rules are established.

Furthermore, it is critical to endorse endeavours that advocate for the preservation of the ocean, the establishment of sustainable fishing practices, and the creation of marine protected zones.

The deep sea is an expansive and predominantly uncharted territory. Preserving this invaluable asset for future generations is our duty. Through prompt and cooperative action, we can guarantee the ocean’s ongoing ability to sustain life on our planet and serve as a perpetual wellspring of awe and motivation for future generations.

Anuraj Singh is an incoming student at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and has formal training in political science with a specialisation in foreign policy and economics.

Rohan Singh is a practising advocate who regularly appears before the Supreme Court of India and the Delhi High Court.

Courtesy: The Leaflet