COI Statement
Agostinis Sobrinho reports grants or contracts from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (CEECINST/00093/2021/CP2815/CT0001), outside the submitted work. R Ancuceanu reports consulting fees from AbbVie and Merck Romania; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from AbbVie, Laropharm, Reckitt, and Merck Romania; support for attending meetings or travel from Merck Romania and Reckitt, outside the submitted work. R Bai reports support for this Article from the Social Science Fund of Jiangsu Province (grant number 21GlD008). S Bhaskar reports grants or contracts from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI; grant 23KF0126), JSPS and the Australian Academy of Science, and JSPS International Fellowship (grant P23712); and leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as: district chair of the Diversity, Equity, Inclusion & Belonging of Rotary District 9675 (Sydney, Australia); chair, founding member, and manager of the Global Health & Migration Hub Community, Global Health Hub Germany (Berlin, Germany); editorial board member of PLOS One, BMC Neurology, Frontiers in Neurology, Frontiers in Stroke, Frontiers in Public Health, Journal of Aging Research, and Neurology International, Diagnostics, & BMC Medical Research Methodology; member of the College of Reviewers, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Government of Canada; Director of Research of World Headache Society (Bengaluru, India); expert adviser and reviewer of Cariplo Foundation (Milan, Italy); visiting director of National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Neurology, Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, Suita (Osaka, Japan); member of the Scientific Review Committee of Cardiff University Biobank (Cardiff, UK); chair of Rotary Reconciliation Action Plan; and Healthcare and Medical Adviser at Japan Connect (Osaka, Japan), outside the submitted work. M Carvalho reports other support from the Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, under the scope of the project UIDP/50006/2020, outside the submitted work. E C Dee reports support for this Article from the Prostate Cancer Foundation (Young Investigator Award) and the National Cancer Institute (P30 CA008748). A Faro reports support for the this Article from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. L M Force reports support for this Article from the Gates Foundation, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, St Baldrick’s Foundation; grants or contracts from Conquer Cancer Foundation, US National Institutes of Health (NIH) Loan Repayment Program; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, unpaid with the Lancet Oncology International Advisory Board, outside the submitted work. C Herteliu reports grants or contracts from the project “analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on the main demographic indicators in Romania and the Republic of Moldova by using econometric modeling” (code PN-IV-P8–8·3- ROMD-2023–0208) funded by the Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization (MCID) through the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation Funding, from a grant of the European Commission Horizon 4P-CAN (personalised cancer primary prevention research through citizen participation and digitally enabled social innovation), grants or contracts from the project “societal and economic resilience within multi-hazards environment in Romania” funded by the EU (NextgenerationEU and Romanian Government), under National Recovery and Resilience Plan for Romania (contract number 760050/ 23.05.2023’ code PNRR-C9-I8-CF 267/ 29.11.2022) through the Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization, within Component 9, Investment I8, grants or contracts from the project “a better understanding of socio-economic systems using quantitative methods from physics” funded by the EU (NextgenerationEU and Romanian Government), under National Recovery and Resilience Plan for Romania (contract number 760034/ 23.05.2023; code PNRR-C9-I8-CF 255/ 29.11.2022), through the Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization, within Component 9, Investment I8, outside the submitted work. I Ilic reports support for this Article from the Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (number 451–03–137/2025–03/200110). M Ilic reports support for this Article from the Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (number 451–03–47/2023–01/200111). T Joo reports support for this Article from National Research, Development and Innovation Office in Hungary (RRF-2.3.1–21–2022–00006, Data-Driven Health Division of National Laboratory for Health Security. J Khubchandani reports grants or contracts from Merck Pharma and the National Science Foundation, outside the submitted work. J Kocarnik reports support for this Article from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (employee), the Gates Foundation (funding to institution), and the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities (funding to institution). A Konstas reports grants or contacts from Thea Pharmaceuticals, Omni Vision, Vianex, Santen, Intermed, and Bayer; consulting fees from Thea Pharmaceuticals and Santen; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Thea Pharmaceuticals, Vianex, Intermed, and Esteve Pharmaceuticals; support for attending meetings or travel from Thea Pharmaceuticals, Vianex, and Intermed, outside the submitted work. K Krishan reports non-financial support from the UGC Centre of Advanced Study, CAS II, awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, outside the submitted work. M-C Li reports grants or contracts from the National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan (NSTC 113–2314-B-003–002) and the Higher Education Sprout Project of National Taiwan Normal University, outside the submitted work. W-Z Li reports support for this Article from the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (GZB20230179) and the Grant of State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (SKLRD-Z-202401). J Liu reports support for this Article from the National Natural Science Foundation (72474005) and Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Z24004). E Lytvyak reports grants or contracts from University of Alberta, Advanz Pharma, WCB Alberta, and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Alberta Obesity Society; other financial or nonfinancial support from University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, outside the submitted work. H R Marateb reports grants or contracts from Universitat Politècnica de Cataluny, outside the submitted work. D Menges reports grants or contracts from Swiss Cancer Foundation, Dr Arnold U und Susanne Huggenberger–Bischoff Stiftung, one further, private, not-for-profit research foundation from Switzerland (requested anonymity), all outside the submitted work. A-F Mentis reports grants or contracts from “MilkSafe: a novel pipeline to enrich formula milk using omics technologies”, a research cofinanced by the European Regional Development Fund of the European Union and Greek national funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, under the call Research-Create-Innovate (project code T2EDK-02222), as well as from ELIDEK (Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation, MIMS-860; both outside of the submitted work); payment or expert testimony as external peer-reviewer for Fondazione Cariplo, Italy; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as editorial board member for Systematic Reviews and Annals of Epidemiology, and as associate editor for Translational Psychiatry, outside the submitted work. S A Meo reports grants or contracts from Ongoing Research Funding Program (ORF-2025–47), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, outside the submitted work. L Monasta reports support for this Article from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 34/2017), payments made to the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo. S Nomura reports support for this Article from Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (24H00663), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology from the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJPR22R8), and National Cancer Center Research and Development Fund (2024-A-14). B Oancea reports support for this Article from the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization through the Core Program of the National Research, Development and Innovation Plan 2022–2027 (project number PN 23–02–0101; contract number 7N/2023, PNRR/2022/C9/MCID/I8 project 760096). F B Omage reports support for this Article from Sao Paulo Research Foundation (Fundacão de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo; grant number 2023/02691–2). S K Panda reports support for this Article from Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (deemed to be University); grants or contracts from File number 17–59/2023–24/CCRH/Tech./Coll./ ICMR-Diabetes/960 as co-investigator; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board as associate editor of Heliyon, outside the submitted work. S Rege reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as operational lead of International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research’s Medication Adherence and Persistence’s Special Interest Group, review editor of Editorial Board of Pharmacoepidemiology section within Frontiers in Pharmacology, Academic Editor of PLOS ONE’s Editorial Board, Editorial Board member of Pain Management, outside the submitted. Y L Samodra reports grants or contracts from National Science and Technology Council, National Taiwan University and College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University; consulting fees from Jago Beasiswa; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as co-founder of Benang Merah Research Center, Indonesia, outside the submitted work. J Sanabria reports support for attending meetings or travel from Continuing Medical Education money from Marshall University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery; patents planned, issued or pending; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board as vice-chair for research and quality assurance; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with several committees in National and International Societies, outside the submitted work. B M Schaarschmidt reports grants or contracts from Else Kröner-Fresenius Foundation Research, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, PharmaCept; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from AstraZeneca and Boston Scientific; support for attending meetings or travel from Bayer, outside the submitted work. M Šekerija reports consulting fees from Roche; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Astellas, outside the submitted. V Sharma reports other support from Directorate of Forensic Science Services (MHA)’s research project (DFSS28(1)2019/EMR/6) at Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University (Chandigarh, India), outside the submitted work. V Shivarov reports one patent from the Bulgarian Patent Office and other financial support from ICON plc, outside the submitted work. L Silva reports grants or contracts from SPRINT, Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300–559 Guarda, Portugal; 2RISE-Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201–506 Covilhã, Portugal, outside the submitted work. J A Singh reports consulting fees from ROMTech, Atheneum, Clearview healthcare partners, American College of Rheumatology, Yale, Hulio, Horizon Pharmaceuticals, DINO-RA, ANI/Exeltis, USA, Frictionless Solu-tions, Schipher, Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, PK Med, Two labs, Adept Field Solutions, Clinical Care options, Putnam associates, Focus forward, Navigant consulting, Spherix, MedIQ, Jupiter Life Science, UBM, Trio Health, Medscape, WebMD, and Practice Point communications; and the NIH; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from the bureau of Simply Speaking; support for attending meetings or travel as a past steering committee member of OMERACT; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board from the FDA Arthritis Advisory Committee; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as a past steering committee member of the OMERACT, an international organisation that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arm’s length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies; stock or stock options in Atai life sciences, Kintara therapeutics, Intelligent Biosolutions, Acumen Pharmaceutical, TPT Global Tech, Vaxart Pharmaceuticals, Atyu Biopharma, Adaptimmune Therapeutics, GeoVax Labs, Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Enzolytics, Seres Therapeutics, Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding, Aebona Pharmaceuticals, and Charlotte’s Web Holdings, and previously owned stock options in Amarin, Viking and Moderna Pharmaceuticals, outside the submitted work. R Tabares-Seisdedos reports grants or contracts from Valencian Regional Government’s Ministry of Education (PROMETEO/CIPROM/2022/58) and from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (PID2021–129099OB-I00), outside the submitted work (the funders were not involved in the design of the manuscript or decision to submit the manuscript for publication, nor will they be involved in any aspect of the study’s conduct). J H V Ticoalu reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as co-founder of Benang Merah Research Center, Indonesia, outside the submitted work. D Trico reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk; Support for attending meetings or travel from AstraZeneca; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with Amarin, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid EASD Early Career Academy and EASD Committee on Clinical Affairs; receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services paid to the institution from Abbott and PharmaNutra, outside the submitted work. E Vounzoulaki reports grants or contracts from NIHR DSE Award (until July 2026), outside the submitted work. P Willeit reports consulting fees from Novartis Pharmaceuticals, outside the submitted work. J F Wu reports grants or contracts from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R38HL167238) and acknowledges previous funding from the American Society of Hematology Hematology Opportunities for the Next Generation of Research Scientists (HONORS) Award, outside the submitted work. S N Zafar reports grants or contracts from the NIH/NCI Early-Stage Surgeon Scientist Program (grant P30 CA014520–48S4), outside the submitted work. M Zielińska reports other support as an Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease employee, outside the submitted work.
