Wildfires spread to 15,000 hectares in Argentine Patagonia

By AFP
January 11, 2026


Firefighters battle to extinguish a bushfire in Chubut province of Argentina's Patagonian region - Copyright AFP Gonzalo KEOGAN, Gonzalo KEOGAN

Forest fires in southern Argentina have scorched more than 15,000 hectares (37,000 acres) this week, authorities said, though rain began falling in parts of Patagonia on Sunday to the relief of residents.

The largest blaze, burning since Monday near the small town of Epuyen in the Andes, has charred some 11,980 hectares, the Chubut provincial fire service said in a statement.

Another fire of unspecified size is burning nearby in the Los Alerces National Park.

Firefighters are also battling to contain another two fires in Chubut and neighboring Santa Cruz provinces that have burned some 3,800 hectares, Argentina’s emergency management agency said.

On Sunday afternoon, rain fell in some parts of the region, to the relief of residents like Atilla Missura, a 59-year-old who leads horseback tours.

“We are very happy; hopefully it will stay this way,” Missura told AFP by telephone from Rincon de Lobos, one of the most affected areas.

More than 500 firefighters, rescuers, police officers, and support personnel were combating the blazes, while dozens of local people supported operations on the front lines.

The governor of Chubut, Ignacio Torres, said in a radio interview that the situation in the area was “calmer” on Sunday morning but it “remains very critical.”

Torres urged people “never again to downplay the implications of climate change” and emphasized that the province is experiencing “the worst drought since 1965.”

A volunteer firefighter working near Epuyen was in intensive care due to severe burns, health authorities told local media.

Approximately 3,000 tourists have been evacuated from the area in recent days, and at least 10 homes have been destroyed by the fire, Torres said.

The region lost 32,000 hectares to wildfires in early 2025.


Scores of homes razed, one dead in Australian bushfires


By AFP
January 11, 2026


A bushfire burning in the Mount Lawson State Park, 25 kilometres west of Walwa, Victoria state - Copyright AFP Luis TATO

Bushfires have razed hundreds of buildings across southeast Australia, authorities said Sunday, as they confirmed the first death from the disaster.

Temperatures soared past 40C as a heatwave blanketed the state of Victoria, sparking dozens of blazes that ripped through more than 300,000 hectares (740,000 acres) combined.

Fire crews tallied the damage as conditions eased on Sunday. A day earlier, authorities had declared a state of disaster.

Emergency Management Commissioner Tim Wiebusch said over 300 buildings had burned to the ground, a figure that includes sheds and other structures on rural properties.

More than 70 houses had been destroyed, he said, alongside huge swathes of farming land and native forest.

“We’re starting to see some of our conditions ease,” he told reporters.

“And that means firefighters are able to start getting on top of some of the fires that we still have in our landscape.”

Police said one person had died in a bushfire near the town of Longwood, about two hours’ drive north of state capital Melbourne.

“This really takes all the wind out of our sails,” said Chris Hardman from Forest Fire Management Victoria.

“We really feel for the local community there and the family, friends and loved ones of the person that is deceased,” he told national broadcaster ABC.

Photos taken this week showed the night sky glowing orange as the fire near Longwood tore through bushland.

“There were embers falling everywhere. It was terrifying,” cattle farmer Scott Purcell told ABC.

Another bushfire near the small town of Walwa crackled with lightning as it radiated enough heat to form a localised thunderstorm.

Hundreds of firefighters from across Australia have been called in to help.

Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese said he was talking with Canada and the United States for possible extra assistance.

Millions have this week sweltered through a heatwave blanketing much of Australia.

High temperatures and dry winds combined to form some of the most dangerous bushfire conditions since the “Black Summer” blazes.

The Black Summer bushfires raged across Australia’s eastern seaboard from late 2019 to early 2020, razing millions of hectares, destroying thousands of homes and blanketing cities in noxious smoke.

Australia’s climate has warmed by an average of 1.51C since 1910, researchers have found, fuelling increasingly frequent extreme weather patterns over both land and sea.

Australia remains one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of gas and coal, two key fossil fuels blamed for global heating.

Australia: State of disaster declared amid Victoria fires

Timothy Jones 

DW with AFP, Reuters

10/01/2026 

Thousands of firefighters are working to douse several bush fires that are still raging in Australia's southeast. The fires erupted as a massive heat wave gripped much of the country.

The last livable house in Ruffy has become a refuge for those wanting to stay in the town

Image: Michael Currie/AAP/IMAGO


Authorities in the southeastern Australian state of Victoria declared a state of disaster on Saturday amid bush fires that have destroyed homes, caused large-scale power outages and razed huge swaths of bushland.

The fires have been described as the worst to hit the state since the Black Summer blazes of 2019-2020, which burne out 240,000 square kilometers (93,000 square miles) and killed 33 people.

Several major fires still burning in Victoria

The fires, most of which broke out earlier in the week, have so far burnt across more than 300,000 hectares (741,316 acres) of bushland, authorities said on Saturday.

They said 10 large bushfires were still burning.

A fire near Longwood has been one of the most destructiveImage: Wandong Fire Brigade/REUTERS

Most of the worst blazes have hit sparsely populated rural areas.

The heavily forested region near the town Longwood, about 112 km (69.6 miles) north of the state capital, Melbourne, has been one of the worst affected, with a bushfire there burning across 150,000 hectares (370,000 acres).

Emergency Management Commissioner Tim Wiebusch said at least 130 structures, including houses, sheds and other buildings had been destroyed across the state.

The fires erupted amid a heat wave in the state, with temperatures surpassing 40 C (104 F).

Hundreds of firefighters from across the country have been called in to help douse the fires, which have also left around 38,000 residences ‌and businesses without power.

Several homes and other structures have been destroyed

Image: Michael Currie/AAP/REUTERS

Calls to evacuate

The declaration of a state of disaster by state premier Jacinta Allan gives firefighters emergency powers to force evacuations.

"It's all about one thing: protecting Victorian lives," she said. "And it sends one clear message: if you have been told to leave, go."

"Where we can, fires will be being brought under control," Allan said in a televised media conference from Melbourne.

This chimney is all that is left of a house that was destroyed by the fires in HarcourtImage: James Ross/AAP/IMAGO

She said three people missing inside one of the state's most dangerous fire regions had been found.

Wiebusch, the emergency management commissioner, said the 10 blazes that are still ongoing would "continue to burn for days, if not weeks."

He added that lightning caused by the intense heat from the blazes could cause more fires on Saturday.

Extreme weather events on land and at sea have increased in frequency in Australia, whose land surface researchers say has warmed by an average of 1.51 C since 1910.

The country is still one of the world's largest producers and exporters of gas and coal, two fossil sources of energy that are key drivers of global warming.

Edited by: Karl Sexton

Timothy Jones Writer, translator and editor with DW's online news team.

Australia: 3 missing as 'catastrophic' bushfires rage

Shakeel Sobhan 

DW with AFP, Reuters

The bushfires ignited as an intense heat wave swept southern Australia, creating the most dangerous conditions since the "Black Summer" blazes from late 2019 to early 2020.

The Victorian state premier said Friday was one of the most dangerous fire days in years

Image: Kylie Shingles/AFP

Bushfires across the Australian state of Victoria were destroying homes, forcing evacuations, and burning through vast swathes of bushland, authorities said on Friday.

Victoria's Emergency Management Commissioner Tim Wiebusch said firefighters were battling around 30 active blazes as the state's fire danger rating hit the highest "catastrophic" level.

Temperatures were forecast to reach 46 degrees Celsius (115 degrees Fahrenheit), with damaging winds expected to make conditions "undefendable" in some areas, authorities said.

Dozens of communities have been evacuated and many parks and campgrounds closed as the fires continue to spread.

"If you don't leave now, it could result in your life being lost," Wiebusch said.

The fires broke out amid a strong heat wave across the south of AustraliaImage: Forest Fire Management Victoria/AFP

'Some people have lost everything'

A major fire near the town of Longwood has burned more than 35,000 hectares (86,486 acres), destroying multiple homes and community buildings, while another blaze near Walwa has spread across about 20,000 hectares of bushland.

Victoria Police said two adults and a child were also missing in the Longwood area after their home was destroyed by fire.

"Some properties have lost everything," Longwood fire captain George Noye said. "They've lost their livelihoods, they've lost their shearing sheds, livestock, just absolutely devastating."

Victoria's state Premier Jacinta Allan called the blaze "one of the most dangerous fire days that this state has experienced in years."

Intense heat wave across southern Australia

The bushfires ignited on Wednesday as an intense heat wave swept southern Australia, creating the most dangerous bushfire conditions since the "Black Summer" blazes from late 2019 to early 2020 that killed 33 people and devastated vast areas of the southeast.

Australia remains one of the world's largest producers and exporters of gas and coal, key fossil fuels that act as major contributors to global warming.

The country's climate has warmed by an average of 1.51°C since 1910, scientists say, fueling increasingly frequent extreme weather.

Aboriginal wisdom to fight bushfire 04:23

Edited by: Zac Crellin

Australia heatwave stokes risk of catastrophic bushfires


By AFP
January 7, 2026


A bushfire burning near the town of Longwood, northern Victoria on January 7, 2026 - Copyright AFP Kerem YUCEL

Steven TRASK

Firefighters warned millions of Australians of “catastrophic” bushfire dangers on Thursday as they battled multiple blazes stoked by a heatwave blanketing the country.

Temperatures are forecast to soar past 40C in parts of southeast Australia, fuelling some of the most dangerous bushfire conditions since the “Black Summer” blazes of 2019-2020.

Country Fire Authority chief officer Jason Heffernan said the fire danger rating in some parts of Victoria state would reach “catastrophic”.

“Catastrophic is as bad as it gets,” he told reporters.

“It is the most dangerous fire conditions you can expect — when a fire starts, takes hold and spreads.

“The decisions you make will affect your life and the lives of your family.”

Emergency Management Commissioner Tim Wiebush said hot and dry winds would fan bushfires that were “unpredictable, uncontrollable, and fast moving”.

Acting Victoria state premier Ben Carroll urged people to prepare evacuation plans.

“You do not know until you are surrounded by fire how loud it is, how smoky, how stressful,” he told reporters.

“It is a scary environment that no one should have to go through.”

Firefighters are already trying to contain blazes dotted across the states of Victoria and New South Wales.

– Baby bats –

Millions of people across Australia’s two most populous states have been warned to remain on high alert, including in major cities Sydney and Melbourne.

Authorities fear a small number of properties have been destroyed near the rural town of Longwood, about 150 kilometres (90 miles) north of Victoria’s capital Melbourne.

Government forecaster Sarah Scully said a band of “extreme” heat had settled across the country.

“There’s also dry thunderstorms forecast across Victoria and southern New South Wales,” she said.

“Those dry thunderstorms have very little rainfall in them, but they can ignite new fires.”

Hundreds of baby bats died earlier this week as stifling temperatures hit the state of South Australia, a local wildlife group said.

The “Black Summer” bushfires raged across Australia’s eastern seaboard from late 2019 to early 2020, razing millions of hectares, destroying thousands of homes and blanketing cities in noxious smoke.

Australia’s climate has warmed by an average of 1.51C since 1910, researchers have found, fuelling increasingly frequent extreme weather patterns over both land and sea.

Australia remains one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of gas and coal, two key fossil fuels that are blamed for global heating.

Unfounded theories blame Australia bushfires on smart meters and lasers

• Published on December 28, 2025 
•   
• By Dene-Hern CHEN, AFP Australia

Bushfires destroyed more than a dozen houses along the Central Coast of Australia's New South Wales during a blistering December heatwave, prompting conspiracy theories online that the blazes were triggered by smart meters -- digital energy use meters -- or laser weapons, as nearby plants were "mostly untouched". However, a police investigation has not identified any evidence suggesting the fires were a deliberate act. Authorities also told AFP plenty of vegetation burned during the blaze and the flames torching the homes came from bushland embers.

"According to several firefighters and eyewitness accounts, the fires are reportedly leaping from house to house while leaving nearby trees and surrounding vegetation mostly untouched," reads a Facebook post from an Australia-based user on December 10.

It goes on to suggest that smart power meters -- an upgrade from older models that require manual readings -- or directed energy weapons, such as high-energy lasers, "could be the ignition source". It also adds that "the government will blame 'Climate Change' on the devastation". 

The post, which was shared more than 400 times, includes a picture of a house ablaze, with embedded text reading "NSW wildfires destroy homes, but skip vegetation?"

More than 50 bushfires burned in New South Wales on December 6, destroying a number of homes on the state's mid-north coast (archived link).

Bushfires are a common occurrence in Australia's summer months, and it is not unheard of for dozens of blazes to burn through sparsely populated areas on hot and windy days.

Image

Screenshot of the false Facebook post taken on December 29, 2025, with the red X added by AFP

The same image with the embedded text was shared in similar posts by several Australia-based users on Facebook and X, and also circulated widely in Canada and the United States. 

"The 'smart meters' are being ignited, making way for the 'smart cities'!" commented one user, while another said, "DEW weapon for sure, fire doesn't jump over dry grass and trees and burn houses". 

The claims repeat unfounded conspiracy theories blaming smart meters -- which are now being rolled out nationally in Australia -- and directed energy weapons for major wildfires (archived link). 

The New South Wales government says the meters meet strict health and safety standards set by the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA). 

AFP has debunked similar false claims surrounding the Los Angeles fires in early 2025 and the Hawaii wildfires in August 2023. 

In a December 10 press release, NSW police said its investigators determined the fire was "likely to have originated in bushland on Nimbin Avenue", situated in the coastal Koolewong suburb (archived link). 

"Forensic examinations at the point of origin have not identified any evidence suggesting the use of ignitable liquids or a deliberate act," the police statement said.

Burned vegetation

A spokesperson for the New South Wales Rural Fire Service also told AFP on December 24 the claims that vegetation was "skipped" by the fires was "not correct" (archived link). 

"There was vegetation that did burn. The size of the fires was 129 hectares."

A spokesperson for the NSW Police also confirmed to AFP in a December 26 email: "There was considerable vegetation destroyed in the fire. It's clearly seen in the news vision."

A reverse image search revealed that the circulating picture is similar to Sky News footage of the bushfires in Koolewong published on December 7, where the burning house is shown around the 15-second mark (archived link).

Image

Screenshot comparison between the false post (left) and Sky News footage on YouTube, with the red X added by AFP

Later in the Sky News video, there is footage of razed vegetation next to the house, leaving a blackened mass with nearby trees missing leaves. 

Image

Screenshot of the Sky News footage taken December 26, 2025, 

showing smouldering and burned trees on the bottom right side of the frame

Other photos and videos published by local media show burned bushland alongside affected homes in Koolewong (archived here, here and here).

Copyright © AFP 2017-2025. Any commercial use of this content requires a subscription. Click here to find out more.

New study reveals devastating impact of cane toads approaching the Pilbara

New Curtin University research has found invasive cane toads are on track to reach Western Australia’s Pilbara region within the next 10 to 20 years, threatening to cause widespread losses among native species and significant cultural and economic harm.

Curtin University

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Cane toad in Western Australia

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Credit: Dr Judy Dunlop

New Curtin University research has found invasive cane toads are on track to reach Western Australia’s Pilbara region within the next 10 to 20 years, threatening to cause widespread losses among native species and significant cultural and economic harm.
The study, published in Scientific Reports, predicts that without containment efforts, the toxic amphibians will colonise up to 75 per cent of the Pilbara within three decades, putting 25 native species at risk of serious population declines. These include several species of native marsupial predators like northern quolls, ghost bat and kaluta, as well as frog-eating snakes, blue-tongue skinks and goannas.
Of these, nine native mammals and reptiles are expected to become newly listed as threatened species and push the already vulnerable ghost bat to a higher threat category if the toads are not properly managed.
Lead author Dr Judy Dunlop, from Curtin’s School of Molecular and Life Sciences, said there were simple steps that could prevent the invasive pest from using dams as stepping stones into the Pilbara.
“The Pilbara region’s permanent water sources make it an ideal habitat for the invasive species, which have already devastated native wildlife like quolls, goannas, and snakes across Australia's iconic Kimberley region,” Dr Dunlop said.
“Toads are approaching a naturally dry part of the country south of Broome where the Great Sandy Desert meets the ocean. Here, the only water accessible to them is cattle watering points.
“If these points are dams, toads will access and use them as stepping stones to make their way through the desert zone but simple upgrades to concrete tanks and troughs will make them inaccessible to toads.”
Co-author Professor Ben Phillips, also from Curtin’s School of Molecular and Life Sciences, said the findings highlighted the urgent need to establish a “toad containment zone” to stop their southward march.
“By establishing a 150km long ‘toad containment zone’ which limits toad access to artificial waterpoints, we may be able to prevent the invasion and push the species back to the top of the barrier – much like how firebreaks are used to halt the spread of bushfires by removing fuel and creating controlled boundaries,” Professor Phillips said.
“There is no doubt that the arrival of toads will cause catastrophic declines in culturally important species, which will be felt by the Traditional Custodians of the Pilbara. The animals most at risk - such as the goanna and bluetongue skink - are culturally important to traditional owners for food, storytelling and bushtucker practices.”
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Professor Phillips said the findings may also have implications for WA’s mining sector, which may face increased financial costs and new conservation requirements due to the changing status of local fauna if the toads invade.
“Our study shows that implementing a model to control the invasion of cane toads could deliver significant environmental, cultural and economic benefits for Western Australia’s Pilbara region and beyond,” Professor Phillips said.
The work was supported by BHP Social Investments.
The full paper is titled, ‘Quantifying the potential impact of the cane toad (Rhinella marina) on biodiversity in Australia’s Pilbara region’ and can be found online here – once published.

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Journal

Scientific Reports

DOI

10.1038/s41598-025-24017-4. 

Method of Research

Data/statistical analysis

Subject of Research

Animals

Article Title

Quantifying the potential impact of the cane toad (Rhinella marina) on biodiversity in Australia’s Pilbara region

Article Publication Date

10-Nov-2025

  

Can solar farms become future refuges for bumblebees?

Solar farms could become important refuges for bumblebees in Britain, a new study reveals - though their benefits only go so far.

Lancaster University

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A bumblebee on a solar farm in the UK

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Credit: Dr Hollie Blaydes

Solar farms could become important refuges for bumblebees in Britain, a new study reveals - though their benefits only go so far.

In the first study to investigate the role of solar farms in future biodiversity conservation, a research team, from Lancaster University, the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology and the University of Reading, set out to discover if the UK’s existing solar farms could support bumblebees in the face of a changing countryside.

They found that solar farm management – wildflower margins verses turf - was the main factor influencing the number of bumblebees within solar farms themselves.

Their new modelling suggests bumblebee numbers within solar farms could more than double (increase by 120%) if solar farms are managed for biodiversity, with wildflower margins providing a rich source of food for the bees. This increase is when compared to solar farms just covered with turf grass.

“Our results indicate that well-managed solar farms could provide refuges to help protect localised bumblebee populations against landscape changes happening beyond the site boundaries,” said Dr Hollie Blaydes, Senior Research Associate at Lancaster University. “We expected to find that solar farms with more resources would support more bees, but we were also interested in how this management interacts with wider land use changes.”

The researchers applied a novel high-resolution modelling technique to predict how Britain’s existing 1,042 solar farms may play a role in supporting bumblebee numbers in the coming decades.

They used and investigated three previously established future visions (based on the Representative Concentration Pathways and Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) of what landscapes in Britain could look like based on ‘sustainable’, ‘middle-of-the-road’ and ‘fossil-fuelled development’ socio-economic scenarios, downscaled from 1km to a highly detailed 10m square resolution.

Across these scenarios, the amount of different habitats in a landscape varies, as does management of these habitats, with consequences for bumblebee foraging and nesting opportunities. All futures see a decrease in agricultural land area surrounding solar farms compared to the present day, driven by factors ranging from changing diets to increased urbanisation.

Dr Blaydes said: “We took existing land use futures maps and downscaled them to a resolution that is more relevant to bumblebees. Then, we added features, such as hedgerows and wildflower patches, which are important landscape elements for bumblebees and combined the maps with a pollinator model. The model predicts how bees use these landscapes based on foraging and nesting resources. This aspect of the work was particularly novel - it is unusual for modelling like this to be done in such detail.”

Their results suggest the bee-boosting effects of the management of solar farms are largely constrained to the solar farms themselves – and have a limited and localised impact across a large wider landscape.

Landscape composition around solar farms were found to have a greater influence on bumblebee densities in the foraging areas surrounding solar farms.

Modelling for a ‘sustainable’ future scenario where more bumblebee food resources and habitat are put back into the landscape would have the most positive impact on bumblebee densities across a wider landscape and including foraging zones around existing solar farms.

Alona Armstrong, Professor in Energy and Environmental Sciences and co-author of the study, said: “While benefits from solar farms for bumblebee densities may be limited to the local scale, our findings help to show that site management plays a role in supporting bumblebee populations. Solar farms could be considered as an emerging tool in conservation to help protect populations of bumblebees into the future.

“If we are going to need additional solar farms to meet our national renewable energy commitments, then strategic siting of solar farms could be considered to connect bumblebee habitats or provide bumblebee resources where they are otherwise limited.”

Dr Blaydes said: “Solar farms can be refuges for bumblebees in the present day and in the future and could play a part in mitigating habitat loss – if managed well. But, solar farms alone will not be able to counteract the effects of all future land use changes on bumblebees and other biodiversity.”

The results of the study, which was funded through researcher grants by the Natural Environment Research Council with support from Low Carbon, are detailed in the paper ‘solar farms as potential future refuges for bumblebees’ which has been published by the journal Global Change Biology’.

Authors of the study include Hollie Blaydes, Duncan Whyatt and Alona Armstrong of Lancaster University; Emma Gardner, Robert Dunford-Brown and John Redhead of the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology; and Simon Potts of the University of Reading.

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Journal

Global Change Biology

DOI

10.1111/gcb.70537 

Method of Research

Computational simulation/modeling

Subject of Research

Not applicable

Article Title

Solar farms as potential future refuges for bumblebees

Article Publication Date

8-Oct-2025

Burning issue: study finds fire a friend to some bees, a foe to others

Curtin University

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Bees species the Megachile aufrions.

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Credit: Kit Prendergast

New Curtin University research has found the impact of bushfires and prescribed burns on global bee populations is highly varied, with some species benefiting from fire while others face severe risks.

 

The study, led by Adjunct Research Fellow Dr Kit Prendergast from Curtin’s School of Molecular and Life Sciences, examined 148 studies from around the world to understand how fire impacts bees.

 

The review considered the severity, frequency and duration of fires, along with the different characteristics of bees, such as where they nest, their body size, how specialised their diet is and whether they live alone or in groups.

 

Dr Prendergast said while declining pollinator numbers are being increasingly recognised as a major threat to biodiversity and sustainability, little was known until now about how they respond to fires that are becoming more frequent and severe due to climate change and land management practices.

 

“We found that ground-nesting bees and those that feed on many different plants often flourished in the open, sunny conditions that follow a fire. But bees that nest in little pre-made holes in trees or those that rely on just a few plant species for food were far more vulnerable, as fires can destroy their nesting sites and the plants they depend on,” Dr Prendergast said.

 

“Overall, our findings show that bee responses to fire are highly varied, with some species benefiting, while others decline or disappear altogether.

 

“The review highlighted significant research gaps, with most existing studies coming from North America and Europe, rather than fire-prone Southern Hemisphere ecosystems.

 

“Despite Australia being home to a rich diversity of native bees and some of the world’s most fire-affected landscapes, there is a lack of research into how our unique native bees cope with fire.”

 

Study co-author Associate Professor Bill Bateman, also from Curtin’s School of Molecular and Life Sciences, said the findings underscored the importance of tailoring fire management to support biodiversity.

 

“This review shows there is no one-size-fits-all approach, with fire proving to be beneficial for some bees and catastrophic for others,” Associate Professor Bateman said.

 

“To preserve bee diversity, land managers need to think beyond hazard reduction and consider strategies such as leaving unburnt refuges, maintaining habitat connectivity and using a mosaic of burn types across the landscape.

 

“This is especially important in Australia, where our ecosystems and bees have evolved under very different fire regimes compared to the Northern Hemisphere.”

 

The study recommended that fire management plans incorporate measures to support native bee survival and recovery, given their vital role in pollination, food security and ecosystem health.

 

The full study ‘Bees feeling the burn: how fire affects global bee biodiversity’ is published in ‘Biological Reviews’ and can be accessed here: doi: 10.1111/brv.70082

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Journal

Biological Reviews

DOI

10.1111/brv.70082 

Method of Research

Literature review

Subject of Research

Animals

Article Title

Bees feeling the burn: how fire affects global bee biodiversity

Article Publication Date

8-Oct-2025