Why a Feminist and Just Energy Transition Is the Only Way Out of the Climate Crisis

As we look toward Santa Marta, the message is both simple and profound: We cannot solve the climate crisis with the same logic that caused it.


Thousands of people take part in the so-called “Great People’s March” in the sidelines of the COP30 UN Climate Change Conference in Belem, Para State, Brazil on November 15, 2025.
(Photo by Pablo Porciuncula/ AFP via Getty Images)

Theiva Lingam
Apr 21, 2026

Common Dreams


Wars, invasions, blockades, and genocide from Venezuela and Iran to Palestine have ripped the curtain off the inherent volatility and violence of the fossil energy system. We need a rapid and just scale-up of socially controlled renewables to end the era of fossil fuels. But ensuring a just transition requires deeper conversation. Who benefits from the energy transition? Who bears the cost? Who gets a say in how energy is produced? These are also feminist questions about power, labor, care, and whose lives are valued.

To answer them, grassroots leaders, Indigenous communities, trade unions, and environmental justice activists will gather in Santa Marta, Colombia for the Peoples’ Summit and First Conference on Transitioning Away from Fossil Fuels this week. For many of us in environmental and social justice movements, this gathering represents both urgency and possibility. This will be a critical space because, without justice, the energy transition will reproduce the same systems of extraction, control, and violence.

So We Must Ask: an Energy Transition for Whom?

The transition narrative sold by corporations and rich countries today tells us we can scale up corporate, market-led renewable energy technologies without questioning who controls them, who benefits, and who bears the cost. This risks the transition becoming nothing more than the old model in greener packaging. In Malaysia, for example, the energy transition policy largely rebrands the old growth-and-extraction model. It uses green rhetoric, prioritizing corporate-led false solutions like carbon capture and storage and carbon capture, utilization, and storage. Copying Western-style developments through corporate-driven trade and investment patterns sustains fossil fuel dependence and continues to entrench structural inequalities both nationally and internationally. Without systemic change, the transition becomes another chapter in a long history of resource plunder, particularly in the Global South.

Consider the surge in demand for minerals like lithium, cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements. These are essential components of batteries, solar panels, and wind turbines. Governments and corporations in the Global North are racing to secure these materials, often greenwashing extraction as necessary for climate action, while diverting these minerals into military, aerospace, AI, and data centers. For communities across Latin America, Africa, and Asia, this rush is already translating into land grabs, water depletion, labor exploitation, and violence. Lithium extraction threatens fragile ecosystems and Indigenous Peoples’ livelihoods; cobalt mining has been linked to dangerous working conditions and child labor. As with oil before them, critical minerals are becoming objects of geopolitical competition—backed by military power and strategic control.

If this transition is not rooted in justice, it will not be a solution. It will be the next phase of the crisis.

The military is among the world’s largest consumers of fossil fuels, yet its emissions are routinely excluded from national reporting. At the same time, states and corporations work together to secure control over oil, gas, and critical minerals—profiting from war and devastation from Lebanon to Venezuela and Cuba.

These are the very predictable outcomes of a system that prioritizes profit over energy as a right for people. A just transition must go far beyond emissions reductions. It must actively confront inequality, redistribute power, and wealth, and repair historical and ongoing harms. It must center those who have been marginalized and exploited—not as victims but as leaders.

A Just Transition Must Be Based on Peoples’ Sovereignty and Energy Sovereignty

At the heart of this vision are peoples’ sovereignty and energy sovereignty: the right of communities to control their lands, resources, and energy systems, and to shape the decisions that affect their lives. This means treating energy as a common good that is managed for collective well-being rather than private profit, while building energy democracy, where communities have real decision-making power over how energy is produced and used. It also requires energy sufficiency, prioritizing meeting people’s needs over excessive and wasteful energy use. Together, these principles challenge the concentration of power in corporations and wealthy countries, and point toward energy systems that are locally rooted, democratic, and aligned with social and ecological needs.

Achieving this also requires that we confront imperialism. The current global order allows wealthy countries to externalize the social and environmental costs of their consumption to the Global South, while maintaining control over finance, technology, and trade. This imbalance shapes the terms of the energy transition, devastating communities and often locking countries in the Global South into roles as raw material suppliers rather than equal partners.

Policies that ignore power dynamics may deliver short-term emissions reductions, but they will ultimately fail as communities resist exploitation and inequity deepens. A transition rooted in justice, however, can build the broad-based support needed for transformative change.

Around the world, communities are already practicing energy sovereignty, from managing decentralized renewable systems in Palestine to asserting their rights against extractive projects in Mozambique. Alternatives are not only possible, but underway.

A feminist and just energy transition must challenge the structures that perpetuate dependency and inequality, including unfair trade agreements, debt regimes, and corporate impunity. It must also recognize and address the intersecting forms of oppression based on gender, race, class, and colonial history that shape how the climate crisis is experienced and resisted.

As we look toward Santa Marta, the message is both simple and profound: We cannot solve the climate crisis with the same logic that caused it. If this transition is not rooted in justice, it will not be a solution. It will be the next phase of the crisis.

The path forward will require confronting entrenched interests and reimagining our economies and societies. From Santa Marta and beyond, communities are showing us the way. The task now is to listen, to act, and to ensure that the transition ahead is truly just—for people, for the planet, and for future generations.


Our work is licensed under Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0). Feel free to republish and share widely.


Theiva Lingam is chair of Friends of the Earth International, the world’s largest grassroots environmental federation. She is also a public interest lawyer, environmental activist, and legal adviser to Sahabat Alam Malaysia-Friends of the Earth Malaysia, as well as a legal consultant at Third World Network.
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The 2040 milestones that Europe must meet to achieve climate-neutrality by 2050

Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)

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Energy, transport, heating and industrial transition: a major modelling study now provides EU-wide guidance with high sector detail on the required pace of transition to fossil-free technologies. The conclusion is encouraging: the EU Green Deal is realistic, and it will ultimately make the continent stronger and more independent from oil and gas crises. The study was conducted at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) and published in Nature Communications.

To understand the scope for useful policy measures, the research team focuses on how the EU can achieve its 2050 climate neutrality target at minimal cost. It draws on the accurate energy–economy–climate model REMIND, runs through a reference scenario – based on assumptions deemed to be most plausible – and then varies key assumptions: Where does the EU stand in terms of emissions reduction and energy efficiency in 2030? How will the costs of wind and solar power develop by 2050? How available will hydrogen and synthetic fuels be as fossil-free sources of energy? Additionally, how much capacity can the EU create for removing CO₂ from the atmosphere to offset hard-to-avoid residual emissions?

One finding is that the EU climate transition, at minimal cost and under the most plausible scenario assumptions, would require a reduction of 2040 net greenhouse gas emissions by 86 percent, relative to 1990. “This result is grounded in techno-economic optimisation of the EU’s transformation path, without looking at questions of fair global burden-sharing,” says PIK researcher and study co-author Robert Pietzcker. 

The EU climate advisory board had recommended a 90 to 95 percent reduction based on considerations of both what is possible and what is fair globally. In doing so, the board had been drawing, among other things, on preliminary results from scenarios developed for the current study. The recommendation was taken up by the EU Commission’s proposal for a 90 percent reduction target. In order to slightly reduce the pressure on member states, it was allowed that 5 percent reductions can come from projects outside the EU. “Our results now show that the resulting 85 percent EU-internal reductions are in line with a cost-effective transition to climate neutrality,” explains Pietzcker. 

Electricity generation from wind and solar must increase seven-fold

To achieve such a significant emissions reduction within just 14 years, the EU must double down on its achievements until now – having reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 37 percent in 2024, relative to 1990 – and further accelerate the transition. To guide future measures, the research team provides “milestones” for individual sectors by 2040 based on its model analysis. These are shown as a point value (representing the reference scenario under the most plausible assumptions) and as a “sensitivity range” (across the entire set of scenarios with the varied assumptions still deemed to be reasonable).

Two pillars of the transition are the expansion of renewable electricity, and the electrification of energy demands. In the reference pathway to climate neutrality, electricity generation from wind and solar will need to be seven times higher in 2040 than in the period from 2018 to 2022 (sensitivity range: four to eight times higher). The share of electricity in final energy consumption, which was fairly constant at 20 percent in the 2010s, will need to rise to 49 percent by 2040 (range: 45 to 59 percent). 

Although a sevenfold rise in wind and solar electricity by 2040 is ambitious, recent experience indicates that it may well be achievable: the required annual growth rate was already achieved over the period 2021–2025, driven by the policy response to the energy crisis. Similarly for electrification: the EU-wide share of battery-electric vehicles in car sales has increased from 2 percent in 2019 to 19 percent in 2025, with Norway and Denmark reaching sales shares above 80 percent.

Dependence on gas and oil imports falls by 60 percent

The study also provides milestones regarding the capture of CO₂ from the atmosphere and storing it permanently in geological formations – a capability that will be indispensable for climate neutrality, but which has so far been virtually non-existent. Carbon capture and storage capacity must rise by 26 (range: 16 to 30) percent annually between 2030 and 2040, reaching 188 (56 to 257) million tonnes of CO₂ annually

“The path to EU climate neutrality by 2050 is still feasible, as long as the EU now shapes the period up to 2040 with ambitious policies,” says Renato Rodrigues, PIK researcher and lead author of the study. “Successful decarbonisation can make the EU economically stronger and strategically more independent.”

This is because, in the reference scenario of the model analysis, demand for both natural gas and crude oil in 2040 is 60 percent lower than in the period from 2018 to 2022, Rodrigues explains. “Although the EU might still need alternative energy imports – e.g. green hydrogen, ammonia, or e-fuels – the volumes would be much lower than current fossil fuels, reducing the EU’s reliance on off-shore energy producers.” 

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Journal

Nature Communications

DOI

10.1038/s41467-026-71159-8 

Method of Research

Computational simulation/modeling

Subject of Research

Not applicable

Article Title

2040 greenhouse gas reduction targets and energy transitions in line with the EU Green Deal

Article Publication Date

16-Apr-2026

 

Researchers combine carbon dioxide capture and conversion into one system

The new approach, developed by the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering and Argonne National Laboratory researchers, offers a streamlined and cost-effective pathway toward decarbonization

University of Chicago

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University of Chicago Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering researcher Reginaldo Gomes, PhD'25, is the first author on a new study from the lab of Asst. Prof. Chibueze Amanchukwu that modeled a system that can simultaneously capture and convert CO₂. (Photo by John Zich)

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Credit: UChicago Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering / John Zich

Every year, power plants and factories release billions of tons of carbon dioxide (CO₂) into the atmosphere. Methods exist to capture that CO₂ using chemical solutions and, separately, to convert pure CO₂ into useful fuels and chemicals. But doing both steps at once, in a cost-efficient and scalable way, has been difficult.

Now, researchers at the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering (UChicago PME) and the U.S. Department of Energy’s Argonne National Laboratory have developed a system that can simultaneously capture and convert CO₂. The approach, they reported in Nature Energy, offers a more efficient and potentially lower-cost approach than carrying out each step separately.  

By swapping the water usually used in carbon capture and conversion systems for a different solvent, the team was able to capture CO₂ more efficiently and convert it into carbon monoxide, an industrially relevant building block for the chemical industry used to make a wide range of fuels and chemicals today. They also turned to zinc, rather than the usual silver, to catalyze the conversion reaction, bringing costs for the process down further. 

“The concept of being able to integrate capture and conversion into a single step is a relatively new one, and we’ve made significant headway in not only showing that this is possible but that it can be done under conditions that are relevant for industrial deployment,” said Chibueze Amanchukwu, Neubauer Family Assistant Professor of Molecular Engineering at UChicago PME and senior author of the new study.

One process instead of two

In conventional carbon capture, amines — nitrogen-based compounds that bind readily to CO₂ — are dissolved in water. Releasing the captured CO₂ for later use requires heating the solution to temperatures as high as 150°C and compressing the CO₂. Meanwhile, if that captured CO2 was converted in water, water carries out unwanted side reactions, ultimately leading to hydrogen gas. 

Amanchukwu, whose lab focuses on electrochemistry in non-aqueous solvents, was brought together with scientists at Argonne National Laboratory through the University of Chicago Joint Task Force Initiative, a program designed to foster collaboration between the two institutions. About four years ago, the group formed a team and asked themselves what big problem was worth tackling together. They landed on reactive capture — the idea that CO₂ could be converted directly into a useful product while still bound to the amine. 

“The challenge with current capture methods comes when you need to recover that CO₂. You need to boil the solution, which requires significant energy,” said first author of the study Reginaldo Gomes, who completed his PhD at UChicago PME and is now a postdoctoral researcher at Argonne. “We asked whether, instead of going though those costly steps, we could use electricity to convert the captured CO₂ directly into something valuable."

Changing the solvent changes the chemistry

Many of the challenges around combining current capture and conversion methods revolve around water’s unwanted chemical reactions. So the team began by replacing water with DMSO — a widely used industrial solvent.

In water, two amines must come together to bind each captured CO₂ molecule. Amanchukwu, Gomes, and their colleagues showed that in DMSO, the same amines form a different arrangement and can capture one CO₂ for every amine, doubling the system’s capture capacity. At the same time, no CO₂ is lost to the competing chemical pathways that occur in water. Overall, the team observed nearly three times higher CO₂ uptake per amine molecule in DMSO compared to water.

With fewer hydrogen-forming side reactions, the group realized they could also make another change to the system. Silver catalysts, used in water-based capture approaches because they are resistant to making hydrogen, could be swapped for zinc — an earth-abundant metal far less expensive than the silver. 

“We didn’t anticipate how removing water would open up all these other new ways to make capture and conversion more efficient,” said Amanchukwu. “It worked better than we had even hoped for.”

Under lab conditions with pure CO₂, the zinc catalyst achieved 78% efficiency in converting captured CO₂ to carbon monoxide, a key industrial feedstock. Computational work by collaborator Cong Liu at Argonne revealed exactly why the zinc outperformed the silver in the DMSO system, requiring less energy.

Performing under real-world conditions

A critical test for any carbon capture technology is whether it works under actual industrial exhaust conditions rather than only with pure CO₂ in the lab. The team tested their system using simulated flue gas mixtures containing oxygen, which typically interferes with chemical reactions and can lower the efficiency of carbon capture and conversion. 

The new approach still achieved up to 43% efficiency in converting CO₂ to carbon monoxide over multiple capture-and-conversion cycles. That figure matches what state-of-the-art water-based systems achieve using silver under pure CO₂, a far less challenging condition.

Collaborators at Argonne, led by Dr. Chukwunwike Iloeje, carried out a techno-economic analysis to estimate the cost of using DMSO instead of water. They found that the improved performance of the system, particularly higher CO₂ conversion, can substantially offset the higher solvent cost. Replacing silver with zinc in the DMSO system could further reduce costs by using a more active and abundant catalyst.

The researchers are candid that significant work remains before the system can be scaled up. It must be able to run for thousands of hours rather than days, and reaction rates must increase roughly tenfold to reach commercial viability. New reactor designs better suited to industrial scale will also be required. Still, a patent disclosure has been filed, and the team has already been contacted by industry.

“We established the scientific foundation for this system,” said Gomes. “We’re not just working with a pure, controlled CO₂ stream in the lab — we developed something that can start to handle the complexity of real-world challenges.”

Citation: “Reactive CO₂ Capture via Controlled Amine Speciation in Nonaqueous Electrolytes,” Gomes et al, Nature Energy, April 17, 2026. DOI: 10.1038/s41560-026-02035-4

Funding: This work was primarily funded by the University of Chicago Joint Task Force Initiative and the U.S. Department of Energy (DE-SC0024103, DE-AC02-06CH11357). Additional support was provided by the CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program and the Research Corporation for Science Advancement Negative Emissions Science program.

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Journal

Nature Energy

DOI

10.1038/s41560-026-02035-4 

Article Title

Reactive CO2 capture via controlled amine speciation in non-aqueous electrolytes

Article Publication Date

17-Apr-2026

Graphitized biochar rewires soil microbes to accelerate pollutant breakdown in rice paddies

Biochar Editorial Office, Shenyang Agricultural University

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Geoconductor function of graphitized biochar redirects microbial Fe(III) reduction and stimulates hydroxyl radical production in paddy soil

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Credit: Hua Shang, Chao Jia, Song Wu, Ning Chen, Yujun Wang & Xiangdong Zhu

A new study reveals that a specially engineered form of biochar can dramatically enhance the natural ability of soil microbes to break down pollutants in rice paddies, offering a promising strategy for cleaner and more sustainable agriculture.

Researchers have developed a highly conductive “graphitized biochar” that acts as an electronic bridge in soil, enabling faster and more efficient interactions between microorganisms and iron minerals. This process boosts the formation of highly reactive molecules that can degrade harmful contaminants such as antibiotics.

“By improving the electrical properties of biochar, we found a way to fundamentally change how electrons move through soil systems,” said the study’s corresponding author. “This allows microbes to work more efficiently, ultimately accelerating pollutant removal in agricultural environments.”

Rice paddies are known to accumulate organic pollutants, including antibiotics from manure and irrigation water. These contaminants can persist in soils at levels exceeding natural degradation capacity. One key pathway for breaking them down involves hydroxyl radicals, highly reactive molecules that can rapidly oxidize pollutants. However, the production of these radicals depends on microbial processes that are often limited by inefficient electron transfer.

To address this challenge, the research team used a rapid heating technique known as flash Joule heating to transform conventional biochar into a more graphitized structure. This modification increased the material’s electrical conductivity by more than twofold, enabling it to function as a “geoconductor” that facilitates long-range electron transport in soil.

Laboratory experiments showed that this graphitized biochar significantly enhanced microbial iron reduction, a key step in generating reactive species. Compared to untreated conditions, the modified biochar increased the production of reactive iron species by nearly 19 percent and boosted hydroxyl radical formation by more than 50 percent.

As a result, the degradation rate of the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole improved substantially, with removal efficiencies reaching complete degradation under experimental conditions. In contrast, soils without the modified biochar showed much lower pollutant removal.

The study also found that the material reshaped soil microbial communities. Beneficial bacteria capable of reducing iron became more abundant, creating a positive feedback loop that further enhanced electron transfer and pollutant breakdown.

Importantly, the effectiveness of the graphitized biochar varied across different soil types, depending on the native microbial community and soil properties. Soils with more active microbial populations showed the greatest improvements, highlighting the importance of biological factors in environmental remediation.

Beyond its immediate application in pollutant removal, the research challenges long-standing assumptions about how biochar functions in soil. Traditionally, biochar has been viewed as an “electron reservoir” that stores and releases electrons through surface chemical groups. This study demonstrates that its role as an electron conductor may be even more critical.

“Our findings suggest that facilitating direct electron transfer, rather than simply storing electrons, is the key to unlocking biochar’s full potential in soil remediation,” the authors noted.

The results open new avenues for designing advanced carbon-based materials that work in harmony with natural microbial processes. Such approaches could help reduce contamination risks in agricultural systems while supporting sustainable soil management practices.

As global concerns grow over soil pollution and antibiotic residues in food production, innovations like graphitized biochar may offer scalable solutions that harness the power of both materials science and microbiology.

 

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Journal Reference: Shang, H., Jia, C., Wu, S. et al. Geoconductor function of graphitized biochar redirects microbial Fe(III) reduction and stimulates hydroxyl radical production in paddy soil. Biochar 8, 92 (2026).   

https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-026-00597-w   

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About Biochar

Biochar (e-ISSN: 2524-7867) is the first journal dedicated exclusively to biochar research, spanning agronomy, environmental science, and materials science. It publishes original studies on biochar production, processing, and applications—such as bioenergy, environmental remediation, soil enhancement, climate mitigation, water treatment, and sustainability analysis. The journal serves as an innovative and professional platform for global researchers to share advances in this rapidly expanding field. 

Follow us on Facebook, X, and Bluesky.  

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Journal

Biochar

DOI

10.1007/s42773-026-00597-w 

Method of Research

Experimental study

Article Title

Geoconductor function of graphitized biochar redirects microbial Fe(III) reduction and stimulates hydroxyl radical production in paddy soil

Article Publication Date

17-Apr-2026

Turning microalgae into high-value fuels: biochar-based catalyst unlocks cleaner aromatic production

Biochar Editorial Office, Shenyang Agricultural University

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In-depth into the mechanism of aromatic production from catalytic pyrolysis of wet-torrefied microalgae with HZSM-5 coated biochar

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Credit: Jinye Hu, Yunpu Wang, Haiwei Jiang, Jiabo Wu, Ting Luo, Qi Wang, Yuhang Hu, Kaisong Hu, Wenguang Zhou & Liangliang Fan

Researchers have developed a new strategy to transform microalgae into high-value fuel chemicals more efficiently and cleanly, offering a promising pathway toward sustainable energy production.

Microalgae are widely recognized as a next-generation renewable resource because they grow rapidly, capture carbon dioxide efficiently, and do not compete with food crops for land. However, converting microalgae into usable fuels has long faced a major challenge. The bio-oil produced from algae typically contains high levels of oxygen and nitrogen compounds, which reduce fuel quality, stability, and energy content while contributing to harmful emissions.

In a new study, scientists designed a composite catalyst that significantly improves the quality of bio-oil derived from microalgae. By combining biochar with a well-known zeolite catalyst called HZSM-5, the team created a hybrid material that enhances the production of valuable aromatic hydrocarbons while minimizing unwanted byproducts.

“Our goal was to overcome the limitations of traditional catalysts and better understand how to efficiently remove oxygen and nitrogen during biomass conversion,” said the study’s corresponding author. “This work provides both a practical solution and a deeper insight into the reaction mechanisms.”

The researchers began by applying a pretreatment process known as wet torrefaction to microalgae. This step partially removes oxygen and nitrogen before further processing, improving the feedstock for fuel production. The treated material was then subjected to catalytic pyrolysis, a high-temperature process that breaks down biomass into smaller molecules.

The newly developed HZSM-5 coated biochar catalyst demonstrated remarkable performance. Under optimized conditions, the process achieved up to 96 percent selectivity toward aromatic hydrocarbons, including key compounds such as benzene, toluene, and xylene. At the same time, the proportion of oxygen- and nitrogen-containing compounds dropped dramatically from over 80 percent in non-catalytic conditions to just a few percent.

Equally important, the catalyst showed strong resistance to deactivation. Traditional zeolite catalysts often suffer from carbon buildup that blocks their pores and reduces efficiency. In contrast, the biochar component in the new composite helps break down large molecules before they enter the zeolite structure, preventing clogging and extending catalyst lifespan. Experiments confirmed stable performance over multiple cycles with minimal carbon deposition.

To better understand how the process works, the team conducted detailed mechanistic studies using advanced analytical techniques and model compounds representing proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. These experiments revealed how oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups are progressively removed and converted into simpler hydrocarbons, which are then transformed into aromatic compounds through catalytic reactions.

The findings highlight the complementary roles of biochar and zeolite within the catalyst. Biochar provides a porous structure and adsorption capacity that facilitates initial reactions, while HZSM-5 supplies strong acidic sites that drive deoxygenation, denitrogenation, and aromatization.

By integrating material design with mechanistic insights, the study offers a new direction for improving biomass-to-fuel technologies. The approach could help advance the production of cleaner, higher-quality biofuels and reduce reliance on fossil resources.

As global energy demand continues to rise, innovations like this may play a crucial role in developing sustainable and scalable alternatives.

 

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Journal Reference: Hu, J., Wang, Y., Jiang, H. et al. In-depth into the mechanism of aromatic production from catalytic pyrolysis of wet-torrefied microalgae with HZSM-5 coated biochar. Biochar 8, 91 (2026).   

https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-026-00612-0   

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About Biochar

Biochar (e-ISSN: 2524-7867) is the first journal dedicated exclusively to biochar research, spanning agronomy, environmental science, and materials science. It publishes original studies on biochar production, processing, and applications—such as bioenergy, environmental remediation, soil enhancement, climate mitigation, water treatment, and sustainability analysis. The journal serves as an innovative and professional platform for global researchers to share advances in this rapidly expanding field. 

Follow us on Facebook, X, and Bluesky.  

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Journal

Biochar

DOI

10.1007/s42773-026-00612-0 

Method of Research

Experimental study

Article Title

In-depth into the mechanism of aromatic production from catalytic pyrolysis of wet-torrefied microalgae with HZSM-5 coated biochar

Article Publication Date

17-Apr-2026