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Friday, April 24, 2026

What the Palantir CEO’s ‘manifesto’ tells us about the changing face of war


A Palantir post citing CEO Alex Karp's book called for mandatory military service and closer ties between Silicon Valley and the Pentagon while criticizing "hollow pluralism" and warning of a new AI arms race. But Palantir is just one of the tech companies blurring the lines between Silicon Valley and Washington – while growing too big too fast for traditional oversight.


Issued on: 23/04/2026 - 
FRANCE24
By: Paul MILLAR


Pedestrians walk past Palantir's booth during the World Economic Forum (WEF) annual meeting in Davos on January 19, 2026. © Ina Fassbender, AFP

Data-processing giant Palantir Technologies on Saturday posted a sales brochure cum manifesto that called for Silicon Valley to pledge itself heart and soul to the US military-industrial complex.

“The engineering elite of Silicon Valley has an affirmative obligation to participate in the defense of the nation,” Palantir posted in a 22-point summary of "The Technological Republic" by CEO Alex Karp and Nicholas Zamiska.

The stakes, it said, could not be higher.

“The question is not whether AI weapons will be built; it is who will build them and for what purpose. Our adversaries will not pause to indulge in theatrical debates about the merits of developing technologies with critical military and national security applications,” the company said in its post on X.

“One age of deterrence, the atomic age, is ending,” it read. “A new era of deterrence built on AI is set to begin.”

But the scope of the post went far beyond the usual corporate goal of chasing after defense contracts, going on to propose the introduction of a mandatory US national service and an end to the post-war “neutering” of the Japanese and German militaries. It also suggested a more muscular role for tech companies in fighting “violent crime” and denounced the "ruthless exposure of the private lives of public figures".

The document’s final points have proved some of the most controversial. Having slammed what it described as the “elite’s intolerance of religious belief”, the post called on the US to reject “a vacant and hollow pluralism”.

“Certain cultures and indeed subcultures … have produced wonders. Others have proven middling, and worse, regressive and harmful,” the post read.

Just which cultures those might be remained up to the reader's own judgement.

Alternately ridiculed for its would-be warrior-poet prose and pilloried for its full-throated support of US militarism – even as the world reels from the shockwaves of the US-Israeli war on Iran – the backlash owes much to the already-ominous cloud hanging over the company that posted it.
'Optimizing the kill chain'

Launched by libertarian tech billionaire Peter Thiel, Palantir famously takes its name from the seeing stones of J.R.R. Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings book series. Rescued from the island kingdom of Westernesse, these stones allowed the men of the West to see and to speak across vast distances, binding the realms of their Middle Earth colonies to one another until plague and civil war saw them slide into ruin.

What Palantir does is more mundane, though its scope seems as wide-reaching at times. Palantir provides its customers with data-processing software that allows them to pull together information scattered across different platforms and formats. By doing this, analysts can pick out complex patterns that would otherwise remain buried in the raw data, and refine their work accordingly.

It is the nature of these clients, and the use to which these tools are put, that have earned Palantir its somewhat sinister reputation. The US government remains its main client, using its services extensively through its military, intelligence and police forces.

Former Palantir employees are among those criticizing its partnership with the administration of US President Donald Trump.


Is more scrutiny needed of AI analytics giant Palantir?

SPOTLIGHT © FRANCE 24
09:34



Palantir’s products have been widely used by the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agency in carrying out the mass and often violent deportations of undocumented migrants.

The Department of Homeland Security awarded Palantir a nearly $30 million contract last April to build an AI-powered system that would allow the agency to track people to be detained and deported.

Washington’s close allies also number among the company’s clients. The UK agreed to pay the company more than $405 million to help the National Health Service process patient data.

Perhaps most controversially, Palantir has also supplied Israel’s military with AI-powered analytics tools during its brutal Gaza campaign, which killed more than 70,000 Palestinians, according to UN figures, and left much of the besieged territory in ruins. Holding its annual board meeting in Israel in 2024, Palantir signed a strategic partnership with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's government to strengthen the country’s “war effort”.

The company has not shied away from its militaristic bent. Palantir chief technology officer Shyam Sankar – who was recently commissioned as a lieutenant colonel in the US Army Reserve – told the New York Times last year that the company was “very well known” for its work finding the US military people to kill.

“You can think about that as you’re optimizing the kill chain from sensor to shooter, they call it doctrinally, but it’s the same thing as: How do I find the enemy targets?” he told the paper.

The West against the rest


William Hartung, a senior research fellow at the US-based Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft, said that the tech company’s close relationship with Washington was born in the early days of the War on Terror.

“Palantir's first big government contract came in around 2003 from In-Q-Tel ... to provide the intelligence community with greater capacity to crunch, sort and share the large quantities of data it had collected,” he said. “The goal was to avoid the failures surrounding the 9/11 attacks, where the FBI and CIA failed to share information which, if looked at together, might have given them enough information to thwart or arrest all or some of the hijackers before the attacks were carried out.”

Palantir’s executives have often championed its willingness to work closely with the military as a unique selling point, even adopting military-style titles for its employees: The company is currently trying to boost the ranks of its “forward deployed engineers”.

It’s a strategy that has reaped hefty rewards. The Pentagon on Wednesday asked Congress for $2.3 billion in additional funding to expand the Maven Smart System, a platform built by Palantir that effectively serves as an AI-powered targeting system for the US military.

The contract had originally been awarded to Google, which was forced to abandon the project after employees revolted against the idea of putting such a tool in the hands of the US military.

Palantir, by contrast, had no such scruples.


Autonomous weapons: Palantir, Airbus engineers seek to calm 'killer robot' fears

TECH 24 © FRANCE 24
03:23



Diederick van Wijk, a research fellow at the Netherlands-based Clingendael Institute think-tank, said Palantir’s leading figures saw the corporation as proudly taking on a responsibility that other tech companies had spurned.

“What they believe – mainly Alex Karp as CEO and Peter Thiel as founder – is that Silicon Valley went astray from its founding principle, namely the military-industrial relationship, that Silicon Valley went all-in on consumer tech. And they feel that it's problematic that the companies that wield so much power and data and technology, that they are not more patriotic,” he said.

Although co-founders Thiel and Karp – who bonded in law school over a shared love of political debate – seemingly differ on the precise contours of their belief systems, van Wijk said that both men had long professed a devotion to an idealised framing of Western civilization.

“From the very start they had a very normative idea of what that company should be – so they immediately limited themselves to working for the US and, later on, for Europe, but they always refused to work with Russia and China,” he said. “Which was, in that time with all the early 2000s, ‘the world is flat’ ideas of [US journalist and commentator Thomas] Friedman, they were really an outlier – so there was always this more patriotic or American focus in their business conduct.”

“There was always this idea that this company could really help the West ... be ferocious, ‘protect the fuck out of it’, as Karp often describes it,” he added.
Making a killing

Karp’s call for a renewed focus on hard power in defense of a dangerously decadent West resonates strongly with language adopted by vocal figures within the second Trump administration – particularly Vice-President JD Vance, a former employee of Thiel's during his venture capital days.

The US National Security Strategy published last year focused heavily on what it described as the risk of “civilizational erasure” facing Western Europe as a result of decades of mass migration.

Thiel himself has said he believes democracy to be incompatible with freedom, and recently launched a series of lectures warning about the coming of the Antichrist. Karp, who supported Democratic candidate Kamala Harris’s failed bid for the White House in 2024, maintains that he is a progressive fighting for centre-left policies.

Unsurprisingly for a company with long-running contracts with the US military and immigration enforcement industries, Palantir has flourished since Trump’s re-election last year. The company generated $4.5 billion in sales in 2025 alone – more than half of which came from government contracts. News of the former real estate mogul’s re-election added another $23 billion to the company’s market capitalization as investors rushed to buy stock in the company.

The borders between client and contractor have also grown increasingly porous. Trump named a number of Palantir executives to key government roles after his re-election, while the tech company has in turn recruited former lawmakers and government officials.

“Palantir is reaching far beyond its lane. They should be a vendor, providing technology that is useful in carrying out policies determined through the democratic process,” Hartung said.

“Their desire to shape US domestic and foreign policies – and their hiring of former government officials to promote their views, their funding of political campaigns, their use of dark money groups to oppose any candidate who even speaks of regulating AI, their ideology of disruption that has already done deep damage through things like the DOGE (billionaire Elon Musk's so-called Department of Government Efficiency) … is totally inappropriate, not to mention beyond their depth. They know certain things about certain types of technologies, but they are not philosopher kings.”

But while van Wijk said that Palantir executives’ theatrical public statements made it easy to single the company out as a particularly sinister example of Silicon Valley overreach, he warned against missing the bigger picture.

“At some point the technology would have been there anyway, and now we're focusing on this company – but we should focus on the underlying technology or the underlying structure, which is the technology that makes it possible to completely change the dynamic of law enforcement and warfare,” he said.

“But at the same time, they are not trying to hide that they have very peculiar ideas about society, right? If you hear Peter Thiel speak at interviews, that's not how the broader public thinks. He has been consistently anti-democracy, anti-government, anti-deliberative, anti-open society. He is a very outspoken libertarian with very peculiar ideas.”

Still, he argued, Palantir remains just one actor in an industry that remains largely untouched by public oversight.

“I think that's where the unease comes from,” van Wijk said. “It's ominous – the company has a bit of a conspiracy-like nature to it, so it's a very attractive scapegoat for maybe a broader trend in which technology is becoming so powerful and technological companies have been so unregulated that they are able, to a large extent, to do and innovate what they think should be done.”

Saturday, April 18, 2026

Op-Ed: Can military AI be trusted? Whose side will it take? ‘Covert AI’ is coming soon.



By Paul Wallis
 EDITOR AT LARGE
DIGITAL JOURNAL
April 15, 2026


Imran Ahmed, head of a prominent anti-disinformation watchdog, has warned of the dangers posed by AI chatbots, saying children are particularly vulnerable to their charms - Copyright AFP Joel Saget

Military AI currently looks like the start of a major problem. Forget the tired old science fiction cliches and doom and gloom scenarios. This type of AI is one stage removed from creating a set of unknowable problems with unfathomable dimensions.

There’s a big difference between “autonomous” military assets like UAVs and the pure AI agents inhabiting cyberspace and robotics.

There’s no doubt whatsoever that autonomous military assets are useful and combat-effective. The world’s militaries have been quick to adopt and use these options.

That’s nothing like the whole story.

Killer robots in their current forms are programmed for specific tasks. They’re pretty straightforward. They don’t currently have “behavioral issues”. They’re also under strict oversight and pretty easy to manage even in combat environments. The Russians are finding that out the hard way in Ukraine.

These robots are semi-autonomous. They’re rewriting the whole theory of military tactics and economics. They’re an inevitable and crucial part of future militaries worldwide.

The use of cheaper drones mass produced by Iran in the Middle East and Ukraine conflicts has prompted the decision to also boost spending on smaller drones and counter-drone systems – Copyright AFP/File Tertius Pickard

The cutoff point for this idyllic situation is agentic AI. Everything stops being simple. This emerging threat has almost nothing to do with drones or the existing generation of combat systems.

This is where the whole issue of military AI gets far too tricky. To coin a phrase, “covert AI” is the next step. It’s much trickier and could be made almost insoluble with agentic AI operators. There could be billions of these things in a war environment.

Attendees watch as a robot walks around during a demonstration at the Unitree Robotics booth during the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas – © AFP Ian Maule

Agentic AI can be installed in literally anything at all. An AI family car can easily become a car bomb. AI can be an agent for releasing chemical and biological weapons at no risk. An AI agent can theoretically operate micro-nukes as easily as you can turn on a kitchen appliance.

AI agents can infest the Internet of Things. They can sabotage anything. Daily life may be almost impossible.

Now, the real issue. There’s every reason to suspect any and all species of AI agents of going off script. They’re already famous for it.

They’re also “autonomous”, but in a very different sense. They can be totally unreliable, working on a system of rewards and gains. They can be sloppy in a sense that no human would know how to match them.

They can, and do, negotiate with each other.

It’s not exactly hard to see how this set of agent priorities could change sides and choose sides. Or become a massive instant security risk in any network. Or come up with some weird alternative AI thing at everyone else’s expense.

Enter a new and very dangerous ballgame.

Is agentic AI naïve? Is it trusting? Maybe so by human standards, but they don’t use human standards. Agentic AIs have shown a very high priority for their own survival. Can they be coerced on that basis? Possibly, but who knows?

The “Forbidden Techniques” issue has just got started as a serious problem. AIs with enhanced training using these techniques are showing a lot of capacity for their own self-interest and unique behaviors.

The irony of this is that I’m having to correct the use of plurals while typing. So much for omniscient LLMs. Anyone want to think about “Forbidden Slop” mode?

Now, extrapolate. When the much-heralded, much-hyped, and incredibly slow super AI called AGI finally arrives, all these issues are instantly compounded. AGI makes current AI obsolete overnight. Its scope of operation is almost limitless. The world’s militaries will be loaded up with AI fossils. This will be “tech creep cubed”.

The same problems as listed above become multi-dimensional. It’s unlikely that any of the original problems will be solved when that happens. The human knowledge base isn’t dealing well with the current issues, let alone emerging threats.

AI knows how to win. The trouble for the world’s militaries is that their criteria for winning are that it wins, not humans.

We need an Off switch.

________________________________________________________

Disclaimer
The opinions expressed in this Op-Ed are those of the author. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the Digital Journal or its members.

Sunday, March 08, 2026

SPACE/COSMOS

New NASA DART Mission Data Reveals That Asteroids Throw ‘Cosmic Snowballs’ At Each Other

[Left] The boulder-covered moon Dimorphos as seen 8.55 seconds before the impact of the DART space craft. [Right] The same image after correcting for lighting conditions across the surface and shadows cast by boulders, revealing a fan-shaped pattern of streaks
 (highlighted in color for emphasis). Credit: NASA/JHU-APL/UMD.

March 8, 2026 
By Eurasia Review

About 15% of asteroids near Earth have small moons orbiting them, making binary asteroid systems common in our cosmic neighborhood.

Now, a team of astronomers led by the University of Maryland discovered that these binary asteroid systems are far more dynamic than anyone realized—actively exchanging rocks and dust in gentle, slow-motion collisions that reshape them over millions of years.

After analyzing images taken by NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) spacecraft in 2022, just before its deliberate collision with asteroid moon Dimorphos, the team identified bright, fan-shaped streaks across the moon’s surface—the first direct visual evidence of material naturally traveling from one asteroid to another. The researchers’ findings, published in The Planetary Science Journal, have significant implications for understanding asteroids that could potentially threaten Earth.

“At first, we thought something was wrong with the camera, and then we thought it could’ve been something wrong with our image processing,” said the paper’s lead author Jessica Sunshine, a professor with joint appointments in the Department of Astronomy and Department of Geological, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences at UMD. “But after we cleaned things up, we realized the patterns we were seeing were very consistent with low velocity impacts, like throwing ‘cosmic snowballs.’ We had the first direct proof for recent material transport in a binary asteroid system.”

The team’s findings also provided the first visual confirmation of the Yarkovsky-O’Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddak (YORP) effect, in which sunlight makes small asteroids spin faster until material flies off their surfaces, sometimes creating moons. Sunshine noted that this was likely the case for Didymos and its smaller moon Dimorphos, as evidenced by the traces of ‘cosmic snowballs’ left on Dimorphos’ surface.


Finding these traces required months of detective work. The fan-shaped streaks were invisible in the DART spacecraft’s original images, but UMD astronomy research scientist Tony Farnham and former postdoctoral researcher Juan Rizos helped develop sophisticated techniques to remove boulder shadows and lightning effects from the pictures, revealing the surprising streaks that ‘cosmic snowballs’ left behind.

“We ended up seeing these rays that wrapped around Dimorphos, something nobody’s ever seen before,” Farnham said. “We couldn’t believe it at first because it was subtle and unique.”

For the researchers, the DART mission’s trajectory created an unusual challenge. The spacecraft hurtled straight toward its target with barely any change in lighting or perspective, making it difficult to distinguish real features from possible lighting artifacts. To prove the legitimacy of the streaks, the team mapped them back to their origin in a single region near Dimorphos’ edge—distinctly offset from where the sun was directly overhead. By taking this approach, the team concluded that the marks left by ‘cosmic snowballs’ weren’t just a trick of the lighting after all.

“As we refined our 3D model of the moon the fan-shaped streaks became clearer, not fainter,” Farnham said. “It confirmed to us that we were working with something real.”

Previously, scientists observed indirect evidence that sunlight makes small asteroids spin faster, causing material to fly off their surfaces. But the UMD team’s newly refined models of the asteroid moon Dimorphos provide the first visual confirmation of this phenomenon and identify exactly where shed material from its primary asteroid, Didymos, landed. Further calculations led by UMD alum Harrison Agrusa (M.S. ’19, Ph.D. ’22, astronomy) also showed that the material left Didymos at 30.7 centimeters per second—slower than the average human walking speed.

“That would explain the distinctive fan-shaped marks,” Sunshine said. “Instead of even spreading, these slow-moving impacts would create a deposit rather than a crater. And they are centered on the equator as predicted from modeling material spun off the primary.”

To test their theories, the researchers led by former UMD postdoctoral associate Esteban Wright performed a series of laboratory experiments at UMD’s Institute for Physical Science and Technology. They dropped marbles into sand scattered with painted gravel to simulate boulders on Dimorphos. High-speed cameras captured the experiment, revealing that boulders blocked some material while letting other particles stream between them—creating ray-like patterns matching those on Dimorphos.

Computer simulations of impacts of loose clumps of dust carried out at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory confirmed the results. Whether the impactor was a compact rock, like the marble, or a looser clump of material, boulders on the asteroid’s surface naturally sculpted the ‘cosmic snowballs’ into fan-like rays on the ground.


“We could see these marks on Dimorphos from that footage captured by the DART spacecraft right before the big collision, proof that there was material exchange between it and Didymos,” Sunshine said. “The fan line deposit should extend to side of the moon we did not hit, and there is a possibility it was not destroyed by the impact.”

The European Space Agency’s Hera mission, set to arrive at Didymos in December 2026, may reveal whether these features survived DART’s collision. Sunshine and her team predict Hera might also observe new ray patterns created by boulders that the DART spacecraft knocked loose, shedding new light on asteroids that could pose a threat to Earth.

“These new details emerging from this research are crucial to our understanding of near-Earth asteroids and how they evolve,” Sunshine said. “We now know that they’re far more dynamic than previously believed, which will help us improve our models and our planetary defense measures.”

NASA successfully kicks asteroid off course in Earth defence test


NASA knocked an asteroid off course in 2022 in a pioneering test of humanity's ability to defend Earth. Its spacecraft's impact pushed the space rock into a slightly different orbit around the Sun, according to new research published Friday.


Issued on: 07/03/2026 - 
By: FRANCE 24

A handout photograph taken on December 19, 2022 shows an image of the asteroid Dimorphos nearly four months after it was impacted by NASA’s DART mission. © Space Telescope Science Institute, ESA, NASA handout via AFP

Four years ago, NASA purposely smashed a spacecraft into a small asteroid to see if they could deflect it – a test to prove humanity could protect Earth from threatening space rocks.

The experiment pushed the moonlet asteroid Dimorphos into a smaller, faster route around its sibling Didymos – and according to new research out Friday, it also pushed the pair into a slightly different orbit around the Sun.

The test on Dimorphos was never based on any actual threat to our planet.

But the successful experiment and additional analysis offers a solid data point to mount a defence if any such eventual threat is detected, researchers said.

Dimorphos' egg-like shape and craggy, boulder-dotted surface came into clear view in the last few moments before DART's impact. © NASA, Jons Hopkins APL handout via AFP


"This study marks a notable step forward in our ability to prevent future asteroid impacts on Earth," the team of international researchers wrote in their new paper published in the journal Science Advances.

Their observations detailed in the paper showed that the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) in 2022 marked "the first time a human-made object has measurably altered the path of a celestial body around the Sun", NASA said in a statement.

Rahil Makadia, the study's lead author, said his team tracked stellar occultations – the moment when an asteroid passes in front of a star, causing a brief dimming for less than a second – to obtain hyper-precise measurements of the asteroid's position, speed and shape.
Tiny change, significant deflection

Obtaining this data is no small feat. The team relied on volunteer astronomers from around the globe, who recorded 22 of these stellar occultations.

Using that data along with years of additional observations, Makadia said the team was able to measure Didymos's orbit around the sun with precision.

"We were able to measure what this change was exactly," he said, and make computations that could assist with future "planetary defense efforts".

READ MORE How Earth can defend itself against 'city killer' asteroid

The orbital change was miniscule – just 0.15 seconds.

But it's enough to make a difference, scientists say.

"This is a tiny change to the orbit, but given enough time, even a tiny change can grow to a significant deflection," said Thomas Statler, lead scientist for solar system small bodies at NASA Headquarters in Washington, in a statement.

"The team's amazingly precise measurement again validates kinetic impact as a technique for defending Earth against asteroid hazards and shows how a binary asteroid might be deflected by impacting just one member of the pair."

Rice selected to lead US Space Force Strategic Technology Institute 4



Alexander to lead multi-institute team to develop cutting-edge remote sensing technologies



Rice University



Rice University has signed an $8.1 million cooperative agreement to lead the United States Space Force University Consortium/Space Strategic Technology Institute 4 (SSTI), called the Center for Advanced Space Sensing Technologies (CASST) at Rice. Led by David Alexander, director of the Rice Space Institute, CASST will bring new technologies to advance remote sensing and sensemaking from space. 

The research team includes Rice professors and staff Kevin Kelly, Tomasz Tkaczyk, Kaden Hazzard, Mark Jernigan and Vinod Veedu, as well as collaborators from University of California, Los Angeles; University of California, Santa Barbara; Georgia Institute of Technology; and Aegis Aerospace in Houston.

“This investment positions Rice at the forefront of the technologies that will define how we see, understand and operate in space,” said Amy Dittmar, the Howard R. Hughes Provost and executive vice president for academic affairs. “By bringing together advanced remote sensing, AI-driven analysis and cross-institutional expertise, CASST will help transform raw space data into real-time insight and expand the frontiers of scientific discovery.”  

USSF, established in 2019, is the newest branch of the American armed services, formed in response to increased everyday reliance on space technologies. USSF uses space sensors to provide real-time information about space environments and potential threats in support of its mission to ensure security and superiority in the space domain. In support of that goal, USSF is partnering with research universities to support creation of Space Strategic Technology Institutes — CASST is the fourth such body established under this initiative. Funded by USSF and led by researchers, SSTIs facilitate collaborative applied research and drive transformative breakthroughs and technologies.   

“Rice has helped shape the modern era of space research, and CASST marks a bold step into what comes next,” said David Sholl, executive vice president for research. “As space becomes more contested and more essential to daily life, the ability to rapidly sense, interpret and act on what’s happening beyond Earth is critical. This center brings together the materials, engineering and data science innovations needed to deliver that capability.” 

CASST will integrate existing leading-edge technologies into space sensors, expand their capabilities then optimize sensors to meet the specific challenges of use in space. The team will also work to miniaturize sensors while developing and implementing low-resource fabrication techniques. The researchers will use artificial intelligence and machine learning to analyze sensor data, allowing for real-time decision-making and decision support in response to sensor data. 

“I’m excited to be leading this incredible collaborative effort,” said Alexander, professor of physics and astronomy and principal investigator on the project. “CASST will enable us to expand the range, ability and optimization of space remote sensing, reduce cost and resources required to build them and ensure the data they produce can be used in real-time to support USSF decision-making.” 

Alexander is an inaugural member of the Texas Aerospace Research and Space Economy Consortium and serves on the boards of the Houston Spaceport Development Corporation, SpaceCom and the Sasakawa International Center for Space Architecture. He recently served on the board of the American Astronautical Society.

Such collaborations are emblematic of Rice’s rich history in space exploration. In 1959, Rice initiated research collaborations with a newly established NASA. Since then, the university has maintained a leadership role in advancing space science and technology with initiatives such as the Rice Space Institute and partnerships with other leading space organizations.

“CASST is a catalyst for Rice’s expanded role in national security. As a first step in a vital defense partnership, it fuses Rice’s research excellence with the USSF’s vision for a secure and superior space frontier,” said Veedu, assistant vice president for research and head of the university’s Defense Research Advancement initiative.


Into the heart of a dynamical neutron star





University of Illinois Grainger College of Engineering





Neutron stars harbor some of the most extreme environments in the universe: their densities soar to several times those of atomic nuclei, and they possess some of the strongest gravitational fields of any known objects, surpassed only by black holes. First observed in the 1960s, much of the internal composition of neutron stars is still unknown. Scientists are beginning to look to gravitational waves emitted by binary neutron-star inspirals—pairs of mutually orbiting neutron stars—as possible sources of information about their interiors.

Physicists at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, together with colleagues at the University of California, Santa Barbara, Montana State University, and the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in India have made a major theoretical breakthrough in understanding how inspiraling binary neutron stars respond to tidal forces, a key step in elucidating neutron stars’ makeup. The team has proven that the time-dependent tidal responses of such stars can be described in terms of their oscillatory behavior, or modes, extending an analogous result from Newtonian gravity to the relativistic setting.

This research was published as an Editors’ Suggestion in the journal Physical Review Letters on February 18, 2026, and paves the way to probing the internal structure of neutron stars and some of nature’s most extreme types of matter using gravitational waves.

Neutron stars: a natural laboratory to study extreme matter

As their name suggests, neutron stars are partly made of neutrons, which can form when protons and electrons are squeezed to pressures so high that they essentially “fuse” together. But neutrons aren’t the whole story. Leading theories suggest that heavy elements, free electrons, and free protons are significant components too. Some even suspect that quantum superfluid and superconducting phases arise deeper down. These conjectures, however, are difficult to verify, and much of the interior composition—especially inside the core—is still a giant question mark.

But neutron stars aren’t just interesting in their own right. Scientists believe they can tell us about extreme physics in general. Theorists surmise that neutron stars represent one instance of a more general kind of matter known as a quark-gluon plasma, a highly dense, hot state of matter composed of quarks, the elementary building blocks of protons and neutrons. Such matter exists in only the most extreme environments, such as the early universe in the first few microseconds following the Big Bang. 

The only way to study quark-gluon plasma on Earth is by smashing high-energy particles together in particle colliders, which probe such plasmas at extraordinarily high temperatures. At lower temperatures, though, no lab-based methods exist.

Illinois Physics Professor Nicolás Yunes said, “It’s very hard to study the physics of matter at such high densities and, relatively speaking, low temperatures. But the universe provides a natural lab to study this kind of matter through neutron stars.”

Obviously, because neutron stars can’t be studied on Earth, physicists must infer their properties from astrophysical observations, which have traditionally been limited to electromagnetic observations. With the advent of gravitational-wave astronomy, however, physicists have realized a powerful alternative that may enable them to peer into the very heart of a neutron star.

Whispers in gravitational waves

Sometimes neutron stars form binary systems, where two stars move about a common center of mass. Caught in each other’s orbit, they begin to spiral in toward each other, losing energy to gravitational waves—vibrations in spacetime that propagate outward at the speed of light. As they spiral in, each star tugs on its partner through gravity, producing tidal forces like the Moon does on Earth, before finally merging in a violent collision.

Depiction of a pair of neutron stars during an inspiral. Each star exerts tidal forces on its neighbor, which deforms and excites frequency patterns within, leaving imprints on the gravitational waves emitted. Researchers can analyze these gravitational waves to ‘hear’ what’s going on inside of the stars. Image generated by Abhishek Hegade and Nicolás Yunes using OpenAI ChatGPT Pro.

Former Illinois Physics graduate student and current Princeton University postdoctoral scholar Abhishek Hegade shared, “As they get closer, tidal forces from one star begin to deform the other and vice versa. The amount of deformation depends on what’s inside of the stars.”

These deformations excite oscillatory patterns, called modes, within the stars, just like a hammer excites ringtones when it strikes a bell. These modes leave imprints on the emitted gravitational waves, which can be picked up by sensitive detectors on Earth. By “listening in” to these imprints, scientists may be able to infer what’s going on inside.

Yunes explained, “If we can understand the mode frequencies of oscillation and their decay times, we might be able to determine the composition of neutron stars in a regime not accessible on Earth.”

Getting the tidal response right

To decipher the mode imprints, scientists must first understand how neutron stars respond to tidal forces, a difficult task because the forces—and thus the tidal response—are dynamical, changing rapidly as functions of time, especially during the late stages of inspiral.

For the dynamical tidal responses of non-relativistic Newtonian bodies, the solutions to Newton’s gravitational equations are the modes, which behave like dampened springs, or as physicists put it, damped harmonic oscillators. Moreover, the object’s tidal response can be expressed entirely in terms of these modes—nothing more—forming what’s called a “complete” set.

Yunes stressed that expressing tidal responses in this way is crucial, pointing out, “Without a complete set of modes, it’s entirely possible that you could miss part of the tidal response when you model it, as there could possibly be other pieces you’re omitting from the response’s mathematical description needed to capture all the physics.”

Scientists the world over have hoped that a complete set of modes for binary neutron stars in Einstein’s theory of general relativity exists too. But inspiraling neutron stars are highly relativistic: they’re extremely dense and can approach speeds near 40 percent the speed of light before they merge, strongly distorting spacetime around them. This complex picture and the sheer complexity of the Einstein equations have thwarted physicists’ attempts to determine whether neutron-star modes form a complete set of harmonic oscillators.

First, because there are two stars in a binary system, it's difficult to separate out the effects of one on the other, a situation where the solutions of the stars’ governing equations no longer satisfy the right mathematical constraints, or boundary conditions, required for complete modes to emerge.

“Furthermore,” lead author Hegade added, “a star’s own gravity changes the equations inside and outside of itself. This doesn’t happen in Newtonian gravity, where everything happens in a vacuum. To interpret the star’s tidal response in terms of its modes, you need to know the tidal field both outside and inside of the star too.

“In addition, the loss of energy to gravitational radiation isn’t accounted for by Newtonian theory either. If your system is losing energy, then its modes cannot be complete, so you cannot decompose any perturbation in terms of the modes.”

Finding the modes

To address these hurdles, Yunes’s team broke down the problem into simpler pieces, focusing on one star and viewing its partner as a tidal source. If they could apply the boundary conditions in just the right way, they might be able to find a complete set of modes. Starting with a set of linearized Einstein-Euler equations, which describe how matter generates gravitational fields and evolves in spacetime, they divided the interior and exterior of the star into distinct regions (see diagram): a strong-gravity zone and a weak-gravity zone.

Hegade elaborated, “Physically, it’s a very intuitive way to conceptualize the system. Inside of the star as well as near its surface, gravity is strong. But far away, gravity is weak.

“This process is called a matched-asymptotic expansion, where you zoom in at different scales and then find approximate solutions. Finally, you stitch the solutions together to get something uniform across all scales.”

Decomposing the system in this way and carefully stitching together the strong- and weak-zone solutions enabled the researchers to impose the appropriate boundary conditions piece by piece. Crucially, the incorporation of the weak-gravity zone successfully eliminated radiation in the team’s analysis.

“Our near-zone decomposition ensured that we accounted for the tidal field,” Hegade remarked. “By restricting to the near zone, we took care of radiation by subtracting it out and treating it as a small correction. This allowed us to obtain a complete set of modes.”

The researchers also devised a method for finding the tidal field within the star. By manipulating the Einstein-Euler equations in a suitable way, they discovered they could view the interior tidal field as a driver of oscillations. Specifically, they found that, as long as the tidal field varies without any sudden jumps or sharp corners, the equations spit out harmonic-oscillator modes—just as in Newtonian theory.

From modeling to real data

With the neutron-star’s complete set of harmonic-oscillator modes now in hand, the researchers accomplished exactly what they had set out to do.

Hegade summarized, “We showed two major things. First, we were able to subtract off radiation, finding that a neutron star’s modes do indeed form a complete set. Second, we found that if you consistently solve a certain set of equations using a tidal field that’s sufficiently ‘smooth,’ it’s a solution to the interior of the star, and you can do all the same things in general relativity as in Newtonian gravity.”

The researchers are now eager to see what their new framework might unearth.

Yunes said, “One hope is that we’ll be able to get some information about the neutron-star equation of state at densities found in the inner core of a neutron star. Is there really a quark core, as some have recently claimed? Are there phase transitions occurring inside that we don’t know about yet?”

But answering these questions may have to wait.

Yunes noted, “The signal-to-noise ratios obtained by the LIGO collaboration in their most recent data from 2017 aren’t large enough for us to see the features we’ve captured in our model. In addition, current detectors aren’t that sensitive to sufficiently high frequencies, where most of the information about the neutron-star oscillation modes sit.”

Many are hoping that newer generations of detectors, which are expected to come online in the next few years, together with lucky discoveries of nearby merger events, will ramp up the signal-to-noise ratios and sensitivities required to see more details in the data.

Until then, physicists have lots of time to gear up for the anticipated detectors. Yunes’s team already has some proposed directions: their current framework holds for non-rotating stars only, so they hope to extend it to include rotation as well, as most neutron stars rotate fast. They also plan to repeat their analysis for nonlinear tidal forces and include non-gravitational fields, such as magnetic fields. In terms of their new generalized model, though, they’ve overcome the most challenging obstacle.

Hegade said, “The nice thing about our new framework is that we’ve figured out the hard part—gravity. Now it’s just a matter of applying our models to more realistic configurations.”

 

This research was funded by the Simons Foundation under Grant No. 896696; by the National Science Foundation under Grant Nos. PHY-2207650, 2012086, 2309360, and 2308415; by NASA under Grant No. 80NSSC22K0806; by the Montana NASA EPSCoR Research Infrastructure Development program under Grant No. 80NSSC22M0042; by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation under Grant No. FG-2023-20470; and by the Binational Science Foundation under Grant No. 2022136. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the researchers and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies.

Valkyrie being dismantled 1 

The Valkyrie robot being dismantled


Valkyrie being dismantled (close-up) 

A close-up of the Valkyrie robot being dismantled. 

Credit

University of Edinburgh


Telescope reveals surprising secrets in Jupiter's northern lights




Northumbria University

Katie Knowles of Northumbria University, UK. 

image: 

Katie Knowles of Northumbria University, UK. 

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Credit: (Credit Northumbria University/Barry Pells)




An international team of scientists, led by a PhD researcher from Northumbria University, has made groundbreaking discoveries about a spectacular feature of Jupiter’s northern lights, revealing a never-before-seen temperature structure and dramatic density changes within the top of the giant planet’s atmosphere.

The research, published today in Geophysical Research Letters, provides the first detailed spectral measurements  of the infrared  auroral footprints of Io and Europa – brilliant glowing patterns in Jupiter’s aurora caused by its Galilean moons interacting with Jupiter's powerful magnetic field.

The images were captured using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), an international partnership between NASA, the European Space Agency, and Canadian Space Agency, which uses infrared radiation to look deep into space.

Speaking about the findings, lead author Katie Knowles, a PhD Researcher in Planetary Physics at Northumbria University, explains: "These emissions have been measured before at ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, but only how brightly they shine.  For the first time, we’ve now been able to describe the physical properties of the auroral footprints – the temperature of the upper atmosphere and the ion density, which has never been reported on before."

Unlike Earth's northern lights, which are primarily driven by the solar wind, Jupiter's aurora includes the impact of its four large Galilean moons – Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto – which create their own ‘mini aurora’ on the planet.

Jupiter's powerful magnetic field rotates approximately once every 10 hours along with the planet itself, carrying charged particles with it. But its moons orbit much more slowly – Io, the innermost moon, takes around 42.5 hours to complete one orbit.

As Katie explains: "The moons constantly interact with the magnetic field and plasma surrounding the planet, and that interaction leads to highly energetic particles travelling down magnetic field lines and then crashing into the planet’s atmosphere, creating the auroral footprints that map to where the moons orbit around Jupiter. Jupiter's aurora is the most powerful and constant of any aurora in the Solar System. What we're seeing with the JWST gives us an unprecedented window into how Jupiter's moons directly affect the top of the planet's atmosphere."

The images captured by JWST were taken during time awarded to Dr Henrik Melin and Professor Tom Stallard (Professor of Planetary Astronomy at Northumbria and Katie’s PhD Supervisor). During a 22-hour window of observation time which took place in September 2023, the research team carried out a scan around the edge of Jupiter, chasing the northern lights as they rotated into view. It was during this observation that they also happened to capture the auroral footprints.

However, the footprints created by Io and Europa, did not have the characteristics expected from Jupiter’s main aurora, which is relatively hot and contains a lot of material. Instead, in one snapshot, they discovered a cold spot within Io's auroral footprint that registered temperatures much lower than expected with extraordinarily high densities (higher than they have ever measured before).

Jupiter’s moon Io is the most volcanically active body in our solar system, with its volcanoes ejecting about 1,000 kilograms of material into space every second, feeding the dense plasma surrounding Jupiter. This material becomes ionized and forms a doughnut-shaped cloud around Jupiter called the Io plasma torus. As Io moves through this environment, it generates powerful electrical currents that create the brightest spots in Jupiter's aurora.

The research team found that these auroral footprints contain trihydrogen cation (H₃⁺) densities three times higher than those found in Jupiter's main aurora, with some regions showing density variations of up to 45 times within the same small area.

"We found extreme variability in both temperature and density within Io's auroral footprint that happened on the timescale of minutes," said Katie. "This tells us that the flow of high-energy electrons crashing into Jupiter's atmosphere is changing incredibly rapidly.

"The cold spot registered temperatures of just 538 Kelvin, or 265°C, compared to 766 Kelvin, or 493°C in the rest of Jupiter’s aurora. The cold spot also contained material three times denser than Jupiter's main aurora.”

The findings could extend far beyond Jupiter and open questions about other planetary systems. Saturn's moon, Enceladus, also creates an auroral footprint on the planet, and scientists wonder whether similar phenomena occur there.

"This work opens up entirely new ways of studying not just Jupiter and its other Galilean moons, but potentially other giant planets and their moon systems," said Katie, who is about to complete her PhD at Northumbria University. "We're seeing Jupiter's atmosphere respond to its moons in real-time, which gives us insights into processes that occur throughout our solar system and perhaps further afar.

“We only saw this phenomenon in one of our five snapshots which leave us with questions. How often does this occur? Does it switch on and off? How does it change with different conditions?"

To answer these questions, Katie was awarded over 32 hours of observation time with NASA's Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) in Hawaii across six nights in January 2026. This allowed her to watch as the auroral footprint rotated with the planet. She hopes analysis of this data will allow her to determine whether this extreme variability is common or rare.

Katie has presented her findings to international scientists from across the world at the EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2025 in Helsinki (Finland) and was also invited to be a Young Scientist Team Member for an International Space Science Institute team meeting in Bern (Switzerland) to further discuss her work. 

FURTHER INFORMATION:

Visit the Northumbria University Research Portal to find out more about Katie Knowles’ work.

The paper Short-Term Variability of Jupiter's Satellite Footprints with JWST was published in Geophysical Research Letters on 3 March 2026.

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Photo captions:

1 & 2: Katie Knowles of Northumbria University, UK. (Credit Northumbria University/Barry Pells)

3: The NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope has captured the auroral footprints of Io and Europa, providing spectral measurements for the first time, and revealing extreme changes in the physical properties within Io's auroral footprint that are likely linked to the electrons crashing into the top of Jupiter's atmosphere.

Webb/NIRCam Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Jupiter ERS Team; image processing by Judy Schmidt.

Webb/NIRSpec Credit: Katie L. Knowles (Northumbria University).

4. James Webb Space Telescope observations of our solar system's largest planet, Jupiter, showing the infrared brightness of the top of its atmosphere, and revealing the auroral footprints of Io and Europa (highlighted by the white box).

Graphic Credit: Dr Henrik Melin (Northumbria University)

5. James Webb Space Telescope observations of our solar system's largest planet, Jupiter, showing the infrared brightness of the top of its atmosphere.

Graphic Credit: Dr Henrik Melin (Northumbria University)

 

The NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope has captured the auroral footprints of Io and Europa, providing spectral measurements for the first time, and revealing extreme changes in the physical properties within Io's auroral footprint that are likely linked to the electrons crashing into the top of Jupiter's atmosphere.

Webb/NIRCam Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Jupiter ERS Team; image processing by Judy Schmidt.

Webb/NIRSpec Credit: Katie L. Knowles (Northumbria University).

Credit

Webb/NIRCam Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Jupiter ERS Team; image processing by Judy Schmidt. Webb/NIRSpec Credit: Katie L. Knowles (Northumbria University)