Democratic lawmakers press crypto mining companies over energy consumption concerns


Alexander Ryumin via Getty Images


Igor Bonifacic
·Contributing Writer
Thu, January 27, 2022,

A group of Democratic lawmakers led by Senator Elizabeth Warren of Massachuttes has asked six crypto mining companies, including Riot Blockchain, to answer questions about the impact of their operations on the environment and cost of electricity in the US. In separate letters to the chief executives of each firm, the group asks the companies to detail how much electricity they consume, their scaling plans and any agreements they have in place with local utility companies. They have until February 10th to reply.

Lawmakers say they’re concerned about what a dramatic increase in domestic cryptocurrency mining has meant for the environment and consumers. Specifically, they cite a 2021 study from the University of California, Berkeley that estimated crypto mining in upstate New York raised annual electricity bills by approximately $165 million for small businesses and $79 million for consumers, “with little or no local economic benefit.” They also point to the fact that energy consumption related to Bitcoin mining tripled between 2019 and 2021.

“The extraordinarily high energy usage and carbon emissions associated with Bitcoin mining could undermine our hard work to tackle the climate crisis – not to mention the harmful impacts crypto mining has on local environments and electricity prices,” Senator Warren said. “We need more information on the operations of these crypto mining companies to understand the full scope of the consequences for our environment and local communities.”

The group stops short of suggesting regulatory action could be on the horizon for the industry, but clearly the effect of cryptocurrency on other parts of the economy is something lawmakers are thinking about. On January 20th, the House Energy and Commerce Committee held a hearing titled “Cleaning up Cryptocurrency: The Energy Impacts of Blockchains.” What’s more, US lawmakers have taken a more board interest in cryptocurrencies in recent months. That was on display in December when the Senate held a hearing on Stablecoins.

Warren Targets 6 More Crypto Miners for Their Energy Use


Kevin Dietsch

Aoyon Ashraf
Thu, January 27, 2022

U.S. Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) expanded her inquiry of bitcoin miners’ energy usage and their environmental footprint, sending letters to six more miners on Thursday.

Warren wrote to Riot Blockchain, Marathon Digital Holdings, Stronghold Digital Mining, Bitdeer Group, Bitfury Group and Bit Digital, questioning their “extraordinarily high energy usage.”

In December, Warren, who has made environmental issues a focus of her office, sent a letter to the bitcoin miner Greenidge Generation, expressing her concerns about its high energy usage.

In the new letter, Warren and her colleagues asked each miner to detail its electricity consumption, scaling plans, agreements with electricity companies and impact on energy costs for consumers and small businesses by Feb. 10.

“The extraordinarily high energy usage and carbon emissions associated with Bitcoin mining could undermine our hard work to tackle the climate crisis – not to mention the harmful impacts crypto mining has on local environments and electricity prices,” Warren said in the letter.

The correspondence adds to a list of inquiries by lawmakers globally on the energy consumption of proof-of-work (PoW) mechanisms that reward crypto miners for validating transactions. Most recently, the U.S. held a congressional hearing to discuss the energy consumption related to the PoW. Meanwhile, the European Union's markets regulator called for a ban on the validation system, citing its energy intensity.

"We are encouraged to see that they are interested in learning more about Marathon and the broader bitcoin mining industry, and we welcome the opportunity to participate in the educational process," said Charlie Schumacher, Marathon's director of corporate communications in an email to CoinDesk. "We look forward to having a productive dialogue about the many benefits that we and the rest of our industry have for the United States," he added.

"As a company that is first and foremost tackling a legacy environmental problem left over from the coal industry, any discussion that sheds light on the impact facing Pennsylvanians in relation to their water, land and community is important to us," said a spokesperson for Stronghold Digital, a bitcoin miner who converts coal waste across Pennsylvania into power for mining operations.

Stronghold has received bipartisan support within Pennsylvania and its two facilities, Scrubgrass and Panther Creek, will convert a total of 1.25 million tons of waste coal to alternative energy annually, the company spokesperson said, adding that Stronghold welcomes any dialogue on the environmental issues with Senator Warren and her colleagues.

Meanwhile, another mining company targeted by Warren, Bit Digital, also welcomed talks with the lawmakers, noting that the company has taken a "leadership role" to achieve energy sustainability within the crypto mining sector. "We welcome this sort of high-level dialogue with policymakers in Washington and at all levels of government, and look forward to responding to this inquiry in a timely and informative manner,” said Bryan Bullett, CEO of Bit Digital.

Other three companies didn't immediately respond to request for comments.

Flush With Cash, U.S. Shale Revisits Taboo Topic: Raising Output



Kevin Crowley, David Wethe and Sheela Tobben
Thu, January 27, 2022, 

(Bloomberg) -- U.S. shale executives have finally achieved something that eluded the industry for more than a decade: the ability to turn over billions of dollars in dividends to shareholders while at the same time boosting production to tap into surging global oil demand.

The question now is just how much the shale explorers will reinvest in fresh drilling. The stakes are high for them and the entire global economy: Drill too much and they risk triggering a damaging price war with OPEC and its allies; drill too little and oil could soar to $100 a barrel and throttle growth across the world.

The next few weeks will be telling. Executives at industry heavyweights Pioneer Natural Resources Co. and EOG Resources Inc. will be pressed to reveal details on their investment plans when they report quarterly earnings. Investors cheered the frugality adopted by management teams after the pandemic-driven collapse in demand and prices, making oil stocks the best-performing sector of 2021.

Now, with Pioneer's cash flow expected to be large enough to fund dividends nine times its 2020 payout and EOG seen reporting record-high annual income, both companies are prepared to grow output up to 5%.

It’s a titanic shift from the first decade of the shale boom. Back then, companies drilled at a frenetic pace, driving U.S. output to record highs and provoking back-to-back price wars with the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. The result: Shale companies posted a collective $200 billion in losses, which prompted Wall Street to sour on the industry. So, when the pandemic hit and prices collapsed further, companies had no choice but to restrain drilling, dismantle rigs and fire workers.

The U.S. oil industry now has a range of options for balancing growth with shareholder returns. For example, oil at the $79 mark allows oil producers to return $50 billion of cash to investors and lift output by 2 million barrels a day, according to IHS Markit. That’s equivalent to the entire annual production of Nigeria and Venezuela combined. Or, they could return $75 billion and grow daily output by just 500,000 barrels.

“Shale can and will bounce back at some price,’’ said Raoul LeBlanc, vice president for upstream at IHS Markit Ltd. With crude fetching more than $80, the industry “can give back very large sums to shareholders and start growing again.’’

Bloomberg Intelligence expects its universe of publicly traded oil companies this year to generate a record $67.1 billion of free cash flow, the pool of money left over for dividends, buybacks and debt reduction, a 33% increase from 2021. International crude topped $90 this week for the first since 2014 and the domestic benchmark isn’t far behind.

As alluring as high crude prices are to public drillers, shareholders’ appetite for cash returns is paramount. Companies boosting their payouts have helped lure investors back to the sector, casting oil companies as the top performers in the S&P 500 Index this year and adding to outsized gains in 2021.

“Public companies won’t want to risk breaking away from their current mantra of limiting output,” said Elisabeth Murphy at ESAI Energy LLC. “It has paid off for them, so why change?”

“Shale can and will bounce back at some price.” -- IHS Markit’s Raoul LeBlanc

Production in the world’s largest shale field, the Permian Basin of West Texas and New Mexico, already is growing, having hit a new record in December. Total U.S. output is expected to reach 12.4 million barrels a day in 2023 -- 11% more than 2021 and higher than Saudi Arabia’s current production. Most of that growth is coming from closely held shale explorers who control most of the American rig fleet and are seen boosting drilling budgets by more than 40% this year, according to Evercore ISI.

“If the U.S. is adding less than a million barrels a day you’re probably going to be in a nice sweet spot,'' said Chris Duncan, an analyst at San Diego-based Brandes Investment Partners, which manages about $25 billion. Any more than that “and you’re going to have an issue with the world absorbing that.''

“The chief executives of ConocoPhillips and Occidental Petroleum Corp. both said Monday they expect U.S. crude output to increase by about 800,000 barrels a day this year.

The urge to cash in on higher prices has been so strong that it’s luring veteran oil managers out of retirement. Take Matt Gallagher, for instance. He's a third-generation Texas oilman who formerly ran Parsley Energy Inc. before selling it for $7 billion 13 months ago.

“As things started opening back up, it was clear that there was a need for new barrels, so we’ve been in sprint mode since then,” said Gallagher, who now heads closely held Greenlake Energy Ventures LLC. “We think the timing is really good and we’ll be able to lock in healthy prices.”

Gallagher, who drilled his first well this month, is keen to emphasize that he’s learned lessons from the industry’s past failings. He’s locking in current high prices through hedging and is taking a “surgical approach” to drilling.

Developing expansion plans at his new company is “much more nimble” than at publicly traded Parsley. “Nimble is good and it’s okay for us to stop.”

Most Read from Bloomberg Businessweek

Canada’s Oil Sands Stocks Surge Even as Climate-Conscious Exit



Robert Tuttle
Thu, January 27, 2022, 1:43 PM·2 min read

(Bloomberg) -- Canada’s oil companies are outperforming their energy-producing peers as the highest oil prices in seven years brings a windfall of cash.

The combined shares of five of the largest oil sands companies have outpaced the broader S&P 500 Energy Index over the past three months, data compiled by Bloomberg show. The 25% surge comes as U.S. crude oil prices approach $90 a barrel for the first time since 2014. Benefiting from relatively low operating costs, Canadian oil sands producers including Suncor Energy Inc., Cenovus Energy Inc., Canadian Natural Resources Ltd., Imperial Oil Ltd. and MEG Energy Corp. have been padding their cash balances, allowing them to pay down debt faster than expected and return more money to shareholders through buybacks or increased dividends.

Canadian Natural’s net debt has dropped below its long-term target of C$15 billion ($11.8 billion) and will fall to C$12 billion by year end, while Cenovus’ net debt will fall below its C$8 billion long-term target by the fourth quarter, according to a note by Credit Suisse Group AG Analyst Manav Gupta.

Unlike shale or conventional energy companies, oil sands producers need not spend cash on constantly drilling new wells just to keep production going. Instead, they spend billions of dollars up front to build new mines or thermal well sites, but once operating, those sites produce oil at relatively steady rates for decades with little new investment. Also helping Canadian producers is Enbridge Inc.’s Line 3, a new oil pipeline that started operation in October. It has boosted their capacity to export crude to the U.S. and also allowed production to rise to a record.

Shares of the Canadian producers are rising even as companies face a torrent of environmental opposition due to the Alberta oil sands relatively high carbon emissions. The hostility has spurred divestment from major funds including Norway’s sovereign wealth fund and Caisse de Depot et Placement du Quebec, which said in September that it will sell billions of dollars worth of oil assets, including large equity stakes in Canada’s top crude producers.

Scientists regrow frog's lost leg
Frogs briefly treated with a five-drug cocktail administered by a wearable bioreactor on the stump were able to regrow a functional, nearly complete limb

Date:January 26, 2022

Source:Tufts University

Summary:Scientists have triggered long-term growth of legs in adult frogs, which are naturally unable to regenerate limbs. The frogs regrew a lost leg over months, triggered by just 24 hour exposure to a five-drug cocktail held under a bioreactor. The new legs were functional enough to enable sensation and locomotion

For millions of patients who have lost limbs for reasons ranging from diabetes to trauma, the possibility of regaining function through natural regeneration remains out of reach. Regrowth of legs and arms remains the province of salamanders and superheroes.

But in a study published in the journal Science Advances, scientists at Tufts University and Harvard University's Wyss Institute have brought us a step closer to the goal of regenerative medicine.

On adult frogs, which are naturally unable to regenerate limbs, the researchers were able to trigger regrowth of a lost leg using a five-drug cocktail applied in a silicone wearable bioreactor dome that seals in the elixir over the stump for just 24 hours. That brief treatment sets in motion an 18-month period of regrowth that restores a functional leg.

Many creatures have the capability of full regeneration of at least some limbs, including salamanders, starfish, crabs, and lizards. Flatworms can even be cut up into pieces, with each piece reconstructing an entire organism. Humans are capable of closing wounds with new tissue growth, and our livers have a remarkable, almost flatworm-like capability of regenerating to full size after a 50% loss.

But loss of a large and structurally complex limb -- an arm or leg -- cannot be restored by any natural process of regeneration in humans or mammals. In fact, we tend to cover major injuries with an amorphous mass of scar tissue, protecting it from further blood loss and infection and preventing further growth.

Kickstarting Regeneration

The Tufts researchers triggered the regenerative process in African clawed frogs by enclosing the wound in a silicone cap, which they call a BioDome, containing a silk protein gel loaded with the five-drug cocktail.

Each drug fulfilled a different purpose, including tamping down inflammation, inhibiting the production of collagen which would lead to scarring, and encouraging the new growth of nerve fibers, blood vessels, and muscle. The combination and the bioreactor provided a local environment and signals that tipped the scales away from the natural tendency to close off the stump, and toward the regenerative process.

The researchers observed dramatic growth of tissue in many of the treated frogs, re-creating an almost fully functional leg. The new limbs had bone structure extended with features similar to a natural limb's bone structure, a richer complement of internal tissues (including neurons), and several "toes" grew from the end of the limb, although without the support of underlying bone.

The regrown limb moved and responded to stimuli such as a touch from a stiff fiber, and the frogs were able to make use of it for swimming through water, moving much like a normal frog would.

"It's exciting to see that the drugs we selected were helping to create an almost complete limb," said Nirosha Murugan, research affiliate at the Allen Discovery Center at Tufts and first author of the paper. "The fact that it required only a brief exposure to the drugs to set in motion a months-long regeneration process suggests that frogs and perhaps other animals may have dormant regenerative capabilities that can be triggered into action."

The researchers explored the mechanisms by which the brief intervention could lead to long-term growth. Within the first few days after treatment, they detected the activation of known molecular pathways that are normally used in a developing embryo to help the body take shape.

Activation of these pathways could allow the burden of growth and organization of tissue to be handled by the limb itself, similar to how it occurs in an embryo, rather than require ongoing therapeutic intervention over the many months it takes to grow the limb.

How the BioDome Works

Animals naturally capable of regeneration live mostly in an aquatic environment. The first stage of growth after loss of a limb is the formation of a mass of stem cells at the end of the stump called a blastema, which is used to gradually reconstruct the lost body part. The wound is rapidly covered by skin cells within the first 24 hours after the injury, protecting the reconstructing tissue underneath.

"Mammals and other regenerating animals will usually have their injuries exposed to air or making contact with the ground, and they can take days to weeks to close up with scar tissue," said David Kaplan, Stern Family Professor of Engineering at Tufts and co-author of the study. "Using the BioDome cap in the first 24 hours helps mimic an amniotic-like environment which, along with the right drugs, allows the rebuilding process to proceed without the interference of scar tissue."

Next Steps in Frogs and Mammals

Previous work by the Tufts team showed a significant degree of limb growth triggered by a single drug, progesterone, with the BioDome. However, the resulting limb grew as a spike and was far from the more normally shaped, functional limb achieved in the current study.

The five-drug cocktail represents a significant milestone toward the restoration of fully functional frog limbs and suggests further exploration of drug and growth factor combinations could lead to regrown limbs that are even more functionally complete, with normal digits, webbing, and more detailed skeletal and muscular features.

"We'll be testing how this treatment could apply to mammals next," said corresponding author Michael Levin, Vannevar Bush Professor of Biology in the School of Arts & Sciences, director of the Allen Discovery Center at Tufts, and associate faculty member of the Wyss Institute.

"Covering the open wound with a liquid environment under the BioDome, with the right drug cocktail, could provide the necessary first signals to set the regenerative process in motion," he said. "It's a strategy focused on triggering dormant, inherent anatomical patterning programs, not micromanaging complex growth, since adult animals still have the information needed to make their body structures."



Story Source:

Materials provided by Tufts University. Original written by Mike Silver. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


Journal Reference:
Nirosha J. Murugan, Hannah J. Vigran, Kelsie A. Miller, Annie Golding, Quang L. Pham, Megan M. Sperry, Cody Rasmussen-Ivey, Anna W. Kane, David L. Kaplan, Michael Levin. Acute multidrug delivery via a wearable bioreactor facilitates long-term limb regeneration and functional recovery in adult Xenopus laevis. Science Advances, 2022; 8 (4) DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj2164

Most older adults support steps to reduce firearm injury risk, study shows

National survey highlights the subgroups of people over 50 who might benefit most from counseling and programs designed to reduce risk for them and their children

Peer-Reviewed Publication

MICHIGAN MEDICINE - UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

A strong majority of American adults over 50 -- including the 37% of older adults who own guns or live with someone who does -- supports specific steps that could reduce the risk of firearm injury and death, a new national study shows.

The University of Michigan study shows support among older adults for everything from firearm safety counseling by health care providers, and background checks for firearm purchasers, to “red flag” policies that allow for temporary firearm removal from people at high risk of harming themselves or others.

The study also highlights opportunities to help older adults recognize and address the risks in their own homes, especially for those who live with children, have heightened suicide risk, or are beginning to experience cognitive decline and/or dementia.

For instance, the study shows 24% of firearm owners over age 50 regularly store at least one of their firearms loaded and unlocked, which past research has shown increases the potential risk of accidental or intentional injury. Gun locks and locked storage containers such as gun safes can reduce that risk, as can ‘smart guns’ that can only be fired by a specific individual.

Published this week in the journal Preventive Medicine, the study is based on a national survey of more than 2,000 adults aged 50 to 80 carried out by members of the U-M Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, Injury Prevention Center and Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, along with a colleague from Michigan State University.

The researchers conducted the study because one-third of all firearm-related deaths in the United States occur among people in their 50s, 60s and 70s, with 84% of those deaths resulting from suicide.

Preventing injury and death among older adults, and the children and teens who live with them, has taken on new urgency because of the rise in such incidents in the past decade, the researchers say.

“Just as health care providers and health policymakers have worked to address other preventable causes of injury and death, we hope these findings will inform the effort to reduce the toll of firearm injuries among older adults, while respecting firearm ownership rights,” said study leader Patrick Carter, M.D., a U-M emergency physician who co-directs the U-M Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention and directs the Injury Prevention Center. “This is especially true for older adults experiencing depression, cognitive decline, and other conditions that may increase their risk for firearm injury, as well as those with children and teens living with or visiting them.”

Rebecca Cunningham, M.D., the study’s senior author and U-M vice president for research, added, “Firearm safety is about identifying and reducing risk, and creating policies, programs and education that can help achieve this. Every suicide, every accidental shooting, every homicide is a tragedy that affects far more people than just the person pulling the trigger or getting shot. These new data can help us move forward at the societal and personal level.”

Key findings:

The survey covered a wide range of topics, from firearm ownership and storage practices to attitudes toward specific policies and programs. Respondents were also asked about their own health and the presence of children in the home.

Ownership and storage

• 27% of older adults own at least one firearm, and most of these individuals own more than one. Another 10% say they live with someone who owns a firearm.
• 40% of firearm owners say they regularly store their firearms locked and unloaded, 35% say they store their firearms unlocked and unloaded, and 24% store their firearms loaded and unlocked.
• Storage practices differed by firearm type, with a larger proportion of handgun owners reporting they stored at least one firearm loaded and unlocked, while only 3% of long-gun owners reported keeping their long guns stored loaded and unlocked.
• 69% of those who own firearms cited protection as a reason, while 55% cited target shooting or hunting and 30% cited a constitutional right. (Respondents could choose more than one option.)
• Among those who cited protection as a reason for ownership, only 5% said it was to protect themselves against someone they specifically knew, while most endorsed a general sense they needed the weapon to protect themselves.
• 20% of firearm owners who have children living with them or visiting regularly said they store at least one firearm unlocked and loaded, compared with 35% of firearm owners who do not have children living with them or visiting. Other research has shown that 75% of adolescent suicides involve a gun from the teen’s own home or a relative.

Attitudes toward preventive programs and policies

• Most older adults, both firearm owners and non-firearm owners, said they would be comfortable being asked or counseled about firearm safety by a doctor or other clinician. 69% of firearm owners would be comfortable with healthcare-based screening for firearm ownership, and 63% would be comfortable with receiving counseling about safe firearm storage from a health care provider. The percentages were higher among non-firearm owners, including those who live with a firearm owner.

• “Red flag” laws and programs that allow family members or police to petition courts to restrict firearm access by people they believe to be a danger to themselves or others met with approval from 79% of firearm owners and 89% of non-firearm owners.
• 81% of firearm owners and 92% of non-firearm owners support efforts to remove firearms from the homes of older adults with dementia or confusion.
• 88% of firearm owners and 93% of non-firearm owners support restricting those who are under domestic violence restraining orders from owning or having access to firearms.
• Background checks for all firearm sales, including private ones between individuals, met with support from 85% of firearm owners and 93% of non-firearm owners.

Individual and family characteristics and risk factors

• Firearm owners were more likely to be white, male and veterans than non-firearm owners, and more likely to be in higher income brackets and to live in rural areas outside the Northeast.
• 77% of firearm owners had children living with them, or regularly visiting them, compared with 70% of non-firearm owners.
• 40% of non-firearm owners said that the presence of children in their home influenced their decisions about owning firearms, compared with 20% of those who owned firearms.
• 40% of firearm owners said they had experienced social isolation or lack of companionship in the last year; the survey was taken just before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. This percentage was much higher (89%) among older firearm owners who rated their physical or mental health as fair or poor.
• 9% of the older firearm owners in the survey met criteria for having depression, which is a risk factor for suicide, compared with 8% of non-firearm owners.

 

 

The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health (DA039341, CE003085).

In addition to Carter and Cunningham, the study’s authors are Eve Losman, M.D., Jessica Roche, M.P.H., Preeti Malani, M.D., Jeffrey Kullgren, M.D., M.S., M.P.H., M.S., Erica Solway, Ph.D., M.P.H., Matthias Kirch, M.S., Dianne Singer, M.P.H,, Maureen Walton, Ph.D., of U-M and April Zeoli, Ph.D., of MSU.

Citation: Firearm ownership, attitudes, and safe storage practices among a nationally representative sample of older U.S. adults age 50 to 80, Preventive Medicine, Vol. 156, March 2022, DOI:10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.106955, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091743522000032#

 

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JOURNAL

Preventive Medicine

DOI

10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.106955 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Survey

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

People

ARTICLE TITLE

Firearm ownership, attitudes, and safe storage practices among a nationally representative sample of older U.S. adults age 50 to 8

Better education needed about oral sex disease risk, poll of young people shows

Most teens and young adults underestimate sexually transmitted infection risk, and feel their generation needs better information

Peer-Reviewed Publication

MICHIGAN MEDICINE - UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

Most teens and young adults know it’s possible to catch or spread a sexually transmitted infection by having unprotected oral sex, a new poll shows. But more than half underestimate the level of that risk, including many who focus on avoiding pregnancy risk, the data show.

Just over half (54%) of young people also feel their generation needs more education about the risks of oral sex, and how to reduce those risks by using protective barriers such as dental dams and condoms. One in five also called for more depictions or discussion of protection during oral sex in popular culture to normalize the concept.

The new study is published in the Annals of Family Medicine by a team from the MyVoice text-based poll based at the University of Michigan’s Department of Family Medicine. The study is based on answers from 909 young people across the country with an average age of 19.

Past research has shown that oral sex can transmit herpes, gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, HIV, and human papillomavirus, called HPV for short. In the last two decades, the number of Americans diagnosed with head and neck cancers linked to HPV infection, mainly due to oral sex, has surpassed the number diagnosed with HPV-related cervical cancer linked to vaginal sex. A vaccine against all HPV infections is available for both young women and men, but is not widely used among young men.

On a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 being least risky, 60% rated unprotected oral sex at 1, 2 or 3. But young women were more nearly twice as likely as young men to rate it as a 4 or 5 on the risk scale, while young men were twice as likely to rate it as a 1 or 2. Those who rated it low on the risk scale mostly focused on the lack of pregnancy risk and a lower risk of transmitting an STI compared with unprotected vaginal sex.

“Youth deserve to know the facts about the risks of oral sex,” said Tammy Chang, M.D., M.P.H., M.S., director of MyVoice and an associate professor of family medicine at Michigan Medicine. “It's not just about sexually transmitted infections, but also the risk for cancer later in life. Educating youth about the risks of oral sex today and making protection accessible and easy to use can begin to change the cultural norms around oral sex and save lives.”

The study’s co-first authors are U-M Medical School student Arianna Strome and U-M School of Public Health doctoral student N’dea Moore-Petinak. The study was funded by the Michigan Institute for Clinical & Health Research, the U-M MCubed program, and the Department of Family Medicine.

Citation: Youths’ Knowledge and Perceptions of Health Risks Associated With Unprotected Oral Sex, The Annals of Family Medicine January 2022, 20 (1) 72-76; DOI: DOI:10.1370/afm.2761, https://www.annfammed.org/content/20/1/72

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JOURNAL

The Annals of Family Medicine

DOI

10.1370/afm.2761 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Survey

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

People

ARTICLE TITLE

Youths’ Knowledge and Perceptions of Health Risks Associated With Unprotected Oral Sex

Fine Sediment in Open Water

New book gives all ingredients for proper system understanding

Book Announcement

WORLD SCIENTIFIC

 

IMAGE: COVER FOR "FINE SEDIMENT IN OPEN WATER: FROM FUNDAMENTALS TO MODELING" view more 

CREDIT: WORLD SCIENTIFIC

Fine Sediment in Open Water: From Fundamentals to Modeling is mainly written for professional engineers working in estuaries and coastal systems, using more or less advanced numerical models. It provides the basis for a fundamental understanding of the physical, biological and chemical processes governing the transport and fate of fine sediment in open water, and explains how this understanding can steer engineering studies with numerical models. The book is unique in its treatment of processes at a variety of spatial and temporal scales, from micro-scale (i.e. colloid scale) to system-wide scales, and from intra-tidal time scales to decades. It discusses the interaction of various disciplines, amongst which those of hydrodynamics and soft soil mechanics, relevant for fine sediment. The book is also unique in addressing the road from scientific, to engineering and managerial questions via system understanding, the setup of a conceptual model to numerical modelling. It can be considered as a follow-up on the books by Winterwerp and Van Kesteren (2004) and Mehta (2013).

The book started as course notes for the authors’ post-graduate course on Fine Sediment, and still contains the required material and background. Since then, it has progressed and grown into a text book for beginning and experienced scientists and engineers. The book also contains a number of new thoughts that may deserve elaboration in future research.

Fine Sediment in Open Water: From Fundamentals to Modeling retails for US$198 / £175 (hardcover) and is also available in electronic formats. To order or know more about the book, visit http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/12473.

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About the Authors

Prof. Han Winterwerp received his MSc in 1976 on Aeronautical Engineering and his PhD in 1999 at the faculty of Civil Engineering, both at Delft University of Technology. He joined Deltares in 1978 and the university in 1991. After his retirement in 2016 he continued his career as private consultant. His career focused mainly on research and consultancy on the behaviour of cohesive sediment. He has worked in numerous countries on a large variety of natural and engineered sedimentary systems.

Dr. Thijs van Kessel received a PhD degree on fluid mud formation and transport at Delft University of Technology in 1997, following an MSc degree in Chemical Engineering in 1993. Since 1997 he works at Deltares (the Netherlands) on a diversity of topics in the field of cohesive sediment transport phenomena in nature, on the edge between research and application. For his research projects, he has a long track record of collaboration with several universities, whereas for his applied projects the Dutch government is the most important client, followed by private parties.

Prof. Bas van Maren received his MSc and PhD degree in Physical Geography at Utrecht University (the Netherlands). His research revolves around the dynamics of muddy rivers, estuaries and coasts, contributing to both academic and consultancy projects around the world. His key expertise is modelling of fine sediment transport and morphology. He started working with fine sediments in 2004, initially as a postdoc at Delft University at Technology but within a year at Deltares (the Netherlands) as well. Since 2019 he is also visiting professor at East China Normal University (Shanghai, China).

Dr. Bram van Prooijen received his MSc and PhD at Delft University of Technology. After working as engineering consultant, he joined university again. Since the last decade, he is working on hydrodynamics and sediment transport processes in estuaries and coastal seas. Research projects often include field measurements and numerical modelling. He is teaching the course Sediment Dynamics at Delft University of Technology.

About World Scientific Publishing Co.

World Scientific Publishing is a leading international independent publisher of books and journals for the scholarly, research and professional communities. World Scientific collaborates with prestigious organisations like the Nobel Foundation and US National Academies Press to bring high quality academic and professional content to researchers and academics worldwide. The company publishes about 600 books and over 140 journals in various fields annually. To find out more about World Scientific, please visit www.worldscientific.com.

For more information, contact WSPC Communications at communications@wspc.com.

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DOI

10.1142/12473 

Thawing permafrost can accelerate global warming

Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF COLOGN

 

IMAGE: OUTCROP OF YEDOMA SEDIMENTS WITH THE THICK ICE MASSES UNDERLAIN BY RIVER SEDIMENTS EXPOSED ON AN ARM OF THE LENA RIVER IN THE RIVER DELTA. view more 

CREDIT: JANET RETHEMEYER

Thawing permafrost in the Arctic could be emitting greenhouse gases from previously unaccounted-for carbon stocks, fuelling global warming. That is the result of a study conducted by a team of geologists led by Professor Dr Janet Rethemeyer at the University of Cologne’s Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, together with colleagues from the University of Hamburg and the Helmholtz Centre Potsdam – GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. In the Siberian Arctic, the research team determined the origin of carbon dioxide released from permafrost that is thousands of years old. This research endeavour is part of the German-Russian research endeavour ‘Kopf – Kohlenstoff im Permafrost’, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). The paper ‘Sources of CO2 Produced in Freshly Thawed Pleistocene-Age Yedoma Permafrost’ has now appeared in Frontiers in Earth Science.

Global climate change is causing temperatures to rise sharply, especially in the Arctic. Among other things, higher temperatures are causing more and more permafrost soils, which have been frozen for thousands of years, to thaw. Particularly affected is so-called ‘yedoma’ permafrost, which is widespread in areas that were not covered by ice sheets during the last ice age. Yedoma contains up to 80 per cent ice and is therefore also called ice complex. The ground ice can thaw very abruptly, causing the bedrock to collapse and erode. Such processes, known as thermokarst, make carbon previously stored in the frozen ground accessible to microorganisms, which break it down and release it as carbon dioxide and methane. The greenhouse gas release amplifies global warming, which is known as permafrost-carbon feedback.

So far, there are still many uncertainties about the amount of future greenhouse gas release. Among other things, it is not clear how well the ancient carbon that has been frozen in permafrost for thousands of years can be degraded. To find out, the research team took carbon dioxide samples at the Siberian investigation site on the Lena River using specially designed equipment in which carbon dioxide can be stored airtight and transported manner for long periods of time. This is necessary due to the long transport to Germany. Back in Cologne, the researchers then determined the age of the carbon dioxide using the radiocarbon method. In addition, they analysed the non-radioactive carbon isotopes. Both parameters were then used to calculate how much old and young as well as organic and inorganic carbon had been decomposed in the thawing permafrost.

A large proportion of the carbon – up to 80 per cent – comes from ancient organic matter that was freeze-locked into the sediments more than 30,000 years ago. This means that vegetation remains that died thousands of years ago have been very well ‘preserved’ in the frozen sediment, making them an attractive food source for microorganisms in the thawing permafrost.

In addition, the team found out for the first time that up to 18 per cent of carbon dioxide comes from inorganic sources. ‘We did not expect that this previously unnoticed carbon source would account for such a high proportion of the total amount of greenhouse gases released,’ said first author of the study Jan Melchert from the University of Cologne. For more precise climate predictions, it would be necessary to take this source into account. Future research will have to clarify where exactly the inorganic carbon in the yedoma comes from and through which processes it is released.

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JOURNAL

Frontiers in Earth Science

DOI

10.3389/feart.2021.737237/full 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Experimental study

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

Not applicable

ARTICLE TITLE

Sources of CO2 Produced in Freshly Thawed Pleistocene-Age Yedoma Permafrost

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

19-Jan-2022

Risk appetite of banks for small merchant renewable energy plants remains low

Peer-Reviewed Publication

KEAI COMMUNICATIONS CO., LTD.

 

IMAGE: A GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF THE SURVEY DR. SUNIO AND HIS TEAM CONDUCTED WITH SIX COMMERCIAL BANKS view more 

CREDIT: VARSOLO SUNIO

As the global demand for power continues to rise, so too does the number of small merchant renewable energy plants, which augment the supplies of existing energy companies. These plants are independent, typically small scale, and focus on renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind.

With more commercial banks pursuing bold sustainability targets in support of the Paris Agreement, there was an expectation that these plants would now find it easier to secure bank financing. However, a study published in the KeAi journal Global Transitions, suggests this is far from true.

Dr. Varsolo Sunio, the research lead, explains: “It used to be nearly impossible for developers of renewable energy projects to secure loans from commercial banks, especially if they were not backed up by long-term contracts with distribution utilities, or guarantees by large conglomerates. However, recently, with the trend towards the ‘greening of banks’, we were hopeful that this would open up more financing possibilities.

“But, contrary to our expectations, this is not really the case – the risk appetite of banks for small developers of merchant renewable energy plants remains low.”

For the study, the research team presented representatives from six banks in the Philippines with 10 options for appraisal, and asked them to assess their potential as credit enhancements or risk mitigants. Dr. Sunio reveals: “We found that commercial banks continue to base their funding decisions on the presence of ‘offtake agreements’, in other words, guaranteed customers, plus a ‘strong principal sponsor’. For small and independent developers of renewable merchant plants, obtaining either of these poses great difficulties.”

However, Dr. Sunio and his team found that government banks in the Philippines were more open to providing credit to small developers, even in the absence of offtake agreements and sponsor guarantees. He attributes this flexibility to the government banks’ mandate to support national development. 

He adds: “Our findings show that while banks acknowledge the role they play as catalysts in mobilising capital to finance the transition to renewable energy, merchant plants continue to be considered risky. We believe that more policies, strategies and innovations need to be explored to provide merchant plants with an opportunity to raise financing.”

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Contact the corresponding author: Varsolo Sunio , varsolo.sunio@uap.asia

The publisher KeAi was established by Elsevier and China Science Publishing & Media Ltd to unfold quality research globally. In 2013, our focus shifted to open access publishing. We now proudly publish more than 100 world-class, open access, English language journals, spanning all scientific disciplines. Many of these are titles we publish in partnership with prestigious societies and academic institutions, such as the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC).

 

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JOURNAL

Global Transitions

DOI

10.1016/j.glt.2021.12.001 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Case study

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

Not applicable

ARTICLE TITLE

Does the greening of banks impact the logics of sustainable financing? The case of bank lending to merchant renewable energy projects in the Philippines

COI STATEMENT

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

USA

Unemployment associated with increase in violence early in COVID-19 pandemic

Study of 16 U.S. cities shows historic level of job losses associated with an increase in firearm violence and homicide

Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - DAVIS HEALTH

 

IMAGE: ADJUSTED ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EXCESS UNEMPLOYMENT AND VIOLENT CRIME, 16 US CITIES (BALTIMORE, MD; BOSTON, MA; CHICAGO, IL; CINCINNATI, OH; DALLAS, TX; DENVER, CO; DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA; KANSAS CITY, MO; LOS ANGELES, CA; MILWAUKEE; WI; PHILADELPHIA, PA; PHOENIX, AZ; RIVERSIDE, CA; SACRAMENTO, CA; SAN FRANCISCO, CA; AND SEATTLE, WA) MARCH-JULY 2020. view more 

CREDIT: UC DAVIS VIOLENCE PREVENTION RESEARCH PROGRAM

The sharp rise in unemployment during the five months of the pandemic was associated with an increase in firearm violence and homicide in 16 American cities. That’s the finding of a new study from researchers at the Violence Prevention Research Program (VPRP) at UC Davis. 

The study was published in the Journal of Urban Health.  

The researchers did not find a corresponding increase in other crimes, such as aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft and robbery. 

“Economic disadvantage and income inequality have long been associated with increased risk of violence,” said Julia Schleimer, the lead author of the study and a research data analyst at VPRP. “Our results indicate that the acute worsening of economic conditions, as we saw at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, may also increase violence risk.” 

Historic unemployment at the beginning of the pandemic

In March 2020, the number of Americans who abruptly lost their jobs surged to 17.7 million. By April 2020, the unemployment rate in the United States reached 14.7%, the highest since data collection began in 1948. Low-income households in the United States were disproportionately harmed, with low-wage workers losing jobs at five times the rate of middle-wage workers. 

The historic events gave the researchers an opportunity to examine the relationship between increased unemployment and violence separated from systemic or ongoing factors. 

The researchers obtained unemployment data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Local Area Unemployment Statistics for each of the 16 cities. They used unemployment data going back to 2015 to estimate what would likely have been the expected unemployment numbers had the pandemic not occurred. 

Data on firearm violence was obtained from the Gun Violence Archive (GVA), a real-time repository for gun violence incidents. Data for other crimes were obtained from city open data portals.

The researchers estimate an average increase of 3.3 firearm violence incidents and 2 homicides per city each month from March to July 2020. That assumes peak unemployment levels in all cities were sustained for the entire 5-month period. 

“Our findings may help us understand why violence occurs and how to prevent it. Policies that reduce unemployment or provide support to the unemployed might reduce violence and improve public health,” said Schleimer. 

One area for future research is looking at the underlying mechanisms associating an increase in unemployment with some types of violent crime. Another is whether unemployment benefits or other financial protections buffer against the adverse consequences of unemployment. 

“Social factors are important determinants of rates of violence, and interventions on those factors are essential to a comprehensive violence prevention effort,” said Garen Wintemute, an emergency department physician and director of VPRP. 

Additional authors on the study include Veronica A. Pear, Christopher D. McCort, Aaron B. Shev, Alaina De Biasi, Elizabeth Tomsich, Shani Buggs, Hannah S. Laqueur and Garen J. Wintemute from the Violence Prevention Research Program.

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JOURNAL

Journal of Urban Health

DOI

10.1007/s11524-021-00605-3 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Data/statistical analysis

ARTICLE TITLE

Unemployment and Crime in US Cities During the Coronavirus Pandemic

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

27-Jan-2022