KAIST enables on-site disease diagnosis in just 3 minutes...nanozyme reaction selectivity improved 38-fold​

The Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)

FacebookXLinkedInWeChatBlueskyMessageWhatsAppEmail

 

image: 

<(From Left) Professor Jinwoo Lee, Ph.D candidate Seonhye Park and Ph.D candidate Daeeun Choi from Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering>

view more 

Credit: KAIST

To enable early diagnosis of acute illnesses and effective management of chronic conditions, point-of-care testing (POCT) technology—diagnostics conducted near the patient—is drawing global attention. The key to POCT lies in enzymes that recognize and react precisely with specific substances. However, traditional natural enzymes are expensive and unstable, and nanozymes (enzyme-mimicking catalysts) have suffered from low reaction selectivity. Now, a Korean research team has developed a high-sensitivity sensor platform that achieves 38 times higher selectivity than existing nanozymes and allows disease diagnostics visible to the naked eye within just 3 minutes.

On the 28th, KAIST (President Kwang Hyung Lee) announced that Professor Jinwoo Lee’s research team from the Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, in collaboration with teams led by Professor Jeong Woo Han at Seoul National University and Professor Moon Il Kim at Gachon University, has developed a new single-atom catalyst that selectively performs only peroxidase-like reactions while maintaining high reaction efficiency.

Using bodily fluids such as blood, urine, or saliva, this diagnostic platform enables test results to be read within minutes even outside hospital settings—greatly improving medical accessibility and ensuring timely treatment. The key lies in the visual detection of biomarkers (disease indicators) through color changes triggered by enzyme reactions. However, natural enzymes are expensive and easily degraded in diagnostic environments, limiting their storage and distribution.

To address this, inorganic nanozyme materials have been developed as substitutes. Yet, they typically lack selectivity—when hydrogen peroxide is used as a substrate, the same catalyst triggers both peroxidase-like reactions (which cause color change) and catalase-like reactions (which remove the substrate), reducing diagnostic signal accuracy.

To control catalyst selectivity at the atomic level, the researchers used an innovative structural design: attaching chlorine (Cl) ligands in a three-dimensional configuration to the central ruthenium (Ru) atom to fine-tune its chemical properties. This enabled them to isolate only the desired diagnostic signal.

Experimental results showed that the new catalyst achieved over 38-fold improvement in selectivity compared to existing nanozymes, with significantly increased sensitivity and speed in detecting hydrogen peroxide. Even in near-physiological conditions (pH 6.0), the catalyst maintained its performance, proving its applicability in real-world diagnostics.

By incorporating the catalyst and oxidase into a paper-based sensor, the team created a system that could simultaneously detect four key biomarkers related to health: glucose, lactate, cholesterol, and choline—all with a simple color change.

This platform is broadly applicable across various disease diagnostics and can deliver results within 3 minutes without complex instruments or pH adjustments. The findings show that diagnostic performance can be dramatically improved without changing the platform itself, but rather by engineering the catalyst structure.

Professor Jinwoo Lee of KAIST commented, “This study is significant in that it simultaneously achieves enzyme-level selectivity and reactivity by structurally designing single-atom catalysts.” He added that “the structure–function-based catalyst design strategy can be extended to the development of various metal-based catalysts and other reaction domains where selectivity is critical.”

Seonhye Park and Daeeun Choi, both Ph.D. candidates at KAIST, are co-first authors. The research was published on July 6, 2025, in the prestigious journal Advanced Materials.

●        Title: Breaking the Selectivity Barrier of Single-Atom Nanozymes Through Out-of-Plane Ligand Coordination

●        Authors: Seonhye Park (KAIST, co–first author), Daeeun Choi (KAIST, co–first author), Kyu In Shim (SNU, co–first author), Phuong Thy Nguyen (Gachon Univ., co–first author), Seongbeen Kim (KAIST), Seung Yeop Yi (KAIST), Moon Il Kim (Gachon Univ., corresponding author), Jeong Woo Han (SNU, corresponding author), Jinwoo Lee (KAIST, corresponding author)

●        DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202506480

This research was supported by the Ministry of Science and ICT and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF).

<Figure1. The catalyst in this study (ruthenium single-atom catalyst) exhibits peroxidase-like activity with selectivity akin to natural enzymes through three-dimensional directional ligand coordination. Due to the absence of competing catalase activity, selective peroxidase-like reactions proceed under biomimetic conditions. In contrast, conventional single-atom catalysts with active sites arranged on planar surfaces exhibit dual functionality depending on pH. Under neutral conditions, their catalase activity leads to hydrogen peroxide depletion, hindering accurate detection. The catalyst in this study eliminates such interference, enabling direct detection of biomarkers through coupled reactions with oxidases without the need for cumbersome steps like buffer replacement. The ability to simultaneously detect multiple target substances under biomimetic conditions demonstrates the practicality of ruthenium single-atom catalysts for on-site diagnostics>

<Figure 2.(a) Schematic diagram of the paper sensor (Zone 1: glucose oxidase immobilized; Zone 2: lactate oxidase immobilized; Zone 3: choline oxidase immobilized; Zone 4: cholesterol oxidase immobilized; Zone 5: no oxidase enzyme). (b) Single biomarker (single disease indicator) detection using the ruthenium single‑atom catalyst–based paper sensor.(c) Multiple biomarker (multiple disease indicator) detection using the ruthenium single‑atom catalyst–based paper sensor>

Credit

KAIST

DOI

10.1002/adma.202506480 

Method of Research

Meta-analysis

Subject of Research

Not applicable

Article Title

Breaking the Selectivity Barrier of Single-Atom Nanozymes Through Out-of-Plane Ligand Coordination

 

Better sleep, better life — KAIST’s sleep algorithm comes to Samsung Galaxy watches​

The personalized sleep guide, created by Professor Jae Kyoung Kim’s research team at KAIST and the Institute for Basic Science (IBS), doesn’t just tell you how long you slept. It actually recommends the best time for you to go to bed —

The Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)

WeChat
WhatsAppEmail

 

image: 

<Professor Jae Kyoung Kim of KAIST's Department of Mathematical Sciences>

view more 

Credit: KAIST

Did you know that over 80% of people worldwide have irregular sleep habits? These sleep issues don’t just leave us feeling tired — they affect our health, focus, and quality of life. Now, a new sleep algorithm developed by a team of Korean researchers is aiming to change that. And it’s available on Samsung Galaxy smartwatches around the world, including the newly launched Galaxy Watch8 series.

The personalized sleep guide, created by Professor Jae Kyoung Kim’s research team at KAIST and the Institute for Basic Science (IBS), doesn’t just tell you how long you slept. It actually recommends the best time for you to go to bed — helping you build healthy sleep habits and feel more refreshed every day.

What makes it special? Unlike most sleep features that focus only on the past (“You slept six hours last night”), this algorithm looks ahead. Using mathematical models and your body’s circadian rhythm, it suggests a personalized “sleep window” — like “Going to bed between 11:10 PM and 11:40 PM is ideal for you tonight.”

“It’s kind of like a weather forecast,” said Professor Kim. “Instead of just telling you what happened yesterday, it helps you prepare for tomorrow — so you can sleep better and feel better.”

The algorithm was developed over three years by a small team of mathematicians, not professional app developers. “We faced a lot of challenges trying to turn our research into a real product,” Kim admitted. “People kept asking us when they could try the algorithm, and we always felt bad that we couldn’t release it properly. Now, thanks to the support of KAIST’s Technology Commercialization Center and our partnership with Samsung, our work will finally reach people around the world.”

The academic world is paying attention, too. Professor Kim’s presentation on the algorithm was selected for the Hot Topics session at SLEEP 2025, the world’s largest sleep conference held in the U.S., and will also be featured at World Sleep 2025 in Singapore this fall.

Professor Kim is also working with Professor Eun Yeon Joo’s team at Samsung Medical Center to develop even more advanced sleep recommendation technology. Together, they created “SLEEPS,” an algorithm that predicts sleep disorders (available at sleep-math.com). Meanwhile, development continues on their own sleep app — with the hope of bringing math-powered sleep science into more people’s everyday lives.

Professor Kim is a world-renowned expert in mathematical biology. In 2025, he became the first Korean scientist to give a keynote speech at the SIAM Annual Meeting, and the first Korean to join the editorial board of SIAM Review, one of the most prestigious journals in applied mathematics. His work shows how basic science and mathematics can lead to real solutions that help people live healthier, better lives.

 

---

Method of Research

Meta-analysis

 

Economic success and ethical supply chains are not mutually exclusive

University of Zurich

Facebook

Message

International NGOs have long urged companies to scrutinize their supply chains for human rights abuses and environmental violations. The goal is to ensure that suppliers do not engage in child or forced labor, pollute the environment or neglect worker safety. One tragic example is the collapse of a textile factory in Bangladesh in 2013, which killed more than a thousand people. The factory produced garments for European fashion brands, such as Mango, C&A, Primark and KIK.

In response to such incidents, France and Germany, among other countries, have enacted laws requiring corporate due diligence in supply chains. In 2024, the European Union adopted a directive on the issue. Switzerland has had a regulation in place since 2022 that covers due diligence and transparency regarding conflict minerals and child labor.

French supply chain law in effect since 2017

Despite their focus on upholding basic human rights and environmental standards, due diligence laws are often criticized by business associations. They argue that such regulations impose excessive bureaucracy and high compliance costs. But do these laws actually harm companies?

Christoph Steinert, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Zurich, and Bernhard Reinsberg of the University of Glasgow sought to answer this question by conducting a study of the French supply chain law enacted in 2017. It is the only law of its kind that has been in effect long enough to allow analysis of its long-term effects.

The regulation applies to all French companies and their subsidiaries with more than 5,000 employees, as well as companies headquartered in France or abroad with over 10,000 employees. These businesses are required to implement a due diligence plan that covers all company activities – including those of subcontractors and suppliers – with respect to human rights, health and safety, and environmental standards.

No negative impact on profit or revenue

A statistical analysis of data from over 11,000 French firms conducted by the researchers revealed no evidence suggesting that the supply chain law negatively impacted profit or revenue. The researchers compared companies just above and below the legal thresholds of 5,000 and 10,000 employees, respectively, over time.

“On average, companies subject to the law were just as likely to be profitable as those not required to implement due diligence measures,” explains Christoph Steinert of the Department of Political Science at the University of Zurich. While companies did incur some higher costs before the law took effect – due to necessary adjustments – there is no evidence of significant long-term economic harm, he notes.

The researchers also found that the national supply chain law did not discourage French companies from participating in voluntary initiatives such as the UN Global Compact (UNGC). The UNGC promotes ten global principles of corporate responsibility, including respect for human rights, labor standards, environmental protection, and anti-corruption.

Findings challenge industry lobby narrative

Overall, the study’s findings contradict the narrative promoted by many business lobbies – that supply chain due diligence laws inevitably harm economic performance. “For instance, German Chancellor Friedrich Merz has announced plans to repeal Germany’s and the EU’s supply chain laws in the near future,” Steinert notes. “But the French example shows that it is indeed possible to combine economic success with the protection of fundamental human rights and environmental standards.”

---

Journal

Review of International Political Economy

DOI

10.1080/09692290.2025.2519189 

Method of Research

Meta-analysis

Subject of Research

Not applicable

Article Title

The French duty of vigilance law: reconciling human rights and firm profitability

Article Publication Date

27-Jul-2025

 

As Medicare turns 60, research suggests more need for annual enrollment help

Pair of studies show older adults, including those with dementia, may be switching between plans without getting impartial help picking the plan that’s best for them

Michigan Medicine - University of Michigan

LinkedInWeChatBlueskyMessageWhatsAppEmail

Sixty years ago this week, President Lyndon Johnson signed Medicare into law, giving all Americans over 65 access to health coverage.

Today, nearly 69 million Americans rely on this coverage. Half of them get it directly from the federal government through traditional Medicare, and half from insurance companies that offer Medicare Advantage plans, also funded by the federal government. The program now includes people with major disabilities too.

But two recent studies from a University of Michigan team suggest that many older and disabled Americans could use more help picking the best Medicare option for them.

Getting help from others or online with Medicare decisions

One of the studies shows that only about 38% of people over 65 who switch Medicare plans get any help in doing so, with much lower percentages among those who don’t have family caregivers.

In all, the study finds only about 13% of enrollees switch plans in a given year.

It also shows that only 33% of those who have Medicare use the Internet to research their options or handle other insurance matters, with much lower percentages among those who did not attend college or have lower household incomes.

The study also looked at data from 2015 to 2023 from people over age 71, and showed that the percentage getting help was never above 50% and dropped during the first years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Use of the internet for insurance matters by Medicare enrollees over 71 rose sharply in recent years, from less than 20% to just over 30%.

Medicare decisions for people with dementia

The other recent study shows that, even though people with dementia may have very different health care needs than those without dementia, Medicare Advantage plan choice patterns are very similar for the two groups.

This suggests a lack of help in searching for the best option for someone with dementia, whether they are choosing a plan themselves or with help from a spouse, partner or adult child.

However, the study does show that people with dementia who qualify for both Medicare and Medicaid because of a low income were more likely to choose a “special needs plan” that offers more care management help.

A dizzying array of choices

The lead researcher on both studies is Lianlian Lei, Ph.D., an assistant professor in the U-M Medical School’s Department of Psychiatry.

She notes that most older adults have dozens of plans to choose from, including traditional Medicare, Medicare Advantage, and add-on plans to cover prescription drugs and other expenses.

This creates many dimensions to the decision that older adults and people with disabilities face when they first join Medicare, and then every year during Medicare Open Enrollment, which runs from mid-October to early December.

She also notes that free, unbiased help is available to help them find the plan that best fits their health needs, including state-level programs funded by federal dollars, through the State Health Insurance Assistance Program, also called SHIP.

They can also use the Medicare system’s online Medicare Plan Compare tool to explore each option open to them. That site includes ratings of Medicare Advantage plans and Part D prescription drug plans that assign a number of stars to each plan based on quality measures and satisfaction surveys.

Meanwhile, older adults receive many promotional mailings and invitations to events from health insurance companies and insurance brokers, touting their products and services.

“If you just look at the flyer they send you, it offers little information, so if you want to know a plan’s star rating, benefits offered, or see which providers and hospitals are in its network you have to go to the internet,” she said. “That’s what makes it so shocking that a lot of people enrolled in Medicare don’t use the internet for insurance information.”

Even if someone visits the Plan Compare site to learn about plans open to them and see their star ratings and costs, they will also need to go to the website of each Medicare Advantage plan they’re considering in order to see the current network of providers and hospitals that accept that plan, and to learn about things like the prior authorization process for some types of care.

Meanwhile, she said, “The SHIP program was designed to help people get unbiased counseling. But many people don’t know this help is available, and because it’s delivered by state agencies and relies in part on local groups and trained volunteers, there is variation in quality.”

Some people may rely on word of mouth from friends and family, but that doesn’t take into account the fact that health needs vary greatly from person to person.

If someone makes a decision based mainly on the monthly premium that they’ll pay under traditional Medicare or an MA plan, that leaves out key things like copays, deductibles and prescription drug price lists, which can greatly change the total cost of choosing that plan.

Building on previous findings, with more to do

Previous research has shown that many older adults aren’t aware of the state-level help programs and that older adults who are part of couples usually choose the same Medicare Advantage option as their spouse, even if their health needs are different.

Lei and colleagues also recently published findings about what drives people to leave a Medicare Advantage plan or return to traditional Medicare. They show that inability to access care, and dissatisfaction with care quality, mattered much more than cost.

“Many older people probably research their health insurance less than they research buying a car, in part because it’s hard to compare different plan options, the Information is not well organized and you have to seek it from many sources,” she said.

The new papers come from Lei’s broader effort to understand Medicare-related decision-making among older adults. She and colleagues at the U-M Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation continue to explore different aspects of Medicare enrollment decisions.

The data used in the studies came from two large federal surveys of older adults funded by the National Institutes of Health: the National Health and Aging Trends Study, based at Johns Hopkins University, and the Health and Retirement Study, based at U-M’s Institute for Social Research.

In addition to Lei, the authors of the new papers include her fellow IHPI members Donovan Maust, M.D., M.S., of the U-M Department of Psychiatry and VA Center for Clinical Management Research; Helen Levy, Ph.D., of the Institute for Social Research;  Geoffrey J. Hoffman, Ph.D. of the School of Nursing;  Hyungjin Myra Kim, Sc.D. of the U-M School of Public Health; former IHPI member Claire Ankuda, M.D., MPH, now at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; and U-M and VA research team members Kierstdea Petzold and Julie Strominger, M.S.

The research was supported by the National Institute on Aging, part of the National Institutes of Health (R00AG075145, R01AG056407, P30AG066582, K76AG064427, 1R01AG074944-01).

References:

Support and Internet Use in Navigating Medicare Plans Among Older Americans, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, DOI:10.1111/jgs.19516

Older adults living with dementia enrolled in similar Medicare Advantage plans compared to those without dementia, Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Behavior and Socioeconomics of Aging, DOI:10.1002/bsa3.70016

 

---

Journal

Journal of the American Geriatrics Society

DOI

10.1111/jgs.19516 

Method of Research

Data/statistical analysis

Subject of Research

People

Article Title

Support and Internet Use in Navigating Medicare Plans Among Older Americans

SCI-FI-TEK

The complex relationship between fusion fuel and lithium walls

New findings could help design fusion power plants with lithium walls that make the most of the available tritium, a rare fusion fuel

Princeton University

Facebook

XLinkedInWeChatBlueskyMessageWhatsAppEmail

 

image: 

An artist’s interpretation of the interactions between the plasma and the wall inside a tokamak fusion system. Lithium is shown in green, fuel is shown in red and atoms forming the tokamak wall are shown in blue.

view more 

Credit: Kyle Palmer / PPPL Communications Department

Lithium is considered a key ingredient in the future commercial fusion power plants known as tokamaks, and there are several ways to use this metal to enhance the process. But a key question remained: How much does it impact the amount of fuel trapped in the walls of tokamaks?

According to new research from a global collaboration spanning nine institutions, the dominant driver of fuel retention is co-deposition: a process where fuel is trapped alongside lithium. Co-deposition can happen with lithium that is directly added during plasma operations, or lithium that has been previously deposited on the walls, only to wear away and be redeposited.

The research also showed that adding lithium during operation is more effective than pre-coating the walls with lithium in terms of creating an even temperature from the core of the plasma to its edge, which can help create the stable plasma conditions needed for commercial fusion.

This new study goes beyond earlier work by examining lithium wall behavior in a tokamak, offering insights that are more reflective of the complex environment in commercial fusion systems. The insights can help future tokamaks better manage tritium, a rare and essential fusion fuel.

Published in Nuclear Materials and Energy, the study is the first to directly compare the amount of fuel trapped by lithium coatings applied inside a tokamak before fusion operation begins with lithium powder injected over the plasma during a fusion reaction. This mid-operation lithium powder injection is primarily used as a protective coating to improve plasma-facing surfaces and reduce the amount of unwanted material coming off the tokamak’s walls and into the plasma. It also inherently stimulates co-deposition.

The study also found that the thickness of the lithium coating applied before a plasma shot did not significantly affect how much fuel was trapped. “It turns out there’s little impact in making these coatings extra thick,” said Maria Morbey, lead author on the study and a doctoral degree candidate with the Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER) and the Eindhoven University of Technology. “Most of the fuel retention happens when lithium is added during the plasma shot — not beforehand.”

“As we transition tokamaks away from graphite walls because of their high rate of erosion and the dust produced and toward wall materials such as tungsten, we need to find a way to condition these walls so that the hot core of the plasmas better tolerates them,” said Florian Effenberg, a staff research scientist with the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) who supervised the research.

Lithium is a leading candidate for the job, Effenberg said, noting that powder injection offers a practical bridge toward fully liquid lithium walls. A plan is in development to potentially include a lithium injector and, ultimately, liquid lithium plasma-facing components in PPPL’s National Spherical Torus Experiment-Upgrade (NSTX-U). The Lab is also working on a tokamak based on NSTX-U’s design, called the Spherical Tokamak Advanced Reactor (STAR).

In addition to other researchers from PPPL, a leader in lithium research, the team also included people from DIFFER, Eindhoven University of Technology, General Atomics, Sandia National Laboratories, Auburn University, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, University of California-San Diego, and the DOE’s Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). 

A liquid metal heat shield
Lithium can melt, creating a self-repairing layer over the inner components of a fusion vessel. This protective layer can help shield some of the parts that directly face the plasma from its intense and potentially damaging heat, as it reaches temperatures hotter than the core of the sun. If the fusion vessel wall temperatures are high enough, lithium could also protect the vessel wall by forming a gas or vapor shield.

“Lithium walls are intentionally used to create an environment where fuel atoms are absorbed rather than reflected, helping to stabilize the plasma edge, enhancing plasma confinement and enabling operation at higher power densities. These are key advantages for compact, more efficient tokamak designs,” said Effenberg.  

However, this same property leads to significant fuel retention, particularly of tritium, which is radioactive, scarce and tightly regulated. Excessive tritium trapping reduces fuel availability, complicates the tritium fuel cycle and poses safety and operational concerns, especially in colder and inaccessible areas where tritium may accumulate over time.

The study findings highlight that in tokamak designs, it will be critical to avoid cold wall regions where lithium and fuel can accumulate. Using flowing liquid lithium, maintaining higher wall temperatures and implementing additional techniques to prevent unwanted co‑deposits will help direct tritium into areas where it can be more effectively managed and recovered.

Solid results comparing two application techniques
During the study, two approaches for using lithium were assessed using material samples embedded in wall tiles in DIII-D, a tokamak operated by General Atomics in California. In the first approach, the samples were pre-coated with lithium before they were exposed to a fusion plasma. In the second scenario, lithium was added to the material samples inserted into the wall tiles. At the same time, they were exposed to a fusion plasma using a system known as an impurity powder dropper, which sprinkles the lithium on top of the plasma. 

Morbey said the findings indicate that the co-deposition of lithium and deuterium results in more trapped fuel than in a preexisting lithium coating — at least when the lithium is solid. Morbey plans to run similar experiments with the tiles heated to liquefy the lithium and then compare the results.

“This step would get us close to how we want to operate lithium in a fusion power plant: as a liquid. Once it can flow, it will finally also provide thermal protection and a flow path to locally purify the lithium stream so that tritium fuel can be recovered and reused,” Effenberg said.

The research is also important because it can help to identify key areas in the tokamak where tritium might build up. “We have to find a way of preventing that fuel retention in these cold spots,” Morbey said, such as between tiles or on certain parts of the tokamak’s exhaust system. 

Minimizing fuel requirements
Understanding the details of how fuel embeds in the innards of a tokamak is critical to making the systems needed for fusion power to become a safe and economical energy source. The way tokamaks are designed today, an ongoing supply of tritium is essential for fueling the reaction. But tritium is rare, radioactive and produced inside the tokamak at a limited rate through nuclear reactions, so it’s not ideal if significant amounts are trapped in lithium coatings on the inner walls of the tokamak. The study used deuterium as a stand-in for tritium, as is typical in such research, because the two would have the same behavior in the context of the experiment, Effenberg said.

Strong magnetic fields hold the bulk of the plasma in a doughnut shape inside a tokamak, but some plasma particles escape. Many of these particles will hit the inner walls or other components inside the vessel that surrounds the plasma. When a particle hits a wall, for example, it can bounce back into the plasma or get stuck in whatever it hits.

Each scenario has advantages and disadvantages. A tritium atom that is stuck in the wall will not naturally be recycled back into the plasma and used to make more energy. Alternatively, a trapped particle can’t thwart the fusion reaction. Particles reemitted from the wall have lost their energy and are significantly cooler than the particles that never left the hot core. When these colder recycling particles mix in with the core plasma, the overall temperature can drop. If the plasma cools too much, fusion stops.

Shota Abe, Alessandro Bortolon and Alexander Nagy of PPPL also contributed to this research, as well as Tyler Abrams (General Atomics), Ryan Hood (Sandia National Laboratories), Ulises Losada (Auburn University), Jun Ren (University of Tennessee-Knoxville), Dmitry Rudakov (University of California-San Diego), Michael Simmonds (LLNL), Dinh Truong (LLNL) and Thomas Morgan (DIFFER and Eindhoven University of Technology). 

The research was funded by DOE, Office of Science, Office of Fusion Energy Sciences, using the DIII-D National Fusion Facility, a DOE Office of Science user facility operated by General Atomics, under awards DE-AC02-09CH11466, DE-FC02-04ER54698, DE-NA0003525, DE-SC0019256, DE-SC0023378, DE-SC0015877 and DE-AC52-07NA27344. It was also funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Programme under grant agreement number 101052200 EUROfusion.

PPPL is mastering the art of using plasma — the fourth state of matter — to solve some of the world’s toughest science and technology challenges. Nestled on Princeton University’s Forrestal Campus in Plainsboro, New Jersey, our research ignites innovation in a range of applications including fusion energy, nanoscale fabrication, quantum materials and devices, and sustainability science. The University manages the Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science, which is the nation’s single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences. Feel the heat at https://energy.gov/science and https://www.pppl.gov.

---

Journal

Nuclear Materials and Energy

DOI

10.1016/j.nme.2025.101915 

Article Title

Deuterium retention in pre-lithiated samples and Li–D co-deposits in the DIII-D tokamak