Sharing positive emotions with a partner is good for health
Reduces stress hormone cortisol, even in couples who aren’t in highly satisfied relationships
Sharing happy moments with a partner may be good for older people’s health, lowering the level of the stress hormone cortisol in their bodies, according to research published by the American Psychological Association.
“We know from lots of research that positive emotions like happiness, joy, love and excitement are good for our health -- they’ve even been linked to living longer. But most of this research looks at people’s emotions as if they happen in isolation,” said study lead author Tomiko Yoneda, PhD, of the University of California Davis. “In real life, though, our most powerful positive emotions often happen when we’re connecting with someone else. We wanted to understand how often older couples share positive emotional moments in their everyday lives, and whether these shared moments affect the body in meaningful ways.”
To study this, Yoneda and her colleagues looked at levels of cortisol in older adults. They examined data from three studies with a total of 642 participants (321 cohabitating couples) in Canada and Germany. All the participants were between ages 56 and 89. In all three studies, participants provided background and demographic information, then answered short electronic surveys about their emotional state between five and seven times per day for one week. The surveys focused on positive emotions, asking participants how happy, relaxed and interested they felt at that moment. After each short survey, participants collected a saliva sample using a saliva test strip. The researchers collected 23,931 separate measurements in all.
The researchers found that on occasions when both partners were together and reported positive emotions, participants’ saliva samples showed lower cortisol levels – and this effect was beyond individually experienced positive emotions. The results held true after accounting for several factors that can influence cortisol levels, including age, sex, medications and daily cortisol fluctuations (cortisol levels tend to be higher in the morning). The research was published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
“There was something uniquely powerful about sharing those positive emotions together. Even more exciting, we found signs that these shared positive moments have lasting effects,” Yoneda said. “When couples felt good together, their cortisol levels stayed lower later in the day. This suggests that co-experiencing positive emotions might actually help the body stay calmer over time.”
Perhaps surprisingly, the effect showed up regardless of how satisfied people were with their relationship. In other words, even if a couple wasn’t feeling especially happy with their relationship overall, sharing positive emotions still seemed to have a calming effect on the body.
In the future, Yoneda says, she would like to examine shared positive emotions outside of couples, including among friends, coworkers and family members.
“This work builds on positivity resonance theory, which suggests that when people share positive emotions — along with caring, synchronized connection — it can boost emotional and physiological well-being,” Yoneda said. “And according to the theory, those moments can happen between any two people, not just romantic partners. That opens up a whole world of possibilities for future research.”
Article: “Better together: Co-experienced positive emotions and cortisol secretion in the daily lives of older adults,” by Tomiko Yoneda, PhD, University of California Davis; Nathan Lewis, PhD, Maureen C. Ashe, PhD, Kenneth Madden, MD, and Christiane Hoppmann, PhD, The University of British Columbia; Theresa Pauly, PhD, Simon Fraser University; Karolina Kolodziejczak-Krupp, PhD, MSB Medical School Berlin; Johanna Drewelies, PhD, and Denis Gerstorf, PhD, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Nilam Ram, PhD, Stanford University; and Claudia M. Haase, PhD, Northwestern University. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, published online Oct. 30, 2025.
CONTACT: Tomiko Yoneda, PhD, can be reached at yoneda@ucdavis.edu.
The American Psychological Association, in Washington, D.C., is the largest scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the United States. APA’s membership includes 173,000 researchers, educators, clinicians, consultants and students. Through its divisions in 54 subfields of psychology and affiliations with 60 state, territorial and Canadian provincial associations, APA works to advance the creation, communication and application of psychological knowledge to benefit society and improve lives.
Journal
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Method of Research
Observational study
Subject of Research
People
Article Title
Better Together: Coexperienced Positive Emotions and Cortisol Secretion in the Daily Lives of Older Couples
Article Publication Date
30-Oct-2025
Are you more jealous of emotional or sexual infidelity? It may depend on your sexual orientation
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
image:
What makes you most jealous? That also depends a lot on your sexual orientation. Professors Mons Bendixen and Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair study jealousy.
view moreCredit: Photo: Steinar Brandslet, NTNU
Recent research shows that only the most heterosexual men are primarily jealous of sexual infidelity. Homosexual and bisexual men are more jealous of emotional infidelity, in the same way that women are.
Professors Mons Bendixen and Leif Edvard Ottesen Kennair at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) have spent many years studying infidelity and jealousy.
For a long time, the researchers interpreted their findings as saying that men are more often most jealous of sexual infidelity, while women are more jealous of emotional infidelity – and that was pretty much that.
However, it turns out it is not that simple after all; sexual orientation can also affect jealousy. Kennair and Bendixen collaborated with Professor David Schmitt from Kansas State University on an article recently published in the Archives of Sexual Behavior journal.
Homosexual and bisexual men are jealous in the same way as women
“It is still the case that the most heterosexual men are most jealous of sexual infidelity. But this is not true for bisexual or homosexual men. They are most jealous of the feelings their partner might have for someone else,” said Kennair, from NTNU’s Department of Psychology.
It is more often the case that homosexual and bisexual men become jealous for reasons other than those of heterosexual men. When it comes to jealousy, they bear a closer resemblance to women.
“This exception to the general rule is not found in lesbian and bisexual women. Lesbian and bisexual women are most jealous of emotional infidelity, in the same way that heterosexual women are,” said Bendixen.
“It is important to point out here that our research did not primarily focus on categorical sexual orientation.
We investigated the degree to which individuals are attracted to men (androphilia) and to women (gynephilia) in both sexes,” emphasized Kennair.
Biological explanation of jealousy
Perhaps there is more logic to this than might at first meet the eye. After all, there is a strong biological explanation behind jealousy. Jealousy is an emotional response to a threat against a valued relationship.
Infidelity is an example of this type of threat, either in the form of a partner falling in love with or having sex with someone else. The way jealousy works is that you react emotionally to signs of infidelity in your partner.
This can in turn trigger a series of actions to protect the relationship. Examples include everything from confrontations, monitoring and restricting the partner’s social contact with other people, to ingratiation, flattery and increased sexual activity.
In homosexual relationships, regardless of gender, mutually hidden sexual infidelity is less relevant. Your partner is unlikely to have a secret child with someone else – a child you believe is yours and therefore invest time and resources in.
Thus, the fear of a partner leaving becomes much more important for homosexual individuals – the jealousy is more centred around the emotions involved.
Predicting sexuality based on questions
Nearly 4500 participants aged 16 to 80 participated in the study. They were recruited partly through Facebook and partly through the Gaysir website and other forums for queer individuals. The way in which the researchers recruited people ensured that sexual minorities were well represented.
“We also developed a method that could more or less predict the participants’ sexual orientation,” said Kennair.
The questions covered personality, childhood interests, career preferences and how the participants experience their own gender role.
The answers could be used to predict the participants’ sexual preference with high certainty, ranked by how strongly they were attracted to men or to women.
Shades of grey
Of course, there are no clear-cut boundaries when it comes to sexual orientation. It is safe to say that some of us are more masculine or feminine than others, regardless of biological sex.
“Biological sex is fixed and strongly linked to the production of sex cells. However, with regards to sexual orientation and how we perceive our own gender and sexuality, there are no clear-cut boundaries,” said Kennair.
He likens it to different volume controls that are balanced in relation to each other. Some people are more attracted to one gender or the other, while others are less so.
“The degree of masculinity and femininity varies greatly from one person to the next and over time, regardless of biological sex.
This challenges the assumption that gender expression is static and inseparably linked to sex. Instead, the expressions are fluid, dependent on context, and shaped by social, cultural and personal factors.
This means that masculinity and femininity are not opposites on a linear scale, but can coexist side by side within an individual to varying degrees over time,” said Professor David Schmitt from Kansas State University. The extent to which this variation is related to sexual jealousy was one of the main focuses of this study
Testosterone levels play an important role, meaning jealousy also varies among individuals, even within the same sex. Therefore, jealousy can be seen as one of the possible evolutionary mechanisms.
“Most humans are chimeras; they are not strictly one thing or another. Everyone has parts that are masculine and parts that are feminine,” explained Kennair.
The mystery of bisexual men with female partners
Note that we constantly assume that jealousy actually serves a purpose. Jealousy is meant to help you keep your partner – or your partner’s resources – for yourself. In doing so, you maximize the chances of passing on your genes to the next generation.
But one great mystery still remains – bisexual men who are partners with women.
“Bisexual men with female partners are different from heterosexual men with female partners. These bisexual men are also more jealous of emotional infidelity and less jealous of sexual infidelity,” explained Bendixen.
This, however, does not fit the pattern. Bisexual men with female partners face the same risk as heterosexual men of investing resources in another man’s child if their partner is unfaithful. Therefore, the picture remains unclear.
“We still don’t know why this is. One possibility is that the jealousy response is easily feminized. As a result, only the most masculine men display typical masculine sexual jealousy,” said Kennair.
This may also help explain why bisexual men are far less common than bisexual women. In the United States, up to 6 per cent of women identify as bisexual, compared with only up to 2 per cent of men. If bisexual men are more often tricked into raising another man’s child, their genes are not passed on to the next generation to the same extent.
This, however, is just a theory, and not something the researchers know or have studied – and is an area that definitely requires more research.
Reference:
Kennair, L.E.O., Bendixen, M. & Schmitt, D.P. Male Sex, Masculinization, Sexual Orientation, and Gynephilia Synergistically Predict Increased Sexual Jealousy. Arch Sex Behav (2025). Published 22 August 2025 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-025-03225-z
Journal
Archives of Sexual Behavior
Method of Research
Survey
Subject of Research
People
Article Title
Male Sex, Masculinization, Sexual Orientation, and Gynephilia Synergistically Predict Increased Sexual Jealous
