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Wednesday, September 23, 2026

World Nuclear News


Contracts announced as Pickering refurb approaches



The Province of Ontario has announced the signature of more than CAD3 billion (USD2.1 billion) worth of contracts for the refurbishment of four units at Ontario Power Generation's Pickering plant as site construction for the project gets under way.
 
Aecon's Samantha Roussy, an operating engineer working with the Pickering Refurbishment team, speaking at the contract announcement watched by Minister Lecce (Image: Aecon)

Ontario Power Generation's (OPG) Pickering units 5 to 8 - together known as Pickering B - are to be removed from service by the end of September for refurbishment to officially begin in January 2027, subject to final regulatory approval. After the major project - which will include the replacement of 1,520 fuel channels, 48 boilers and building a 1.5-kilometre deep-water intake - the refurbished station will supply up to 2,200 MW of power.

As site construction began on 21 September, the Province of Ontario announced that a CAD1.7 billion contract for the execution phase of the Retube, Feeder and Boiler Replacement (RFBR) for Pickering 5 has been awarded to a 50:50 joint venture of Aecon Group Inc and Candu Energy, an AtkinsRéalis company. A consortium of Aecon and Siemens Energy Canada has been awarded a contract worth CAD1.3 billion for the Turbine Generator Replacement. The refurbishment project as a whole is expected to contribute CAD41.6 billion to Canada's GDP.

The scope of the Retube, Feeder and Boiler Replacement work is a critical component of the Pickering refurbishment project, including the replacement of steam generators, fuel channels and feeders. The contract covers engineering and design services, project delivery, as well as programme and project management associated with the CANDU reactors, including work that would enable Unit 5 to operate until the 2060s, AtkinsRéalis said. Similar work will need to be carried out on units 6, 7 and 8 in subsequent phases of the refurbishment project.

The Turbine Generator Replacement scope includes installation of 14 new steam turbine rotors, the overhaul of four generators (including stator rewinds), as well as the delivery of new auxiliary systems, and a control and monitoring system. Aecon holds a majority interest in the consortium with Siemens, and will provide construction services and material procurement. 

Both projects are currently nearing completion of collaborative development work, with further prerequisite work expected to start this month, Aecon said.

"Advancing the Pickering Nuclear Refurbishment Project is another significant milestone in Ontario's clean energy future and further demonstrates the strength of Aecon's comprehensive nuclear construction expertise," Aecon Group President and CEO Jean-Louis Servranckx said. "Building on decades of experience successfully delivering the largest and most complex nuclear projects across North America, our teams are proud to support OPG in extending the life of this important nuclear generating station while helping ensure a reliable supply of low-carbon electricity for Ontario."

"AtkinsRéalis brings decades of hands-on experience refurbishing Canadian-owned CANDU reactors in Ontario, with a proven track record of delivering complex life-extension work safely, reliably and with the discipline required for on-time and on-budget performance," AtkinsRéalis President and CEO Ian Edwards said. "This work at the Pickering station will help ensure Ontario continues to benefit from reliable, affordable and low-carbon electricity for decades to come."

Pickering units 5-8 began operations in the mid-1980s and had been scheduled to end electricity production this year, but in 2022 the provincial government directed OPG to keep them in operation until 2026 and to reassess the feasibility of refurbishing the units. The government gave OPG the go-ahead to begin the initiation phase of the refurbishment project in January 2024, and one year later, it gave its permission for the start of the project definition phase. In November, the Ontario government formally approved OPG's refurbishment plan, clearing the way for the execution phase of the project to begin.

Over the years, Pickering Nuclear has consistently met up to 14% of Ontario's electricity needs, according to OPG. President and CEO Nicolle Butcher said that since the first unit at Pickering A began operating in 1971, the plant has established itself as one of the world's largest and best-performing nuclear facilities. "Through its refurbishment, we will ensure this important station continues to play a vital role in powering Ontario for future generations," she said. The last of the Pickering A units, Pickering unit 4, was permanently shut down at the end of 2024.

"When the previous government planned to shut down Pickering, our government chose to protect 4,500 jobs and create 30,500 new jobs by doubling down on Canadian workers, technology and energy sovereignty," Stephen Lecce, Ontario's Minister of Energy and Mines, said. "Today, we are marking a national achievement as we begin work on Canada's largest clean energy infrastructure project and strengthen our made-in-Ontario nuclear supply chain."

SGE confident of UK SMR fleet prospects


The team behind plans for a fleet of 14 BWRX-300 small modular reactors in the UK says they are confident of the economic model and supply chain capability to deliver these units.
 
How a BWRX-300 could look (Image: GE Vernaova Hitachi)

SGE (formerly Synthos Green Energy) in July submitted an application under the UK's Advanced Nuclear Framework for reactors which could provide 4.2 GW of capacity, equivalent to 11% of current UK power demand.

Poland's SGE - whose deployment team includes Samsung C&T, Laing O'Rourke, Aecon Group and Google Cloud - says it will privately finance the deployment of the fleet of GE Vernova Hitachi’s BWRX-300 small modular reactors (SMRs) across three sites in the UK.

The plan is for the initial site to host six of the 300 MW SMRs, with four each at two subsequent sites. The locations of the proposed sites have not yet been disclosed, pending final negotiations.

Rafał Kasprów, CEO of SGE, told World Nuclear News, "I think the UK market has amazing opportunities for SMR developers, and especially us with a fleet approach".

From the financial point of view he says "we are bringing this investment to the UK … with the disruptive model of not asking government to cover everything on the development and construction phase. We are asking the UK government for Contract for Differences for a fleet of reactors. So it is only when electrons are delivered to the grid that we can benefit from the Contract for Difference model".

The Contract for Difference (CfD) would work by a future price being agreed for electricity generated by the SMRs - if the price of electricity is higher, the developer will pay the extra back, and if the price of electricity is below the agreed level, the difference is provided to the developer. In the energy sector, a CfD acts as a very long-term price stabilisation mechanism. The UK used a Contract for Difference funding model for Hinkley Point C, but moved away from it for the Sizewell C project. 

SGE's project is currently going through the "deep dive" stage of the UK's Advanced Nuclear Framework which they believe will conclude in October or November and allow them to be part of the pipeline, and start to execute the project.

As an investor in the project, SGE says that it knows what it needs to do internally to de-risk the project "so we know how to translate that same conversation to markets".


Kasprów, seated, centre, at June's event outlining its UK fleet plan (Image: SGE)

The company has also developed plans for a fleet of SMRs in Poland and in June submitted its contract for difference application to the government there. As to which country's projects might happen first, Kasprów says that the UK project could happen at the same time, praising the UK regulatory regime and its infrastructure.

He also rejected concerns about the capacity of supply chains and workforce to cope with the construction of Sizewell C and a number of SMR projects at the same time. He stressed the maturity of the BWRX-300 technology, its use of existing nuclear fuels and the example and experience of the first unit being constructed in Canada.

"We are using existing supply chains - there is also an advantage to the fleet approach because there are places where the supply chain exists, but maybe needs to scale up, and by coming to market with a 14-unit project as our starting point those companies can see a clear path to making that investment worthwhile," said Robert Rudich, Chief Business Development Manager.

They also stress that the non-nuclear part of the plant is similar to conventional power plants, with the industrial giants GE Vernova and Hitachi as partners and all part of a Europe-wide supply chain.

GE Vernova Hitachi Nuclear Energy's BWRX-300 is a 300 MWe water-cooled, natural circulation SMR with passive safety systems that leverages the design and licensing basis of the company's US Nuclear Regulatory Commission-certified ESBWR boiling water reactor design and its existing, licensed GNF2 fuel design, a unique combination that GE Vernova Hitachi Nuclear Energy says positions it to deliver an "innovative, carbon-free baseload power generation source" this decade.

The first BWRX-300 is under construction at Ontario Power Generation's Darlington site in Canada, with completion expected by the end of the decade. The Darlington project is a reference project for OSGE.

Luba Kotzeva, founder and CEO of advisory and consultancy group Etara and part of the project team, said there had been "good engagement" with the UK side on the issue of a Contract for Difference funding model and stressed the importance of the proposal being for a fleet programme: "I think that is essential to getting the economies of scale, to getting the economics to flow, to getting the private capital."

The example of the first SMR being built in a G7 country, at Darlington in Canada, is also seen as a key development. Kasprów said: "It's extremely important, it is the difference between having something and nothing. It's not about promises anymore - it's happening."

Škoda JS to supply control rod drives for Rolls-Royce SMR's reactors



Czech company Škoda JS has been chosen as sole supplier of control rod drive mechanisms for Rolls-Royce SMR's future small modular reactors.
 
(Image: CEZ)

Škoda JS is part of the Czech majority state-owned CEZ Group, which also has a 20% stake in UK-based Rolls-Royce SMR.

Earlier this year Škoda JS and Doosan Enerbility were selected by Rolls-Royce SMR for pre-production work for key components - including the reactor pressure vessel - with work which encompasses "early supplier engagement, design finalisation and manufacturing readiness to support the delivery of first power at the earliest possible date".

The Pilsen-based firm has now added the contract for the control rod drive mechanisms, which are key bits of equipment in a nuclear reactor, ensuring the precise movement of the control rods which control the reactor’s power, ensuring its safe operation. According to CEZ "each drive is a unique electromechanical linear motor, almost eight metres long and weighing 450 kg, capable of safely controlling the nuclear reactor in all operating modes".

Czech Minister of Industry and Trade Karel Havlíček said: "Small modular reactors are a technological opportunity for our companies with global reach. The contracts that Škoda JS has already concluded with Rolls-Royce SMR are clear proof of this. Small modular reactors will not only strengthen the energy security and self-sufficiency of our country, but will also create new jobs and create opportunities for follow-up investments."

The first of Rolls-Royce SMR's 470 MWe small modular reactors is due to be built in North Wales in the UK, with the first in the Czech Republic to be built at Temelín, with an expected operational date "in the second half of the 2030s" and with five or six more units to follow across three sites.

Rolls-Royce SMR CEO Chris Cholerton said: "Škoda JS has proven that it is one of the few companies in Europe capable of providing one of the most important components of our power plant … our cooperation shows the clear benefits that this project brings to industrial companies."

Daniel Beneš, Chairman and CEO of ČEZ, said: "A global supply chain for small modular reactors is now being formed, and it is essential for our industrial companies to act quickly and now. This opportunity is unique. If they manage to get involved in this chain right from the start, they can win attractive contracts for the next decades. Škoda JS now faces the task of developing a prototype directly for small modular reactors so that it can subsequently supply them to Rolls-Royce SMR all over the world."

Background

The Rolls-Royce SMR is a 470 MWe design based on a small pressurised water reactor. It will provide consistent baseload generation for at least 60 years. Ninety percent of the SMR - measuring about 16 metres by 4 metres - will be built in factory conditions, limiting activity on-site primarily to assembly of pre-fabricated, pre-tested, modules which significantly reduces project risk and has the potential to drastically shorten build schedules.

In October 2024, Rolls-Royce SMR was selected by ČEZ to deploy up to 3 GW of electricity in the Czech Republic, and ČEZ took a 20% stake in Rolls-Royce SMR. The plan is for the first SMR to be deployed in the area of the Temelín site (which already has two gigawatt-scale VVER-1000 units), with further projects being developed for coal-fired power plant sites, including Tušimice.

In June 2025, Rolls-Royce SMR was selected as the UK government's preferred technology for the country's first SMR project. In November, the UK government announced that Wylfa on the island of Anglesey, North Wales, would be the site to host the three Rolls-Royce SMR units. It said the site - where a Magnox plant is being decommissioned - could potentially host up to eight SMRs. A final investment decision is expected to be taken in 2029.

Škoda JS has long experience in the construction and servicing of nuclear power plants, including manufacturing 21 VVER-440 reactors and three VVER-1000 reactors, as well as supplying engineering, equipment and servicing for nuclear power plants, research reactors and spent nuclear fuel storage facilities in Central and Eastern Europe, Scandinavia, France, Germany, the USA, Austria, Finland, Belgium, the UK, China and Armenia. 

GE Vernova, Hitachi, SGE and Samsung C&T sign BWRX-300s MoU


An agreement to work together to identify and develop market opportunities for the deployment of BWRX-300 small modular reactors in Europe was signed on the sidelines of the United Nations General Assembly in New York.
 
The signing took place during the Atlantic Council Nuclear Energy Policy Summit (Image: SGE)

The signatories of the memorandum of understanding - Poland's SGE, the US's GE Vernova, Japan's Hitachi and South Korea's Samsung C&T - will establish "a framework for cooperation on market development and commercial opportunities" for the deployment of the BWRX-300 small modular reactor (SMR).

GE Vernova Hitachi Nuclear Energy, a joint venture between GE Vernova and Hitachi, is the designer of the BWRX-300. Samsung Construction and Trading Corporation (Samsung C&T) has considerable experience in major nuclear and energy infrastructure projects. SGE is already developing projects for a fleet of BWRX-300 reactors in Europe, notably in Poland and the UK.

The official announcement of the MOU signing said it was "linked to the memorandum of cooperation for SMR deployment in third countries signed on the margins of this year's NATO summit by United States Secretary of State Marco Rubio, Japan Foreign Minister Motegi Toshimitsu, and Republic of Korea Foreign Minister Cho Hyun".

It said the US Department of State saw it as "a concrete industry effort to advance BWRX-300 deployment across Europe and deepen government-industry cooperation on global energy security".

In quotes

Roger Martella, GE Vernova's Chief Corporate Officer and Chief Sustainability Officer, said: "GE Vernova has a long-standing history and presence across the European continent. This collaboration brings together complementary capabilities to help advance BWRX-300 deployment across multiple markets and build on the momentum already behind the technology."

Yasunori Inada, CEO of Nuclear Energy Business Unit, Hitachi, said: "This collaboration brings together the strengths and expertise of each partner, and Hitachi will contribute to exploring the deployment of the BWRX-300 in Europe by drawing on the technological capabilities cultivated through our nuclear business and on our collaboration with qualified Japanese suppliers."

Jung Wook Kim, Executive Vice President and Head of Global Business Unit and Global Operation, Samsung C&T, said: "Samsung C&T is honoured to open a new chapter in Europe's SMR business together with GE Vernova, Hitachi and SGE. Building on Samsung C&T's proven EPC capabilities, we will fully leverage the synergy created by this four-way partnership to strengthen Europe's energy security and contribute to the realisation of carbon neutrality."

Michał Sołowow, founder of SGE, said: "Europe and the UK need a scalable commercial model for new nuclear, built on proven technology, established supply chains and world-class delivery partners. By combining GE Vernova Hitachi's BWRX-300 technology, Hitachi's industrial capabilities and Samsung C&T's global construction expertise, SGE is creating a platform to deploy standardised nuclear fleets across multiple markets."

Background

The BWRX-300 is a 300 MWe water-cooled, natural circulation SMR with passive safety systems that leverages the design and licensing basis of GVH's US Nuclear Regulatory Commission-certified ESBWR boiling water reactor design and its existing, licensed GNF2 fuel design, a unique combination that GVH says positions it to deliver an "innovative, carbon-free baseload power generation source" this decade.

The first BWRX-300 is under construction at Ontario Power Generation's Darlington site in Canada, with completion expected by the end of the decade.

SGE has a number of potential projects under way across Europe - including in Poland, where a decision in principle has been issued for 26 BWRX-300 SMRs, and in the UK  where a proposal for a fleet of 14 of the SMRs across three sites is being considered under the UK’s Advanced Nuclear Framework programme.

Read more: SGE confident of UK SMR fleet prospects

China's giant crane for nuclear power plant construction


China General Nuclear says the 250,000-ton-metre lifting torque ring-rail crane rolled off the production line last month to support the construction of Hualong One 2.0 nuclear power plants.
 
(Image: CGN)

The equipment uses a combination of a 137-metre and a 66-metre ultra-long boom, with a maximum height of 207 metres. According to the developers, under large-radius operating conditions in nuclear power plants, its lifting capacity is about 50% higher than that of similar foreign products, and it can meet the relevant hoisting operation requirements at a single station and under a single operating condition.

In terms of operation, the equipment adopts a fully electric drive mode and can be directly connected to 10kV industrial mains power, featuring zero emissions and low noise. According to project calculations, the application of this equipment is expected to shorten the construction period of nuclear power projects by 15%, reduce operating costs to about one-quarter of traditional oil-fired equipment, and decrease site costs and logistics costs by 20% and 30%, respectively.

In terms of safety control, the crane is equipped with digital systems such as intelligent anti-collision, 360-degree surround view, remote fault diagnosis, cable tangling detection, facial recognition, and work behaviour recognition to enhance risk identification and protection capabilities during on-site hoisting.

The crane - jointly developed by Sany Heavy Machinery and China Energy Engineering Guangdong Thermal Power Special Equipment Co Ltd - was produced at Sany's Huzhou Industrial Park in Zhejiang.

This crane was developed to meet the construction needs of the Hualong One 2.0 nuclear power plant's "one machine, two islands" system - this is where one ring-rail crane is positioned between two nuclear islands, allowing for the lifting of all modules and main equipment of both units with a single positioning and boom length.

"This marks a key breakthrough in the localisation of ultra-large tonnage nuclear power plant lifting equipment in China," China General Nuclear (CGN) said. It added that it "represents the culmination of seven years of technological research, achieving breakthroughs in structural design, manufacturing processes, and assembly control".

Hualong One 2.0

On 31 July, the construction of three pairs of Hualong One (HPR1000) reactors at the Jinqimen, Taipingling and Zhuanghe sites, as well as two Guohe One (CAP1400) reactors at the Laiyang site was approved by the State Council. The Phase II units (3 and 4) of China National Nuclear Corporation's Jinqimen plant in Zhejiang Province and the Phase III units (5 and 6) of CGN's Taipingling plant in Guangdong Province have been designated as demonstration projects of the Hualong One 2.0.

The Hualong One 2.0 is described as "an advanced pressurised water reactor nuclear power technology combining third-generation and advanced technologies, developed through independent innovation and overall collaboration, based on feedback from the construction and operation experience of Hualong One". So far, 10 Hualong One units are commercially operational both domestically and internationally, with another 37 units approved for construction.

CGN said the new crane "will be used at Taipingling Phase III and subsequent Hualong One 2.0 projects".

Framatome secures first contract for higher enriched fuel


Framatome announced it has signed a commercial contract to deliver the world's first nuclear fuel reload with uranium-235 enrichment above the industry standard of 5%, to an operating nuclear reactor in the USA.
 
(Image: Framatome)

Under the agreement - and as part of its Advanced Fuel Management (AFM) programme - Framatome will supply a series of higher enriched fuel reloads using AFM technology, beginning with delivery in early 2028. These reloads will support the long term deployment of AFM fuel for the reactor, with options for additional future reloads included in the contract. The company did not reveal the name of the reactor where the fuel will be deployed.

Uranium-235 is the main fissile isotope of uranium and occurs at a concentration of about 0.7% in natural uranium. Standard fuel used in today's operating light water reactors uses low-enriched uranium (LEU), with enrichment levels up to about 4.8% U-235. But higher-enriched fuel containing up to 10% U-235 - also known as LEU+ - can potentially offer improved nuclear fuel cycle economics for currently operating reactors.

AFM is a globally integrated Framatome programme designed to deliver fuel with higher enrichment and burnup limits. The company says enriching uranium oxide past the traditional 5% threshold, combined with its latest technology, allows reactor operators to maximise their energy production. The increases in enrichment and burnup support improved economic performance by extracting more cycle energy from the reactor core and reducing operations and maintenance costs. The AFM programme encompasses all aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle including enrichment services, regulatory licensing and fuel fabrication infrastructure.

This advanced fuel solution has been developed by Framatome and will be manufactured at its facility in Richland, Washington. The facility has undergone upgrades and modifications over the past four years to support implementation of this innovative technology, and received US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) approval for the fabrication of fuel with increased uranium enrichments and to manufacture fuel with higher burnup limits.

Framatome said the fuel supply agreement "represents a major advancement for the global nuclear industry, enabling the first reactor in operation to extend its cycle lengths and burnup rates through this advanced technology. The contract establishes a new benchmark for innovation, performance and industry collaboration."

It said the agreement builds on ongoing deliveries of standard GAIA fuel, Framatome's most advanced pressurised water reactor fuel design, which serves as the foundation for these AFM enabled reloads. "With AFM, the US customer will extend its fuel cycle length from 18 to 24 months, reducing outage frequency and enhancing operational efficiency and power generation," it said.

"This contract reflects the strength of our long standing relationship with our customer and our shared commitment to advancing nuclear fuel technology," said Lionel Gaiffe, Framatome's Senior Executive Vice President, Fuel Business Unit. "Collaborating on this milestone project underscores the trust our customers place in Framatome's expertise and the innovative capabilities of our Advanced Fuel Management technology."

Framatome submitted a licence amendment request to the NRC in September 2024, seeking permission for the plant to handle uranium enriched up to 10%, up from the current 6.5% so that it can expand domestic capacity for advanced reactor fuels and support the acceleration of deployment of next-generation reactors. The NRC approved Framatome's request in July this year.

In October 2023, Southern Nuclear has announced it has received authorisation from the NRC to use Westinghouse advanced nuclear fuel enriched up to 6% uranium-235 at Vogtle unit 2. This marked the first time a US commercial reactor had been authorised to use fuel with over 5% enrichment.

Bechtel steps away from TerraPower project



TerraPower says it intends to rebid the engineering, procurement and construction contract for the project to build the first-of-a-kind Natrium reactor in Kemmerer, Wyoming, following the two companies' decision to move forward separately.
 
Excavation work at the Kemmerer site (Image: X/TerraPower)

TerraPower named Bechtel as its design, licensing, procurement and construction partner in a federal grant application to build a demonstration Natrium plant as long ago as 2020. A ground-breaking ceremony for the 345 MWe sodium-cooled fast reactor and its accompanying molten salt-based energy storage system was held at the Wyoming site in June 2024, with TerraPower announcing the official start of construction in April this year.

EPC (engineering, procurement and construction) and project management specialist Bechtel said it will remain on site to complete the plant's Sodium Test & Fill Facility and support an orderly transition.

"Bechtel has supported TerraPower’s Natrium project through several significant milestones, including securing the NRC construction permit, the first ever issued for a commercial non-lightwater reactor in the United States; completing the exterior enclosure of the Sodium Test & Fill Facility; placing major procurements; and beginning foundational work for Kemmerer Unit 1," Bechtel spokeswoman Molly Edwards told World Nuclear News.

"This work was performed under an earlier phase of the contract, prior to full EPC scope. As we considered the next phase of the project, Bechtel and TerraPower decided to move forward separately."

In late August, TerraPower announced it had selected 12 equipment vendors to receive contracts to support the construction of the Natrium plant and completion of the sodium facility, as it builds a supply chain to bring an envisaged fleet of Natrium reactors online in the coming decade. The company said it does not expect the latest development to affect the construction timeline.

"Bechtel will remain on site to complete the Sodium Test and Fill Facility, and we look forward to continuing our work with them on that first-of-a-kind facility," a TerraPower spokesperson told World Nuclear News. "Construction in Kemmerer will maintain its current schedule with the exemplary subcontractor teams and EPC support services from commercial-grade firms that have been working on site. TerraPower is managing this transition to protect the overall construction schedule for Kemmerer Unit 1 and will rebid the EPC contract."

News of the split emerged after Reston, Virginia-headquartered Bechtel filed a Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification (WARN) Act Notification with the State of Virginia, in which it said it would be scaling down its operations supporting the project and reducing staffing levels as work is completed, with around 200 positions and employees affected. The reductions are expected to commence "on or about" 16 November, but Bechtel told the State it is "actively collaborating with our team to identify the next assignments for these employees".

"Our people will move to other nuclear projects under way across the company, where demand for these skills continues to grow. While the WARN notices are a legal requirement, we do not expect any actual layoffs," Edwards said.

France prepares to start dismantling first UNGG reactor

EDF subsidiary Cyclife announced the Chinon A nuclear power plant dismantling project has reached a major milestone with the validation of the contractual strategy for dismantling the Chinon A2 plant's heat exchangers.
 
Chinon A2 (Image: Cyclife)

Chinon A2 is one of six gas-cooled reactors (Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz¸ or UNGG) at Bugey, Chinon and St Laurent-des-Eaux currently being decommissioned by EDF in France. The six UNGG reactors entered service between 1963 and 1972. With the exception of Chinon A1, which closed in 1973, all operated for more than 20 years. Chinon A2 is the lead site for EDF's immediate dismantling strategy for its UNGG fleet. The company's objective is to dismantle the facilities in the shortest timeframe possible.

With the validation of the contractual strategy for dismantling Chinon A2's heat exchangers, the project "has reached a decisive milestone", Cyclife said. "After more than three and a half years of studies conducted jointly by the teams from EDF's Deconstruction and Waste Projects Department (DP2D) and Cyclife Engineering, this milestone paves the way for the launch of the first operational phase of the dismantling of the world's first UNGG reactor."

Subject to the entry into force of the dismantling decree, this first operation will consist of dismantling in series the equipment present in the four heat exchanger rooms of Chinon A2. The heat exchangers made it possible to transfer the heat from the carbon dioxide, heated in the core of the reactor, to the water of the secondary circuit which then turned into steam.


Teams from EDF and Cyclife Engineering visting the heat exchangers of Chinon A2 (Image: Cyclife)

Cyclife said the dismantling operation will "fully benefit" from the lessons learned during the dismantling of the Chinon A3 reactor heat exchangers.

The start of operations is planned for mid-2028, following the public inquiry into the UNGG reactor dismantling strategy, scheduled for 2027. The project is expected to take six years.

"This is an essential step forward in preparing for an exceptional industrial project, which is set to serve as a benchmark for EDF's entire UNGG programme," said Stéphanie Proust, EDF Chinon A-AMI project manager.

In December 2019, EDF and Veolia established the Graphitech joint venture for the decommissioning of reactors that use graphite technology. Graphitech's first objective was to provide EDF with an optimised scenario for decommissioning the Chinon A2 reactor in 2028 and to offer a testing programme to evaluate the technological solutions needed to complete the project. This programme began in 2022 with a development and qualification phase using full-scale models to prepare the remote-operation tools to be used in decommissioning the Chinon reactor.

Graphitech has produced an outline decommissioning methodology for the five remaining UNGG reactors: where possible, transposition of the Chinon A2 methodology to the other reactors; and where not possible, identification of additional engineering work required.

Graphitech will seek contracts for assisting in the dismantling of gas-cooled reactors in France, Italy, Japan, Lithuania, Spain and the UK.


Trade Tensions Tear at Russia’s Eurasian Economic Union

  • Russia imposed extensive restrictions on Armenian imports in 2026 as relations deteriorated over Yerevan’s closer ties with the EU.

  • Kazakhstan responded to Russia’s higher automobile recycling fees with plans for higher fees on vehicles imported from Russia and Belarus.

  • Kazakhstan has temporarily banned apple imports from both third countries and fellow EAEU members through December 31, explicitly citing Article 29 of the EAEU treaty among its legal grounds.

While the Russian army is on its heels in Ukraine, the Kremlin is engaging in trade wars with fellow members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). 

The EAEU is ostensibly supposed to promote free trade among the five member states, not hinder it. But that has never really been the case. Russia has tended to circumvent the spirit of the organization’s intent when politically expedient. 

The most prominent example is Moscow’s imposition of a variety of trade bans and barriers on Armenian goods in 2026, moves widely seen as retribution for Yerevan’s efforts to draw closer to the European Union.

The economic pressure has extended to key sectors of Armenia’s economy. For instance, the Russian state-controlled natural gas supplier, Gazprom Armenia, recently imposed an abrupt 10-day cutoff of supplies. And on September 17, Russian National Security Council Secretary Sergei Shoigu accused the Armenian government of trying, in effect, to expropriate Russian businesses in Armenia, hinting at further punitive measures on Moscow’s part. “Russia is not ready and will not finance Armenia's European integration, and every step in this direction has objective consequences,” the Tass news agency quoted him as saying.

Lately, reports have also started circulating that Kazakhstan and Russia are tangling over automobiles. Kazakhstan imported Russian autos worth $9.8 million during the first half of 2026. Since then, imports have gone to near zero, according to data published by Kazakhstan’s Bureau of National Statistics.

The cause of the fall-off, according to Kazakh officials, is Russia’s readjustment in 2024 of “recycling fees” for imported autos. The new five-year schedule of increasing fees is widely seen as a backhanded tariff designed to protect Russia’s auto industry. Russian leader Vladimir Putin reportedly said as much in late 2025 when he stated the higher recycling fees “generated additional revenue for technological development and indirectly supported the domestic auto industry,” the Agentsvo News outlet reported.

Last December, a Russian fee hike raised the overall cost of autos imported from Kazakhstan by an estimated 7 percent.

Kazakh Industry Minister Yersayin Nagaspayev indicated in March that Astana would retaliate if Russia did not reconsider the fee schedule. Kazakh officials followed through on Nagaspayev’s pledge in May, introducing a reciprocal recycling fee structure on Russian and Belarusian imports. 

In another, more recent move underscoring the EAEU’s shambolic nature as a vehicle for economic integration, Kazakhstan has banned imports of apples from foreign states, including EAEU members, to protect domestic growers. Kazakh officials took the unusual and dubious step of invoking Article 29 of the EAEU treaty to justify the ban.

Article 29 allows member states to ban imports in cases where the measure is clearly intended to either protect human life, public morals and public order; ensure environmental standards; protect animal and plant species and cultural values; uphold international obligations and/or guarantee the national security of the member state. The treaty provision expressly states that any ban should not “serve as unjustifiable discrimination or a covered restriction on trade.”

By Eurasianet

Tuesday, September 22, 2026

Two ‘Russian’ Elections Whose Outcome Really Matters: South Ossetia And Udmurtia – Analysis




By Paul Goble

Key Takeaways:

The author says Russia’s latest Duma vote did what the Kremlin wanted: opposition was barred and United Russia kept a rubber-stamp majority Putin can call a mandate for the Ukraine war.

Two quieter votes may matter more. In South Ossetia, Moscow-backed Marat Kambolov—an official from North Ossetia—won the presidency after a deeper cooperation pact and a sacked local governor, which the piece reads as a step toward annexation if Russia loses leverage in Armenia, even though Tbilisi and the world still formally oppose border changes.

In Udmurtia, émigrés and locals used an anonymous online ballot to pick a 10-member opposition assembly under journalist Andrey Grigoryev, reviving a 1990 sovereignty line for all peoples of the republic. Moscow faces a cross-ethnic protest vote; other émigré groups face a test of who can claim to speak for a region.


The outcome of Russia’s latest Duma “election” has been as expected. The Kremlin banned opposition figures from taking part, whose presence might have cost the ruling United Russia Party its constitutional majority. As a result, the Kremlin has gotten almost precisely what it sought. The elections resulted in an even more tightly controlled Russian parliament that will rubber-stamp whatever Russian President Vladimir Putin asks for. He will use these results to claim the legitimacy of his regime and overwhelming Russian popular support for his war against Ukraine (e.g., CNN, September 21).

Because the Duma vote involved all of Russia and because the Kremlin trumpeted its supposed importance, the just-completed Russian vote unsurprisingly attracted enormous attention both in Russia and abroad. Two other “Russian” elections held at the same time, though they drew far less attention, appear set to prove more fateful. First, a Kremlin-backed Russian citizen was elected as president of South Ossetia, the Georgian breakaway territory Moscow helped wrest from Tbilisi in 2008 (OC Media, September 9; Vot Tak, September 19; Kavkazskiy Uzel, September 20; RITM Eurasia, September 21). Second, an opposition assembly in the Udmurt Republic in Russia’s Middle Volga region was selected via a secure internet channel (Region.Expert, September 18; Udmurtia, accessed September 22). The first sets the stage for Russia’s annexation of South Ossetia, and the second challenges the Kremlin by laying the groundwork for a legitimate alternative to Moscow’s rule there, as well as for opponents of Putin’s rule in emigration who do not move to organize similar bodies in similar ways.

After Putin invaded Georgia in 2008, South Ossetia along with Abkhazia became partially recognized states, controlled, especially in the case of South Ossetia, by Moscow, and have diplomatic relations with only a handful of countries. Many expected Moscow would annex South Ossetia and join it to Russia’s North Ossetian republic just north of the border. That has not happened for at least three reasons. First, international opposition to border changes, including in the South Caucasus, continues (EXO FM, August 7). Second, Moscow wants to deepen its rapprochement with Georgia, a goal that could be compromised if it absorbed one or both breakaway republics (Svobodnaya Pressa, August 8). Third, the Russian government is getting almost everything it wants without the downsides of annexation and the other financial costs of doing so, including having a military base there (Window on Eurasia, June 12, 2024).


In recent months, significant changes appear to have set the stage for eventual annexation (see EDM, June 26). First, the international community, while still officially opposed to annexations, has shown through its response to Moscow’s moves against Ukraine and Donbas that it is not prepared to take action when and if they happen. Second, Georgia, while still opposed to annexation, has fewer choices than it did and might not end its cooperation with Moscow even if Russia annexed South Ossetia. Third, the Russian military base in South Ossetia has become vastly more important for Moscow given that Russia may soon lose its base in Armenia or be forced to reduce its size and capabilities to remain (see EDM, September 8; Window on Eurasia, September 19).

Since his actions began last spring, Putin has been seen as willing to move toward annexation. He signed a far more comprehensive cooperation agreement with Tskhinvali, giving Russia even more control over that republic. He sacked the governor and endorsed Marat Kambolov as his successor, an Ossetian from the north whose entire career has been in the Russian Federation. This is a step the Kremlin had never taken before, and it has now been formalized by the snap election in that republic on September 18 (OC Media, September 9; Vot Tak, September 19). While some observers expect that these moves reflect a desire by Putin only to clean up the increasingly troubled situation in the South Ossetian government, most view them as another step toward annexation. They argue, however, that the move may not be imminent, since Kambolov will have to gain control of the government there (OC Media, September 9).


Moscow and Kambolov may move more quickly toward annexation, especially if Moscow loses its base in Armenia. If so, that by itself would make the vote in South Ossetia more significant than the orchestrated elections in the Russian Federation.

If what is taking place in South Ossetia reflects Kremlin calculations and interests, another electoral development far removed from the North Caucasus does not. That is Udmurtia, a Middle Volga republic with a long history of resisting Moscow from the Russian Civil War to this day (Window on Eurasia, September 14, 2019, August 13, 2023, February 22, 2022). Its tradition in that regard is typically ignored because the republic is small, with only 1.5 million residents, two-thirds of whom are ethnically Russian and only one-fifth are ethnically Udmurt. These Finno-Ugric people are traditionally animist but are now counted by many as Russian Orthodox.

In recent years, Moscow has responded by repressing the Udmurt minority, arresting protesters and driving even more into emigration, where the Udmurts are increasingly active (Window on Eurasia, March 1). Instead of retreating into a narrow nationalism, however, that emigration has retained its internationalist positions. Last year, it reissued its 1990 declaration of sovereignty for all the peoples of the republic (Window on Eurasia, September 21, 2025). Last month, it planned to create an independent national assembly through an election on September 20 (Udmurtia, accessed September 22). That election, organized under the leadership of journalist Andrey Grigoryev, naturally had to be held online using a new internet technology that allows voters to remain anonymous (Region.Expert, September 18; OpaVote, accessed September 22).

Details about the election beyond a report that 10 members were elected to the assembly have not been announced (Facebook/Sergey Antonov, September 21). Still, the very fact that such an election was held to fill such a body represents a serious challenge to Moscow, as well as to émigré groups of ethnic Russians, individual national groups, or a combination of both. For Moscow, the challenge comes from individuals willing to stand as candidates and from the readiness of people both in the republic and in the emigration to vote in an election the Russian government opposes, all the more because it encourages Russians and non-Russians to work together against Moscow. For émigré groups, in turn, the challenge of what the Udmurts have done is almost equally great. Their action calls into question both the claims of groups without such a demonstration of backing to speak for their regions and republics and the unwillingness of many to reach across ethnic lines to seek greater freedom, autonomy, and even independence for their regions. As a result, this “Russian” election may also have a greater impact than the much-ballyhooed one for the new Duma.

This article was published at The Jamestown Foundation


About Paul Goble
Paul Goble is a longtime specialist on ethnic and religious questions in Eurasia. Most recently, he was director of research and publications at the Azerbaijan Diplomatic Academy. Earlier, he served as vice dean for the social sciences and humanities at Audentes University in Tallinn and a senior research associate at the EuroCollege of the University of Tartu in Estonia. He has served in various capacities in the U.S. State Department, the Central Intelligence Agency and the International Broadcasting Bureau as well as at the Voice of America and Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty and at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Mr. Goble maintains the Window on Eurasia blog and can be contacted directly at paul.goble@gmail.com 
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Monday, September 14, 2026

Trump’s Caucasus Trade Corridor Delayed Until 2027


  • Azerbaijani Foreign Minister Jeyhun Bayramov says physical work on TRIPP, previously expected by the end of 2026, is now expected to begin in 2027.

  • The project would provide a transit connection across Armenian territory between mainland Azerbaijan and Nakhchivan and forms part of a broader effort to expand Trans-Caspian connectivity.

  • Iran is objecting to a potential American security presence near its border, adding another geopolitical complication to negotiations over how the corridor will operate.

Construction on a trade corridor seen as the lynchpin of the Armenian-Azerbaijani peace deal is facing a delay, according to a top Azerbaijani official.

The provisional peace agreement was signed in Washington in August 2025. At that time, the Trump Route for International Peace and Prosperity (TRIPP) had been expected to begin construction by the end of 2026. But in comments published by the Russian news agency Interfax, Azerbaijani Foreign Minister Jeyhun Bayramov acknowledged what was becoming increasingly obvious: work will not start on TRIPP until 2027.

TRIPP will carve a trade corridor through approximately 42 kilometers of Armenian territory to connect Azerbaijan’s mainland to its Nakhchivan exclave, then integrate into Turkey’s rail and road system. The route is envisioned as a key link in the emerging Middle Corridor trade network. The United States and Armenia in early 2026 signed a framework agreement covering TRIPP’s development, but vital operational details remain to be determined. The United States under that agreement will enjoy a controlling interest in the corridor.

Bayramov tried to put a positive spin on the delay, saying that “according to the information we've received, the [US-Armenian negotiating] process is proceeding successfully.” He added that Azerbaijan is continuing work to upgrade the Nakhchivan section of TRIPP.

Bayramov’s comments followed a September 8 meeting in Baku involving senior US and Azerbaijani diplomats, including the US Chargé d'Affaires to Armenia David Allen and US Chargé to Azerbaijan Amy Carlon. TRIPP, along with the Armenian-Azerbaijani peace process in general, was the focus of the discussions, Azerbaijan’s state news agency Azertag reported.

Earlier in September, reports circulated in Armenia that Iran, Yerevan’s southern neighbor, had issued a threat that could complicate TRIPP negotiations, centering on who provides security and operational oversight for the trade route.

Preliminary plans envisaged American contractors as filling those roles in an effort to finesse a dilemma under which Armenia insists on retaining sovereignty over the route while Azerbaijan demands that their citizens and vehicles enjoy an extraterritorial right of passage. 

Iran, which is locked in a quagmire conflict with the United States, reportedly let Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan know that it will not tolerate an American presence in the TRIPP corridor, which is envisioned as traversing territory near the Iranian border. If American personnel appear in the corridor, they would become a “legitimate target” in Iranian eyes, the News.am website reported.

By Eurasianet