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Thursday, November 14, 2024





Looming Fascism and the Question of Hope
November 14, 2024
Source: Originally published by Z. Feel free to share widely.





When some leading thinkers at the London School of Economics saw fascism take hold in the 1930s, Oxford history professor Ben Jackson said in a recent BBC interview, they “argued that in those circumstances the people with economic power in society, the property owners, are willing to cancel democracy, cancel civil liberties, and make deals with political organizations like the Nazis if it guarantees their economic interest.”

That analysis has an ominous ring to it now as many tech industrialists swing behind President-elect Trump. They can hardly be unaware that Gen. Mark Milley, who served as the Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman under Trump, described him as “fascist to the core.”

“Big congratulations to our 45th and now 47th President on an extraordinary political comeback and decisive victory,” Amazon founder Jeff Bezos tweeted the morning after the election. Weeks earlier, as the owner of the Washington Post, Bezos had blocked an endorsement of Kamala Harris by the newspaper’s editorial board.

Bezos could lose billions of dollars in antitrust cases, but now stands a better chance of winning thanks to a second Trump administration. During the last decade, Amazon Web Services gained huge contracts with the federal government, including a $10 billion deal with the National Security Agency.

No wonder Bezos’ post-election tweet laid it on thick — “wishing @realDonaldTrump all success in leading and uniting the America we all love.”

Not to be left behind at the starting gun in the tech industry’s suck-up-to-Trump derby, Meta’s CEO Mark Zuckerberg wrote: “Congratulations to President Trump on a decisive victory. We have great opportunities ahead of us as a country. Looking forward to working with you and your administration.”

As a nine-figure donor and leading purveyor of online lies for the 2024 Trump campaign, Elon Musk has been working closely with Trump. The Tesla magnate, X (formerly Twitter) owner and SpaceX mogul is well-positioned to help shape policies of the incoming administration. A week after the election, news broke that Musk has been chosen by Trump to co-lead an ill-defined “Department of Government Efficiency” with an evident mission to slash the public sector.

Musk, Bezos and Zuckerberg rank first, third and fourth respectively on the Forbes list of the world’s richest individuals. The three of them have combined wealth of around $740 billion.

“In recent years, many tech eliteshave shrugged off the idealism once central to Silicon Valley’s self-image, in favor of a more corporate and transactional approach to politics,” the Washington Post gingerly reported after the election. The newspaper added: “A growing contingent of right-wing tech figures argue that Trump can usher in a new era of American dominance by removing red tape.”

For amoral gazillionaires like Bezos and Musk, ingratiating themselves with Trump is a wise investment that’s calculated to yield windfall returns. Evidently, the consequences in human terms are of no real concern. In fact, social injustice and the divisions it breeds create the conditions for still more lucrative political demagoguery, with the richest investors at the front of the line to benefit from corporate tax cuts and regressive changes in individual tax brackets.

After Election Day, the fascism scholar Jason Stanley offered a grim appraisal: “People who feel slighted (materially or socially) come to accept pathologies — racism, homophobia, misogyny, ethnic nationalism, and religious bigotry — which, under conditions of greater equality, they would reject. And it is precisely those material conditions for a healthy, stable democracy that the United States lacks today. If anything, America has come to be singularly defined by its massive wealth inequality, a phenomenon that cannot but undermine social cohesion and breed resentment.”

The threat of fascism in the United States is no longer conjectural. It is swiftly gathering momentum, fueled by the extremism of the party set to soon control both the executive and legislative branches of the U.S. government as well as most of the federal court system.

It’s not only that, as Stanley notes, “the Republican Party’s domination of all branches of government would render the U.S. a one-party state.” Already set in motion are cascading toxic effects on social discourse and political dynamics, marked by widening acceptance and promotion of overt bigotries and brandished hatreds.

The successful relaunch of Trump’s political quest has again rocketed him into the stratosphere of power. Corporate profits for the few will reach new heights. Only humanity will suffer.

This deeply perilous time requires realism — but not fatalism. In the worst of times, solidarity is most needed.

And what about hope?

Consider what Fred Branfman had to say.

In the late 1960s, Fred was a humanitarian-aid volunteer in Laos when he discovered that his country was taking the lives of peasants there by the thousands. He assembled Voices from the Plain of Jars, a book with the subtitle “Life Under an Air War,” published in 1972. It included essays by Laotian people living under long-term U.S. bombardment along with drawings by children who depicted the horrors all around them.

When I asked Fred to describe his experience in Laos, he said: “At the age of 27, a moral abyss suddenly opened before me. I was shocked to the core of my being as I found myself interviewing Laotian peasants, among the most decent, human and kind people on Earth, who described living underground for years on end, while they saw countless fellow villagers and family members burned alive by napalm, suffocated by 500-pound bombs, and shredded by antipersonnel bombs dropped by my country, the United States.”

Fred moved to Washington, where he worked with antiwar groups to lobby Congress and protest the inflicting of mass carnage on Indochina. During the decades that followed, he kept working as a writer and activist to help change policies, stop wars, and counteract what he described as “the effect on the biosphere of the interaction between global warming, biodiversity loss, water aquifer depletion, chemical contamination, and a wide variety of other new threats to the biospheric systems upon which human life depends.”

When I talked with Fred a few years before his death in 2014, he said: “I find it hard to have much ‘hope’ that the species will better itself in coming decades.”

But, Fred went on, “I have also reached a point in my self-inquiries where I came to dislike the whole notion of ‘hope.’ If I need to have ‘hope’ to motivate me, what will I do when I see no rational reason for hope? If I can be ‘hopeful,’ then I can also be ‘hopeless,’ and I do not like feeling hopeless.”

He added: “When I looked more deeply at my own life, I noticed that my life was not now and never had been built around ‘hope.’ Laos was an example. I went there, I learned to love the peasants, the bombing shocked my psyche and soul to the core, and I responded — not because I was hopeful or hopeless, but because I was alive.”

We’re alive. Let’s make the most of it, no matter how much hope we have. What we need most of all is not optimism but determination.


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Norman Solomon is an American journalist, author, media critic and activist. Solomon is a longtime associate of the media watch group Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting (FAIR). In 1997 he founded the Institute for Public Accuracy, which works to provide alternative sources for journalists, and serves as its executive director. Solomon's weekly column "Media Beat" was in national syndication from 1992 to 2009. He was a Bernie Sanders delegate to the 2016 and 2020 Democratic National Conventions. Since 2011, he has been the national director of RootsAction.org. He is the author of thirteen books including "War Made Invisible: How America Hides the Human Toll of Its Military Machine” (The New Press, 2023).


Youth Resistance in the Age of Fascist Dream-Worlds


By Henry A. GirouxNovember 14, 2024Z ArticleNo Comments7 Mins Read
Source: LA Progressive
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For too long, liberals have failed to recognize education for what it truly is: not merely a service or a tool for economic adaptation, but the very foundation of democratic life.

Hyper-capitalism is the death knell of democracy. It reduces everything to a commodity, monetizing and pathologizing every aspect of life. The blind faith in markets and unfettered individualism has dismantled the social state, ravaged the environment, and fueled staggering inequality. By divorcing economic activity from its social costs, liberals have obliterated civic culture, creating a vacuum filled by despair and alienation. Into that vacuum emerged a band of white supremacists, neo-Nazis, radical Christian nationalists, and a cruel band of misogynists and neoliberal fascists.

Let’s be clear: liberals have never escaped the shadow of Reagan, whose anti-government rhetoric and racist spectacles reshaped the political landscape, nor that of Milton Friedman, whose dogmatic worship of capitalism and contempt for social responsibility set the stage for decades of exploitation. Liberals have not only failed to dismantle these legacies—they’ve deepened them. They accelerated the war on Black women, expanded the carceral state, gutted the working class with NAFTA, and under Obama, cozied up to bankers while millions of Americans lost their homes and livelihoods in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis.

Instead, liberals clung to the isolating ethos of individualism and a myopic fixation on electoral wins at all costs, turning a blind eye to the loneliness and despair consuming millions of working-class people yearning for community and solidarity. In their neglect, they left an open wound, one that Trump exploited with his grotesque theater of hate. His fraudulent promises of “making America great again” cloaked a cynical swindle in the language of bigotry, lies, and the comforting rituals of spectacle, offering a hollow illusion of unity while solidifying a totalitarian nightmare rooted in the very structures of domination liberals refused to confront.

Liberals bear significant responsibility for the rise of Trump and the MAGA movement. Their complicity lies in more than their failure to challenge the “manufactured ignorance” churned out by today’s totalitarian digital disimagination machines. It is also rooted in their refusal to engage with how youth, people of color, and the displaced experience their suffering and name their realities.

For too long, liberals have failed to recognize education for what it truly is: not merely a service or a tool for economic adaptation, but the very foundation of democratic life. By reducing education to a set of instrumental skills needed to “compete in the global economy” and privileging standardized tests over critical thinking, they have stripped away the radical potential of learning while sabotaging any viable notion of critical pedagogy. Education is not simply about preparing individuals for work; it is about preparing them for the struggle to shape the world. When we turn education into a factory for producing compliant workers rather than active, informed citizens, we sabotage the very principles of democracy.

In their haste to placate the demands of neoliberalism, liberals abandoned the transformative power of education as a vehicle for collective consciousness. They relinquished any serious commitment to the idea that education could—and should—be a force that fosters social awareness, critical inquiry, and solidarity. Instead, they celebrated the hollow rhetoric of “school-to-work” and embraced policies that treated students as nothing more than cogs in a corporate machine.

Too many liberals remained silent as the media—a crucial pillar of democratic society—was surrendered to a far-right agenda and a corrupt corporate elite. In the process, the media has become a tool of misinformation, distorting reality to serve the interests of the powerful. Right-wing media has not just fostered ignorance; it has crafted a society incapable of distinguishing fact from fiction, truth from lies, democracy from authoritarianism.

This is the legacy of liberalism’s failure to defend education as a critical practice for political engagement. By abandoning the radical potential of the classroom and turning a blind eye to the growing monopoly over information, they have paved the way for the erosion of democratic values and social relations. In an age marked by the resurgence of fascism, especially with the election of Trump, Americans find themselves in a world where ignorance is weaponized and truth is under siege. Lost in the veil of spectacularized stupidity and lies promoted by the likes of Fox News, Newsmax, One America News Network, and Elon Musk’s X, it is almost impossible to image education as both a defense and enabler of democracy.

Meanwhile young people act not only as cultural critics but also as cultural producers across a variety of platforms—from social media and podcasts to online documentaries, blogs, and art installations—creating new pedagogical spaces to educate and mobilize the public. These spaces are crucial in both raising awareness of the growing threat of fascism and advocating for the dismantling of entrenched systems—such as the influence of money, the Electoral College, gerrymandering, and other elements of a corrosive capitalism—that distort the promise of a radical democracy.

What is unforgivable is the liberal retreat into the mythic fantasy of an America that never existed. Historical amnesia has become a mass pedagogical weapon of depoliticization. This denial left the path wide open for a regime that embodies the darkest truths about the nation’s past and present. Now, we are left with a pedagogy of terror and ignorance—a cultural framework that normalizes violence and enshrines cruelty, allows the planet to destruct, accelerates the war on people of color and women’s reproductive rights. This is the “Third Reich of Dreams” Charlotte Beradt warned about, where the nightmare is both lived and embraced.

Trump’s fascist dreamscape is on full display in his administration’s appalling plan to deport between 15 and 20 million undocumented immigrants from the United States. This policy is not just about immigration—it is an act of racial and class warfare, targeting people of color, the poor, and millions fleeing poverty and violence in Latin America. At its core is the criminalization of vulnerable populations, carried out by a state machinery designed to dehumanize and eradicate those deemed unworthy of citizenship. This a form of domestic terrorism writ large as a white nationalist fantasy of exclusion and elimination.

Leading this heinous project are Tom Homan, Stephen Miller, and Kristi Noem—hard-right ideologues determined to weaponize the power of the state against entire communities. Stephen Miller, in particular, embodies the ideological extremism driving this policy. His declaration that “America is for Americans” chillingly echoes Adolf Hitler’s assertion that “Germany is for Germans.” This is not immigration reform—it is racial cleansing. It is a deliberate strategy of disposability, rooted in white supremacy, and executed through the machinery of the carceral state and the criminalization of everything considered other and disposable.

This policy envisions a dystopian reality: families torn apart, children ripped from their parents, and communities shattered. Immigrants are reduced to mere bodies—loaded into boxcars, shipped to prisons, or expelled from the country altogether. The parallels to Nazi Germany’s genocidal regime are undeniable. The projected image of trains deporting people to prisons and detention camps is a harrowing reminder of where such dehumanization and racial politics inevitably lead. This is not hyperbole; it is history repeating itself.

Trump’s immigration policy is the embodiment of anti-democratic values, a dystopian fascist nightmare that weaponizes fear, hatred, and dehumanization. It strips away any facade of justice or humanity, laying bare the raw brutality of racial exclusion and state violence. This is not policy—it is vigilante terror—crafted to solidify a fascist vision of America built on the ruins of dignity, compassion, and freedom.




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Henry A. Giroux  (born 1943) is an internationally renowned writer and cultural critic, Professor Henry Giroux has authored, or co-authored over 65 books, written several hundred scholarly articles, delivered more than 250 public lectures, been a regular contributor to print, television, and radio news media outlets, and is one of the most cited Canadian academics working in any area of Humanities research. In 2002, he was named as one of the top fifty educational thinkers of the modern period in Fifty Modern Thinkers on Education: From Piaget to the Present as part of Routledge’s Key Guides Publication Series.

Saturday, November 09, 2024

AIMCo upheaval resurrects questions over future of proposed Alberta pension plan

AIMCo's 11-person board, CEO and three executives were dismissed over the Government of Alberta's frustration with increasingly high costs and over-reliance on third-party money managers

“To suddenly dismiss all these people, I can’t explain it , the current reasons just don’t hold water, they’re just not credible.”

Author of the article:
By Matt Scace
Published Nov 08, 2024
Alberta Finance Minister Nate Horner revealed Thursday the entire leadership of the Alberta Investment Management Corp. was dismissed. The move is unrelated to the proposed Alberta Pension Plan, he said Friday 
HE LIES, THEY NEED AIMCO FOR THEIR ALBERTA PENSION SCHEME
. David Bloom/Postmedia file

The mass overhaul of leadership at the Alberta Investment Management Corp. will likely raise new questions about the provincial government’s proposal to implement an Alberta pension plan which, if approved by Albertans and the province, would likely be managed by the Crown investment corporation.
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The Alberta government on Thursday dismissed the $169-billion public pension fund’s 11-person board, its CEO and three executives, citing frustration with increasingly high costs and AIMCo’s over-reliance on third-party money managers. On Friday it appointed Ray Gilmour, a longtime government bureaucrat, as interim CEO.

The province’s extraordinary intervention into the arms-length pension fund manager resurrected questions around potential plans to put a provincial pension to a referendum — an idea that has gone dormant after receiving wide disapproval in late 2023. Finance Minister Nate Horner said Friday the upheaval at AIMCo has “nothing to do” with it being the potential manager.

“This move surely does not come across as something that creates a lot of confidence in the Alberta government. If anything, this is just another nail in the coffin if that’s what they’re trying to do — I don’t know. It’s all very strange,” Keith Ambachtsheer, director emeritus of the International Centre for Pension Management at the University of Toronto’s Rotman School of Management, said of the potential Alberta Pension Plan.
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AIMCo, the sixth-largest pension fund in Canada, is responsible for overseeing the nearly $24 billion Alberta Heritage Savings Trust Fund and has a mandate to operate independently from the government — though the law defining its mandate allows for greater government involvement than is available to the federal government in relation to the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board. The now-dismissed board members were all appointed by the governments of former premier Jason Kenney and current Premier Danielle Smith.

AIMCo has been presented as one of top potential investment managers for a provincial pension plan in the event it was approved via referendum, as outlined in a 2023 report prepared by Lifeworks analyzing the considerations involving a potential provincial pension plan. That report argued Alberta was entitled to 53 per cent of the national retirement plan’s assets, worth about $334 billion, a number that’s been rebuffed by the CPPIB and others.

Keeping assets in the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board — the least-expensive option available — was also considered in the report, however that option presents serious challenges because it would require approval from several provincial governments.

The Lifeworks report suggested amending legislation to assert AIMCo’s operational independence in the event it became responsible for an Alberta Pension Plan’s assets.

Confidence in AIMCo at risk, expert says

The province’s offensive on the issue came to a halt late in 2023, as Premier Smith has said the province needs an agreed-upon estimate on Alberta’s entitlement before forging ahead.

“(The Alberta Pension Plan) has completely dropped off the political agenda,” said Duane Bratt, a political science professor at Mount Royal University. “Now it’s going to go right back on the agenda.”

Thursday’s decision will undermine confidence in AIMCo over the short-term and thus its ability to manage an in-province pension plan, Bratt said, but public sentiment could change over the long run if the corporation stabilizes.

“Maybe they think by the time that they put this to a referendum, let’s say in a year’s time, maybe AIMCo’s ship will have righted itself because of the actions that were taken … I don’t know. But AIMCo is connected to the APP,” Bratt said.

Ambachtsheer said he’s perplexed by the overhaul, adding the government has left numerous questions unanswered.

“To suddenly dismiss all these people, I can’t explain it,” he said. “The current reasons just don’t hold water, they’re just not credible.”

Alberta NDP Leader Naheed Nenshi said the mass dismissals “leads to a real drop in public confidence in the work they’re doing.

“This action should mean that any talk of the vastly unpopular Alberta pension plan should be dead now. It should be done, because it’s very clear that the government has admitted that they have no idea how to manage people’s pensions,” Nenshi said in an interview.

Nenshi said the issues at AIMCo, as outlined by the province, do not come as a surprise, but he takes issue with the government’s approach to making changes at the corporation. “We’ve known all this is going on for some time, so how did the government take its eye off the ball so much that they have to take this kind of drastic action instead of managing the process as any normal, sane shareholder would do?”

Money manager’s interim CEO a longtime public servant

AIMCo’s interim CEO, Gilmour, was touted as a dedicated public servant. He has commissioner of corporate services for the City of Medicine Hat and has a background in the banking and financial services industry, according to a profile on the C.D. Howe Institute’s website. (Horner will serve as director and chair of AIMCo for the next month until a new chair is appointed.)

Gilmour has served in executive councils under ex-premiers Rachel Notley and Kenney, and currently under Smith, spanning several ministries including finance, intergovernmental relations, infrastructure and municipal affairs.

Horner’s office declined an interview request on Friday.

Meanwhile, Alberta’s lieutenant governor also approved on Thursday the incorporation of a provincial corporation “for the purpose of managing and investing all or a portion of Crown assets.”


This move is not related to the government’s decision to axe AIMCo’s board and CEO, Justin Brattinga, press secretary for Horner, wrote in an email to Postmedia.

“The corporation is a preliminary step in our work to grow the Heritage Savings Trust Fund, and as Minister Horner said we will have more to say on that before the end of the year,” Brattinga wrote. “The establishment of the corporation is not related to the actions taken in regards to AIMCo.”

Article content

Teachers’ Retirement Fund says pensions ‘remain secure’

The Alberta Teachers’ Retirement Fund on Friday told members in a statement that “their pensions remain secure” and that nothing at AIMCo to date has concerned it about the status of its investments — though it has raised issued with regards to costs at AIMCo with the investment manager and the province.

“We look forward to working with Treasury Board and Finance and being part of determining the appropriate path forward,” it wrote

The Alberta Federation of Labour said Albertans “deserve answers” on the government’s decision.

“Precipitous actions like this do not inspire confidence that the UCP can be trusted with the retirement savings of hundreds of thousands of Albertans, or that they can be trusted to successfully and safely run an Alberta-only alternative to the CPP,” wrote Gil McGowan, AFL president and former Alberta NDP leadership hopeful.

In Ottawa, federal NDP MP Heather McPherson called the move “another step to pull Alberta out of the Canada Pension Plan” while federal Minister of Labour and Seniors Steve MacKinnon called the province’s moves “harebrained schemes coming out of Alberta” and said the CPP has a “sterling” reputation.


— With files from Matthew Black


UCP Fires Board and Top Executives Managing Public Pensions

Shock announcement raises questions about what Danielle Smith plans for workers’ retirement savings.

Finance Minister Nate Horner will replace the AIMCo board until a new slate of directors can be found. Photo by Jeff McIntosh, the Canadian Press.

Yesterday Alberta Politics

With its surprise decision to cashier the entire board and the top executive of the supposedly independent Alberta Investment Management Corp., we see once again that the United Conservative Party government is determined to control everything, everywhere, all at once.

And if you’re an Albertan, that includes your retirement savings in the Canada Pension Plan Investment Fund.

Indeed, we can be certain this shocking announcement has something to do with that scheme, because chronic underperformance by AIMCo, as the provincial Crown investment corporation is commonly known, has been a frequent target of critics of the UCP’s planned pension grab.

Under the headline “Restoring confidence in AIMCo,” the government said in a terse and unexpected news release Thursday that “after years of AIMCo consistently failing to meet its mandated benchmark returns, the minister of finance will be making changes to restore confidence in Alberta’s investment agency.”

But why now?

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The release complained about a 96-per-cent increase in management fees at AIMCo between 2019 and 2023 and a 29-per-cent increase in the number of employees while the Crown corporation managed a smaller percentage of funds internally — although the news release made no effort to explain exactly what that last point meant.

“Alberta’s government has decided to reset the investment corporation’s focus,” the news release said mildly. “All board appointments have been rescinded and a new board will be established after a permanent chair is named.” That, according to the release, is supposed to take place within 30 days.

“In the interim, president of treasury board and Minister of Finance Nate Horner has been appointed the sole director and chair for AIMCo, effective immediately” — which is not really reassuring for a supposedly arm’s length company managing $169 billion in pension investments.

Notwithstanding the 30-day promise, a cabinet order set Horner’s term as chair of the AIMCo Board to run until the end of September 2025.


Accusing the UCP of wanting to control everything, everywhere, all at once was a clever tribute to the 2022 comedy-drama movie of the same name first used by NDP justice critic Irfan Sabir last spring to describe the UCP fiddling with its own fixed election date law to give itself a little extra time in office.

“Danielle Smith said during the election that Albertans were her bosses,” added Rachel Notley, who was leader of the Opposition at the time, “but it is clear now that she intends to be the boss of everyone.”

Those lines could certainly be applied with similar effect to Thursday’s bombshell.

A comprehensive article in the Globe and Mail revealed that in addition to the 10 board members referred to but not named in the news release, CEO Evan Siddall and three other unnamed executives had been canned.

Siddall, who was appointed CEO on July 1, 2021, with a mandate to turn the company around after its big trading losses during the pandemic, had been the long-time president and CEO of the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corp. Judging from his Wikipedia biography he seems to have attended meetings of the World Economic Forum and the Bilderberg Group, which must have made certain MAGA-minded members of the UCP caucus feel as if they had ants in their pants.

Or maybe it was Siddall’s decision to let Alberta’s teachers have a limited role in the management of their pension fund, which had been grabbed by the UCP in 2019 and handed over to AIMCo amid great controversy. Indeed, some of those additional pension employees the government was complaining about likely came from the management arm of the teachers’ pension fund.

Whatever happened, NDP finance critic Court Ellingson told the Globe that Siddall and some of his colleagues showed up at a public meeting of the standing committee on the Alberta Heritage Savings Trust Fund on Wednesday and there was no hint anything was afoot.

Ellingson said in a statement sent to media Thursday afternoon that firing the entire board and the CEO is too drastic a measure for this just to be about AIMCo salaries “when this government passed legislation to remove the caps on salaries for board members.”

“The premier herself appointed some of these AIMCo directors,” he said. “The finance minister himself said this spring that AIMCo was doing a good job.”

He also argued that even in a temporary role, having a partisan politician at the helm of a supposedly arm’s length agency investing 375,000 Albertans’ retirement savings is troubling.

It certainly seems to have unsettled some in investment circles. The Globe quoted the director emeritus of the International Centre for Pension Management at the University of Toronto’s Rotman School of Management, Keith Ambachtsheer, saying the move “should be construed as a government takeover of [an] asset pool that belongs to the people of Alberta.”



Will Danielle Smith Use Albertans’ Pensions to Bail Out Big Oil?read more

Ellingson argued “AIMCo’s poor returns are a clear reflection of the UCP’s incompetence.”

“We have raised concerns about their poor returns for years, and we’ve noted AIMCo’s returns have been below that of the Canada Pension Plan,” he said. “Until now, the UCP even proposed using AIMCo to manage the proposed Alberta Pension Plan. Any such APP scheme should now be completely off the table.”

Count on it, though, the opposite is true. If this indicates anything, it’s that the UCP still covets the CPP’s investment funds and saw AIMCo’s returns as an impediment to that ambition. Nor does the party value independent minds in positions of oversight.

Interestingly, another Order in Council published Thursday “approves the incorporation of a provincial corporation for the purpose of managing and investing all or a portion of Crown assets.” 


David J. Climenhaga is an award-winning journalist, author, post-secondary teacher, poet and trade union communicator. He blogs at AlbertaPolitics.ca. Follow him on X @djclimenhaga.



Calgary·Analysis

After changes at AIMCo, United Conservatives now own successes and failures of fund giant

Ousting board and CEO a blow to agency's independence: top pension fund analyst

Alberta Finance Minister Nate Horner became the one-man board of Alberta Investment Management Corp. this week, and promptly fired its chief executive. (Jeff McIntosh/The Canadian Press)

When Alberta's public pension manager lost $2.1 billion in a risky bet on market volatility in 2020, little of the scorn or blame fell at the feet of then-premier Jason Kenney or his government.

Why? The investment decisions at the Alberta Investment Management Corporation (AIMCo) are independent of the government. Cabinet's lone role is to appoint directors to the fund manager's board and let the experts invest, trade and (ideally) grow the funds.

The teachers group whose pension funds the Kenney government transferred to AIMCo's control was understandably frustrated their savings' destiny was tied to the downs and ups of the wealth giant in that moment, but the teachers' union wasn't lobbing rhetorical grenades at the premier for the loss itself. 

That distance between the politicians and the pension investors shrank substantially this week, when Finance Minister Nate Horner took the unprecedented step to remove the entire independent board of AIMCo, name himself the temporary one-man board and fire CEO Evan Siddall.

All future rhetorical grenades (and bouquets) can be addressed to the finance minister and Premier Danielle Smith.

Ready, AIMCo, fired

Horner has pledged to appoint a new board within a month, but in the meantime he appointed as interim CEO Ray Gilmour, a veteran senior provincial bureaucrat who lacks experience in the world of big-fund management, but did work in Alberta banks more than two decades ago.

The Smith government pitched the move as "restoring confidence in AIMCo" after underperforming financial results and rising costs. Sebastien Betermier, a leading analyst of pension funds, doesn't see this as confidence-building in the agency's ability to make the sophisticated, long-term investment decisions they need to.

"To me it goes the exact opposite way," Betermier, the executive director of the International Centre for Pension Management, told CBC News. "That goes against the whole independence, the ability of the funds to work at an arm's length from government."

When the province created AIMCo in 2007, the then-Tory government specifically barred MLAs from serving on the fund manager's board, to ensure independence. A cabinet order this week temporarily undid that rule.

Betermier, a finance professor at McGill University, said this seemingly abrupt turmoil could also give pause to other major investors or firms AIMCo partners with on large-scale investments. The fund currently co-owns Yorkdale Mall in Toronto with a major property developer (itself owned by an Ontario pension manager), and has been building thousands of U.K. rental apartments in a joint venture with a British firm.

a mall in the dark
The two-million-square-foot Yorkdale mall in Toronto, one of Canada's largest, is co-owned by AIMCo as part of the fund's diversified portfolio of assets. (Frank Gunn/The Canadian Press)

"When you see moves like this, where the government can come in any day and dismiss the whole board, that sends shivers in your ability to implement such projects going forward," Betermier said.

Horner expressed some disappointment in recent failures by AIMCo to meet growth benchmarks, but said cost growth was the main reason behind the move. In announcing the board's sacking, his office noted that over the last four years, AIMCo has hiked its staff expenses by 71 per cent and its employee numbers by 29 per cent.

"We want them to be a low-cost provider," Horner told reporters.

Unmentioned in that news release is that, thanks in part to the shift of teachers' pension funds to AIMCo's portfolio, the agency's total managed assets rose over that stretch to $166 billion from $115 billion, a 44 per cent increase. (Instead, the release noted that more funds are being managed by external groups than previously.)

Does an investment firm guarantee itself better returns by slashing its workforce and hiring lower-paid executives?

Short-term frustration with costs can overlook the time it takes to develop an international investment strategy over a longer term, Betermier said.

Of the country's major public-sector pension managers known as the Maple 8 — including the Canadian Pension Plan Investment Board and the independent investment arms of the British Columbia and Quebec governments — it's the youngest, only launching in 2008.

It's lately been playing catch-up to its peers to establish more international offices, including New York this year, its first Asian office in Singapore last year, and a recent plan by Siddall to more than double its presence in London.

"It's a project where you can generate a lot of value for pensioners, but you need to give it time," said Betermier. "One of the big risk factors is precisely government interference, when you come right in the middle of an initiative and you undo it."

a men gestures while speaking
Evan Siddall led AIMCo for three years before being terminated. The former investment banking executive and head of the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation arrived at AIMCo after major investment losses tarnished the agency's reputation. (Jeff McIntosh/The Canadian Press)

Horner isn't alone in his frustration with the costs. Deb Gerow, president of the Alberta Retired Teachers Association, said expenses and management fees "have been a concern for us," compared to the educator retirement fund's smaller previous operations.

But is the wholesale sacking of a board the solution to a minister's balance-sheet frustrations? 

"It struck me as a rather extreme reaction given the problems the government identified," said Bob Baldwin, a veteran pension consultant who has chaired the C.D. Howe Institute's pension policy council.

It makes him wonder what other considerations were behind the Smith government's takeover of AIMCo leadership.

Horner and his office have said this decision has nothing to do with the UCP's consideration of removing Alberta from the Canadian Pension Plan (and possibly putting AIMCo in charge of an Alberta pension mega-fund). Nor, they say, does this have anything to do with the premier's ambition, reiterated at last weekend's UCP convention, to balloon the $23-billion Heritage Savings Trust Fund into a $250-billion fund by mid-century.

There is certainly a desire by Horner and the premier to change the focus and approach of the Crown corporation that currently stewards Alberta's long-term savings account and the retirement funds of thousands of residents. It's not clear how they want that approach to change, aside from producing wealth management on a leaner budget.

And what happens to AIMCo's investments in the coming years will depend on the quality of the leaders Smith's cabinet selects to run the agency, who will undoubtedly be more aligned with the desired directions of Horner and the premier than a group appointed over several years by both UCP and NDP premiers.

Success will be attributed to this government's actions. So will future losses and failures.

It's the same way that the Smith government has tied Alberta Health Services' outcomes to their own decisions, by ousting the entire board in 2022 and then redesigning the entire system's structure. 

They dismantled and remade it, and will politically own whatever comes next.

AIMCo expansion, Alberta's investment 

focus were sources of tension before purge, 

sources say

Pension veterans say there was more going on behind the scenes than scrutiny of costs


A longtime pension executive described the blanket dismissals as a “shock.”


Author of the article:
Barbara Shecter
Published Nov 08, 2024 • 
Alberta Investment Management Corp. chief executive Evan Siddall in Calgary, Alta., 2022. Alberta has relieved Siddall of his duties. Photo by Jeff McIntosh/The Canadian Press files

The decision by Alberta Investment Management Corp. (AIMCo) to launch operations abroad as it chased higher returns and the extent to which the investment manager should invest in Alberta were sources of tension with the provincial government in the months leading up to Alberta’s stunning decision this week to remove AIMCo’s entire board of directors and chief executive, according to several people familiar with what transpired.

In a news release Thursday, the Alberta government said the “reset” at AIMCo was driven by rising costs at the Crown corporation, including third-party management fees and salaries and benefits that were not matched by a corresponding return on investment.

But three pension veterans familiar with events said there was more going on behind the scenes than scrutiny of costs.

One of them described the stated rationale of costs as “smoke and mirrors” for a deeper agenda to reshape AIMCo.

“Cost-cutting is not a big issue here,” said the source, who asked not be identified because of sensitivities around recent events. “This is a deeply political situation.”

This is a deeply political situation

Another of the sources, all of whom spoke on condition of anonymity, pointed to efforts to expand investment capabilities by hiring expensive investment managers and opening offices in New York and Singapore this year and last as a point of tension.

But others said that was just one piece of the puzzle, and suggested the government is focused on driving investments in Alberta.

The shakeup at AIMCo comes as Alberta Premier Danielle Smith prepares to unveil her government’s plan to boost the size of the AIMCo-managed Heritage Savings Trust Fund, which, according to its website, “produces income to support government programs 

In February, Smith said she envisioned the fund, which was established in 1976 to collect a portion of Alberta’s non-renewable resource revenue to invest in projects that would improve life in Alberta and diversify the Alberta economy, to grow much larger by 2050 than the nearly $24 billion value it had June 30.

The Alberta government also announced plans last year to pull out of the Canada Pension Plan, and take its share of the giant fund with it, but that effort appears to have moved to the back burner.

“We’ll be releasing our plan to grow the Heritage Savings Trust Fund to $250 billion by the end of the year, with a focus solely on getting the best returns for Albertans,” Justin Brattinga, senior press secretary at Alberta’s Ministry of Treasury Board and Finance, said Friday.

Asked whether the government had concerns about AIMCo’s direction and wanted more investments, operations and jobs in Alberta, Brattinga did not directly address the question.

“AIMCo’s mandate is to be a low-cost investor,” he said. “Our concern was with the rapid and unacceptable increases to their operating costs without a corresponding increase in returns for their clients.”

On Friday, the Alberta government announced that its most senior public servant, deputy minister of executive council Ray Gilmour, would be interim CEO, put in place to “stabilize operations and ensure smooth operations during the transition period.”

That followed Thursday afternoon’s bombshell announcement that the government had rescinded all board directorships at AIMCo. Nate Horner, Treasury Board President and Finance Minister, said he had also relieved AIMCo CEO Evan Siddall of his duties.

Horner has been installed as chair and sole director for the next 30 days until a replacement can be found.

One source said they believed the government has found some support for its approach in a client group still reeling from a loss of trust following AIMCo’s stunning $2.1 billion loss in 2020 on a volatility trading strategy, when the COVID-19 pandemic was declared.

The Alberta Teachers’ Retirement Fund, one of the investment manager’s 30 or so clients, told members that the issue of costs had been raised with both the government and AIMCo prior to this week’s purge.

“Nothing that has happened with regard to the changes at AIMCo thus far has caused us concern about the status of our investments,” the ATRF said in a note to members posted on its website Thursday. “At the same time, we have in the past raised issues regarding costs at AIMCo with both the Government of Alberta and with AIMCo.”

The retirement fund for Alberta’s teachers was forced through legislation to turn management of its funds over to AIMCO in 2019. It was a contentious start for the relationship. Unable to reach an agreement on terms of the new arrangement, the outcome was imposed through a government order

Despite the assertions of the teachers’ retirement fund and the government, industry sources say AIMCo’s costs are in line with industry standards, and that returns slightly below benchmarks reflected the risk profile of the investment managers clients rather than performance issues relative to peers.

AIMCo posted an overall return of 6.9 per cent in 2023, despite challenges in its real estate portfolio. The asset manager, which invests on behalf of pension, endowment, insurance and government clients in Alberta, ended the year with $160.6 billion in assets under management. The return, though positive, fell below AIMCo’s benchmark return of 8.7 per cent.

A longtime pension executive described the blanket dismissals as a “shock.”

Jim Leech, who ran the Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan Board for six years, said Friday he doesn’t believe the wholesale clear-out of the boardroom and the dismissal of senior executives including the CEO can be solely about “a few basis points of performance or costs.”



AIMCo board firing comes as fund has ‘a lot

 of unhappy clients’: columnist
BNNBLOOMBERG
November 08, 2024 

The Alberta government’s sudden decision to dismiss the entire board and CEO of the Alberta Investment Management Corp. (AIMCo) comes at a time when a number of the pension fund’s clients are “unhappy,” according to a business columnist with The Globe and Mail.

“I’m not actually completely surprised by this,” Andrew Willis told BNN Bloomberg’s Amber Kanwar in an interview Friday morning.

“AIMCo has been controversial for a couple of years and their performance hasn’t been that great… there is an underlying reason for this rather abrupt action from the government and it’s to do with the ability to keep these clients happy – there is a lot of unhappy clients at AIMCo.”

Willis said that what makes AIMCo unique as a fund is its structure as a crown corporation that manages capital for more than a dozen different groups in Alberta.

“That includes the heritage fund, but it also includes a number of different public sector pension plans,” he explained.

“The university professors in Alberta, for example, AIMCo runs their money, and over the last few years, those professors have been complaining about performance and they’ve been withdrawing their funds from AIMCo and giving them to other outside managers.”

In a statement on Thursday, the province’s Finance Minister Nate Horner said the decision to fire the fund’s board came down to management fees that were too high and a consistent failure to meet benchmark returns.

The Canadian Press reported on Thursday that Horner told reporters following the announcement that he had been watching AIMCo’s performance closely for some time and determined that necessary changes to the fund weren’t going to happen without a “major reset.”

Willis said that despite the government’s suggestion that the fund has been underperforming, their recent returns, though not outstanding, have been on par with most other large Canadian pension plans.

“There wasn’t a complete outlier in performance, they weren’t ahead of anybody else… but they certainly weren’t laggers,” he said.

AIMCo had encountered some setbacks in recent years related to volatility during the pandemic, Willis noted, but he said the fund’s management, led by chief executive officer Evan Siddall, had created a “credible turnaround plan” to resolve those issues.

“Their costs have been rising, they’re staffing up, they want to do more global investing, they want to get into more alternatives – that takes people, so that’s why the headcount was rising, and that’s one of the things that’s upset the government,” he said.
Ray Gilmour named interim CEO

Horner will act as AIMCo’s sole director and chair for the time being until a new chair is appointed, which the Alberta government says will happen within 30 days. The province has also appointed an interim CEO: Deputy Minister of Executive Council Ray Gilmour.

Willis said that Gilmour has “no investment management experience,” but is “clearly a trusted pair of hands” within the Alberta government.

He added that aside from who will ultimately run the fund, the biggest question AIMCo faces going forward relates to its mandate.


“Danielle Smith, the premier of Alberta has made it clear she wants to see more investment in Alberta from public money. She made the bid to get Alberta’s share of the Canada Pension Plan (CPP) managed in Alberta too,” Willis said.

“So, Danielle Smith I think looks at AIMCo as a bit of a cookie jar. The mandate that I think they might go to is something like what you’ve got in Quebec with the (Caisse de dépôt et placement), where there’s a mandate to primarily invest in Alberta, and I think that would be really dangerous.”

Alberta is Canada’s largest oil and gas producer, and while the province has made inroads in diversifying its economy in recent years, Willis said “there’s only one big industry, and it’s fossil fuels.”

“So, if you’re overweighting towards that industry, that’s a dangerous thing for Alberta pensioners,” he said.

With files from The Canadian Press



Wednesday, November 06, 2024

SPACE/COSMOS

In Photos: See NASA Juno’s Jaw-Dropping New Images Of Jupiter

Jamie Carter
Senior Contributor
Jamie Carter is an award-winning reporter who covers the night sky.

Nov 5, 2024





Jupiter, as seen during NASA Juno's 66th perijove on Oct. 23, 2024. NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / Gerald Eichstädt / Thomas Thomopoulos © cc by

NASA’s Juno spacecraft has returned new images of Jupiter after its 66th close flyby as it enters the final year of its mission. The $1 billion spacecraft completed its latest close flyby on Oct. 23, 2024, dipping close to its poles, the first mission to do so.



Juno, which has been in orbit around Jupiter since July 2016, has sent back thousands of unprecedented high-resolution images of the planet’s atmosphere and several of its moons. It’s latest tranche are equally as spell-binding.



Jupiter, as seen during NASA Juno's 66th perijove on Oct. 23, 2024. NASA / SwRI / MSSS / Jackie Branc © cc by


During this latest flyby, the spacecraft passed close to Amalthea, Jupiter's fifth-largest moon, characterized by its potato-like shape and small size. With a radius of 52 miles (84 kilometers), it is significantly smaller than Earth's moon and orbits closer to Jupiter than Io.



A collage of images of Jupiter, as seen by NASA Juno during its 66th perijove on Oct. 23, 2024. NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Brian Swift © cc by
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Its two-megapixel camera, JunoCam, continues to capture images that reveal intricate details of Jupiter’s weather patterns, including its colorful bands and storms. Besides JunoCam, the spacecraft has a magnetometer, a gravity science system and a microwave radiometer.






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Jupiter, as seen during NASA Juno's 66th perijove on Oct. 23, 2024. NASA / SwRI / MSSS / Jackie Branc © cc by

Remarkably, the Juno mission has no dedicated team of image-processing scientists. Instead, citizen scientists download the raw data — which JunoCam captures as it spins — who painstakingly process them and upload them to a dedicated mission website, many of them in creative versions.


Jupiter, as seen during NASA Juno's 66th perijove on Oct. 23, 2024. NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / Gerald Eichstädt / Thomas Thomopoulos © cc by

There are now two missions on their way to the gas giant planet to replace Juno. Jupiter’s moon Callisto will be imaged 21 times during close flybys by the European Space Agency's JUICE spacecraft, which launched last year and will reach the Jovian System in 2031.


Jupiter, as seen during NASA Juno's 66th perijove on Oct. 23, 2024. NASA / SwRI / MSSS / Jackie Branc © cc by

JUICE will also photograph Europa before eventually going into orbit around Ganymede for 18 months. NASA’s Europa Clipper, launched earlier this month, will reach Jupiter in 2030 to tour Jupiter’s moons, focusing on Europa.

Juno’s next close flyby of Jupiter, perijove 66, will occur on Nov. 25, 2024. The Juno mission is scheduled to end on Sept. 15, 2025, when Juno will perform a “death dive” into the gas giant during its 76th perijove to be destroyed. This will ensure it doesn't crash into one of the moons of Jupiter that could potentially host life, specifically Europa.

Wishing you clear skies and wide eyes.


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Check out my website or some of my other work here.


Jamie Carter
Jamie Carter is an award-winning reporter and experienced stargazer who covers the night sky, astro-tourism, the northern lights and space exploration..



Nearly three years since launch, Webb is a hit among astronomers

Demand for observing time on Webb outpaces supply by a factor of nine.

Stephen Clark – Nov 6, 2024 
ARS TECHNICA


Astronomers combined images from two of Webb's infrared science instruments to create this view of Crab Nebula, the remnants of a violent supernova explosion in 1054. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, T. Temim (Princeton University)

From its halo-like orbit nearly a million miles from Earth, the James Webb Space Telescope is seeing farther than human eyes have ever seen.

In May, astronomers announced that Webb detected the most distant galaxy found so far, a fuzzy blob of red light that we see as it existed just 290 million years after the Big Bang. Light from this galaxy, several hundreds of millions of times the mass of the Sun, traveled more than 13 billion years until photons fell onto Webb's gold-coated mirror.

A few months later, in July, scientists released an image Webb captured of a planet circling a star slightly cooler than the Sun nearly 12 light-years from Earth. The alien world is several times the mass of Jupiter and the closest exoplanet to ever be directly imaged. One of Webb's science instruments has a coronagraph to blot out bright starlight, allowing the telescope to resolve the faint signature of a nearby planet and use spectroscopy to measure its chemical composition.

These are just a taste of the discoveries made by the $10 billion Webb telescope since it began science observations in 2022. Judging by astronomers' interest in using Webb, there are many more to come.

Breaking records

The Space Telescope Science Institute, which operates Webb on behalf of NASA and its international partners, said last week that it received 2,377 unique proposals from science teams seeking observing time on the observatory. The institute released a call for proposals earlier this year for the so-called "Cycle 4" series of observations with Webb.

This volume of proposals represents around 78,000 hours of observing time with Webb, nine times more than the telescope's available capacity for scientific observations in this cycle. The previous observing cycle had a similar "oversubscription rate" but had less overall observing time available to the science community.



This composite image of Arp 107, created with data from two of the James Webb Space Telescope’s infrared instruments, reveals a wealth of information about the star formation taking place in these two galaxies and how they collided hundreds of million years ago. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI

More than 600 scientists will review the proposals and select the most promising ones for time on Webb. The largest share of proposals would involve observing "high-redshift" galaxies among the first generation of galaxies that formed after the Big Bang. Galaxies this old and distant have their light stretched to longer wavelengths due to the expansion of the Universe. Research involving exoplanet atmospheres and stars and stellar populations were the second- and third-most popular science categories in this cycle.

Webb is a joint project of NASA, the European Space Agency, and the Canadian Space Agency. The observatory's 21.3-foot (6.5-meter) primary mirror and four infrared instruments, tuned to detect faint thermal energy coming from the cold blackness of space, make it a particularly useful general-purpose research platform. In this cycle, astronomers asked for time on Webb to look at targets within the Solar System, exoplanets in our stellar neighborhood, gas and dust suspended in the space between the stars, supermassive black holes, and nearby galaxies.

This is a remarkable range of scientific targets. Only the Hubble Space Telescope can match the breadth of Webb's scientific targets, but Webb's larger mirror allows it to observe objects 100 times fainter than Hubble can see.



This image of the gas-giant exoplanet Epsilon Indi Ab was taken with the coronagraph on the James Webb Space Telescope’s Mid-Infrared Instrument A star symbol marks the location of the host star Epsilon Indi A, whose light has been blocked by the coronagraph. Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA, CSA, STScI, E. Matthews (Max Planck Institute for Astronomy)

In less than two-and-a-half years of science operations, Webb has only teased astronomers of its potential productivity. There is a high probability that Webb will see galaxies even older and more distant than the faint red beacon announced in May. There are thousands more known exoplanets for Webb to study, worlds of all sizes in our own Solar System, and unspeakable grandeur Webb will assuredly reveal in the years ahead.

It seems astronomers have no shortage of ideas about where to look. Maybe one day, new super heavy-lift rockets or advancements in in-space assembly will make it possible to deploy space telescopes even more sensitive than Webb. Until then, we can be thankful that Webb is performing well and has a good shot of far outliving its original five-year design life. Let's continue enjoying the show.


Stephen Clark Space Reporter
Stephen Clark is a space reporter at Ars Technica, covering private space companies and the world’s space agencies. Stephen writes about the nexus of technology, science, policy, and business on and off the planet.



It all started with a Big Bang – the quest to unravel mystery behind birth of the universe

The Conversation
November 6, 2024 

NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/CI Lab

How did everything begin? It’s a question that humans have pondered for thousands of years. Over the last century or so, science has homed in on an answer: the Big Bang.

This describes how the Universe was born in a cataclysmic explosion almost 14 billion years ago. In a tiny fraction of a second, the observable universe grew by the equivalent of a bacterium expanding to the size of the Milky Way. The early universe was extraordinarily hot and extremely dense. But how do we know this happened?

Let’s look first at the evidence. In 1929, the American astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered that distant galaxies are moving away from each other, leading to the realisation that the universe is expanding. If we were to wind the clock back to the birth of the cosmos, the expansion would reverse and the galaxies would fall on top of each other 14 billion years ago. This age agrees nicely with the ages of the oldest astronomical objects we observe.

The idea was initially met with scepticism – and it was actually a sceptic, the English astronomer Fred Hoyle, who coined the name. Hoyle sarcastically dismissed the hypothesis as a “Big Bang” during an interview with BBC radio on March 28 1949.

This is article is part of our series Cosmology in crisis? which uncovers the greatest problems facing cosmologists today – and discusses the implications of solving them.

Then, in 1964, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson detected a particular type of radiation that fills all of space. This became known as the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. It is a kind of afterglow of the Big Bang explosion, released when the cosmos was a mere 380,000 years old.




NASA

The CMB provides a window into the hot, dense conditions at the beginning of the universe. Penzias and Wilson were awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery.

More recently, experiments at particle accelerators like the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have shed light on conditions even closer to the time of the Big Bang. Our understanding of physics at these high energies suggests that, in the very first moments after the Big Bang, the four fundamental forces of physics that exist today were initially combined in a single force.

The present day four forces are gravity, electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force. As the universe expanded and cooled down, a series of dramatic changes, called phase transitions (like the boiling or freezing of water), separated these forces.

Experiments at particle accelerators suggest that a few billionths of a second after the Big Bang, the latest of these phase transitions took place. This was the breakdown of electroweak unification, when electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force ceased to be combined. This is when all the matter in the Universe assumed its mass.




Edwin Hubble discovered that galaxies were moving away from one another. NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration

Moving on further in time, the universe is filled with a strange substance called quark-gluon plasma. As the name suggests, this “primordial soup” was made up of quarks and gluons. These are sub-atomic particles that are responsible for the strong nuclear force. Quark-gluon plasma was artificially generated in 2010 at the Brookhaven National Laboratory and in 2015 at the LHC.


Quarks and gluons have a strong attraction for one other and today are bound together as protons and neutrons, which in turn are the building blocks of atoms. However, in the hot and dense conditions of the early universe, they existed independently.

The quark-gluon plasma didn’t last long. Just a few millionths of a second after the Big Bang, as the universe expanded and cooled, quarks and gluons clumped together as protons and neutrons, the situation that persists today. This event is called quark confinement.


The early universe was extremely hot and dense, much like the centre of the Sun. NASA/SDO

As the universe expanded and cooled still further, there were fewer high energy photons (particles of light) in the universe than there had previously been. This is a trigger for the process called Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN). This is when the first atomic nuclei – the dense lumps of matter made of protons and neutrons and found at the centres of atoms – formed through nuclear fusion reactions, like those that power the Sun.

Back when there were more high energy photons in the universe, any atomic nuclei that formed would have been quickly destroyed by them (a process called photodisintegration). BBN ceased just a few minutes after the Big Bang, but its consequences are observable today.


Observations by astronomers have provided us with evidence for the primordial abundances of elements produced in these fusion reactions. The results closely agree with the theory of BBN. If we continued on, over nearly 14 billion years of time, we would reach the situation that exists today. But how close can we get to understanding what was happening near the moment of the Big Bang itself?

Scientists have no direct evidence for what came before the breakdown of electroweak unification (when electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force ceased to be combined). At such high energies and early times, we can only stare at the mystery of the Big Bang. So what does theory suggest?

When we go backwards in time through the history of the cosmos, the distances and volumes shrink, while the average energy density grows. At the Big Bang, distances and volumes drop to zero, all parts of the universe fall on top of each other and the energy density of the universe becomes infinite. Our mathematical equations, which describe the evolution of space and the expansion of the cosmos, become infested by zeros and infinities and stop making sense.

We call this a singularity. Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity describes how spacetime is shaped. Spacetime is a way of describing the three-dimensional geometry of the universe, blended with time. A curvature in spacetime gives rise to gravity.


But mathematics suggests there are places in the universe where the curvature of spacetime becomes unlimited. These locations are known as singularities. One such example can be found at the centre of a black hole. At these places, the theory of general relativity breaks down.


The universe cooled as it continued to expand. NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, J. Diego (Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Spain), J. D’Silva (U. Western Australia), A. Koekemoer (STScI), J. Summers & R. Windhorst (ASU), and H. Yan (U. Missouri).


From 1965 to 1966, the British theoretical physicists Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose presented a number of mathematical theorems demonstrating that the spacetime of an expanding universe must end at a singularity in the past: the Big Bang singularity.

Penrose received the Nobel Prize in 2020. Hawking passed away in 2018 and Nobel Prizes are not awarded posthumously. Space and time appear at the Big Bang singularity, so questions of what happens “before” the Big Bang are not well defined. As far as science can tell, there is no before; the Big Bang is the onset of time.

However, nature is not accurately described by general relativity alone, even though the latter has been around for more than 100 years and has not been disproven. General relativity cannot describe atoms, nuclear fusion or radioactivity. These phenomena are instead addressed by quantum theory.


Theories from “classical” physics, such as relativityare deterministic. This means that certain initial conditions have a definite outcome and are therefore absolutely predictive. Quantum theory, on the other hand, is probabilistic. This means that certain initial conditions in the universe can have multiple outcomes.

Quantum theory is somewhat predictive, but in a probabilistic way. Outcomes are assigned a probability of existing. If the mathematical distribution of probabilities is sharply peaked at a certain outcome, then the situation is well described by a “classical” theory such as general relativity. But not all systems are like this. In some systems, for example atoms, the probability distribution is spread out and a classical description does not apply.

What about gravity? In the vast majority of cases, gravity is well described by classical physics. Classical spacetime is smooth. However, when curvature becomes extreme, near a singularity, then the quantum nature of gravity cannot be ignored. Here, spacetime is no longer smooth, but gnarly, similar to a carpet which looks smooth from afar but up-close is full of fibres and threads.

Thus, near the Big Bang singularity, the structure of spacetime ceases to be smooth. Mathematical theorems suggest that spacetime becomes overwhelmed by “gnarly” features: hooks, loops and bubbles. This rapidly fluctuating situation is called spacetime foam.

In spacetime foam, causality does not apply, because there are closed loops in spacetime where the future of an event is also its past (so its outcome can also be its cause). The probabilistic nature of quantum theory suggests that, when the probability distribution is evenly spread out, all outcomes are equally possible and the comfortable notion of causality we associate with a classical understanding of physics is lost.

Therefore, if we go back in time, just before we encounter the Big Bang singularity, we find ourselves entering an epoch where the quantum effects of gravity are dominant and causality does not apply. This is called the Planck epoch.

Time ceases to be linear, going from the past to the future, and instead becomes wrapped, chaotic and random. This means the question “why did the Big Bang occur?” has no meaning, because outside causality, events do not need a cause to take place.

In order to understand how physics works at a singularity like the Big Bang, we need a theory for how gravity behaves according to quantum theory. Unfortunately, we do not have one. There are a number of efforts on this front like loop quantum gravity and string theory, with its various incarnations.


Near the Big Bang singularity, spacetime takes on a structure similar to foam. NASA/CXC/M.Weiss

However, these efforts are at best incomplete, because the problem is notoriously difficult. This means that spacetime foam has a totemic, powerful mystique, much like the ancient Chaos of Hesiod which the Greeks believed existed in the beginning.

So how did our expanding and largely classical universe ever escape from spacetime foam? This brings us to cosmic inflation. The latter is defined as a period of accelerated expansion in the early universe. It was first introduced by the Russian theoretical physicist Alexei Starobinsky in 1980 and in parallel, that same year, by the American physicist Alan Guth, who coined the name.

Inflation makes the universe large and uniform, according to observations. It also forces the universe to be spatially flat, which is an otherwise unstable situation, but which has also been confirmed by observations. Moreover, inflation provides a natural mechanism to generate the primordial irregularities in the density of the universe that are essential for structures such as galaxies and galaxy clusters to form.
Theory vindicated

Precision observations of the cosmic microwave background in recent decades have spectacularly confirmed the predictions of inflation. We also know that the universe can indeed undergo accelerated expansion, because in the last few billion years it started doing it again.

What does this have to do with spacetime foam? Well, it turns out that, if the conditions for inflation arise (by chance) in a patch of fluctuating spacetime, as can occur with spacetime foam, then this region inflates and starts conforming to classical physics.

According to an idea first proposed by the Russian-American physicist Andrei Linde, inflation is a natural – and perhaps inevitable – consequence of chaotic initial conditions in the early universe.

The point is that our classical universe could have emerged from chaotic conditions, like those in spacetime foam, by experiencing an initial boost of inflation. This would have set off the expansion of the universe. In fact, the observations by astronomers of the CMB suggest that the initial boost is explosive, since the expansion is exponential during inflation.

In March 20 of 2014, Alan Guth explained it succinctly: “I usually describe inflation as a theory of the ‘bang’ of the Big Bang: It describes the propulsion mechanism that we call the Big Bang.”

So, there you have it. The 14 billion year story of our universe begins with a cataclysmic explosion everywhere in space, which we call the Big Bang. That much is beyond reasonable doubt. This explosion is really a period of explosive expansion, which we call cosmic inflation. What happens before inflation, though? Is it a spacetime singularity, is it spacetime foam? The answer is largely unknown.

In fact, it might even be unknowable, because there is a mathematical theorem which forbids us from accessing information about the onset of inflation, much like the one that prevents us from knowing about the interiors of black holes. So, from our point of view, cosmic inflation is the Big Bang, the explosion that started it all.

Konstantinos Dimopoulos, Professor in Particle Cosmology, Lancaster University

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.



NASA runs first engine tests on supersonic X-59 research aircraft



NASA's X-59 quiet supersonic research aircraft, pictured on Dec. 12, sits on the apron outside Lockheed Martin's Skunk Works facility in Palmdale, Calif. 
NASA File Photo by Steve Freeman/UPI

Nov. 6 (UPI) -- NASA engineers fired the engines on the X-59 research aircraft in advance of planned test flights to determine if the aircraft can reduce sonic booms and make supersonic flight over land quieter.

Engineers began test-firing the experimental aircraft's jet engine at the Lockheed Martin Skunk Works facility in Palmdale, Calif., on Oct. 30 to see if the aircraft's systems work properly while the engine is in use before its inaugural test flight sometime in the near future.

The single-engine aircraft that Lockheed Martin designed and built is the research aircraft for NASA's Quiet SuperSonic Technology mission that NASA officials refer to as the Quesst mission. NASA first unveiled the experimental aircraft on Jan. 12.

The mission's intent is to make supersonic flight quieter and safer over residential areas.

The experimental aircraft has a very long needle-like nose with no windshield due to the inability of pilot to see what is below the nose.

The X-59's nose accounts for 38 feet of its 99.7 foot length, and pilots will use an External Vision System that uses forward-facing cameras linked to cockpit displays to enable its lone pilot to safely fly the aircraft

The aircraft's delta-shaped wings give it a wingspan of 29.5 feet, and it has a maximum takeoff weight of 32,300 pounds.

General Electric Aviation designed and built the engine that is expected to enable the X-59 to fly at up to 925 mph, which is equal to Mach 1.4, with a maximum altitude of 55,000 feet.

Instead of causing a loud sonic boom while flying over land, the aircraft is supposed to produce more of a soft thud.

NASA pilots will fly the aircraft over between four and six residential areas in 2026 and record data on how the public experiences the sonic disturbances caused while the aircraft exceeds the speed of sound.

NASA will ask residents of respective flyover communities their impression of the X-59 and the amount of noise it produces.

Mighty radio bursts linked to massive galaxies


Results from Caltech's Deep Synoptic Array-110 provide new clues about how magnetars form




California Institute of Technology

Fast Radio Burst Host Galaxies Pinpointed 

image: 

This photo montage shows the antennas of the Deep Synoptic Array-110, which are used to discover and pinpoint the locations of fast radio bursts (FRBs). Above the antennas are images of some of the FRB host galaxies as they appear on the sky. The galaxies are remarkably large, challenging models that describe FRB sources.

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Credit: Annie Mejia/Caltech

 

Since their discovery in 2007, fast radio bursts—extremely energetic pulses of radio-frequency light—have lit up the sky repeatedly, leading astronomers on a chase to uncover their origins. Currently, confirmed fast radio bursts, or FRBs, number in the hundreds, and scientists have assembled mounting evidence for what triggers them: highly magnetized neutron stars known as magnetars (neutron stars are a type of dead star). One key piece of evidence came when a magnetar erupted in our own galaxy and several observatories, including Caltech's STARE2 (Survey for Transient Astronomical Radio Emission 2) project, caught the actionin real time. 

 

Now, reporting in the journal Nature, Caltech-led researchers have uncovered where FRBs are more likely to occur in the universe—massive star-forming galaxies rather than low-mass ones. This finding has, in turn, led to new ideas about how magnetars themselves form. Specifically, the work suggests that these exotic dead stars, whose magnetic fields are 100 trillion times stronger than Earth's, often form when two stars merge and later blow up in a supernova. Previously, it was unclear whether magnetars form in this way, from the explosion of two merged stars, or whether they might form when a single star explodes.

 

"The immense power output of magnetars makes them some of the most fascinating and extreme objects in the universe," says Kritti Sharma, lead author of the new study and a graduate student working with Vikram Ravi, an assistant professor of astronomy at Caltech. "Very little is known about what causes the formation of magnetars upon the death of massive stars. Our work helps to answer this question."

 

The project began with a search for FRBs using the Deep Synoptic Array-110 (DSA-110), a Caltech project funded by the National Science Foundation and based at the Owens Valley Radio Observatory near Bishop, California. To date, the sprawling radio array has detected and localized 70 FRBs to their specific galaxy of origin (only 23 other FRBs have been localized by other telescopes). In the current study, the researchers analyzed 30 of these localized FRBs. 

 

"DSA-110 has more than doubled the number of FRBs with known host galaxies," says Ravi. "This is what we built the array to do."


Although FRBs are known to occur in galaxies that are actively forming stars, the team, to its surprise, found that the FRBs tend to occur more often in massive star-forming galaxies than low-mass star-forming galaxies. This alone was interesting because the astronomers had previously thought that FRBs were going off in all types of active galaxies. 

 

With this new information, the team started to ponder what the results revealed about FRBs. Massive galaxies tend to be metal-rich because the metals in our universe—elements that are manufactured by stars—take time to build up over the course of cosmic history. The fact that FRBs are more common in these metal-rich galaxies implies that the source of FRBs, magnetars, are also more common to these types of galaxies. 

 

Stars that are rich in metals—which in astronomical terms means elements heavier than hydrogen and helium—tend to grow larger than other stars. "Over time, as galaxies grow, successive generations of stars enrich galaxies with metals as they evolve and die," Ravi says.

 

What is more, massive stars that explode in supernovae and can become magnetars are more commonly found in pairs. In fact, 84 percent of massive stars are binaries. So, when one massive star in a binary is puffed up due to extra metal content, its excess material gets yanked over to its partner star, which facilitates the ultimate merger of the two stars. These merged stars would have a greater combined magnetic field than that of a single star. 

 

"A star with more metal content puffs up, drives mass transfer, culminating in a merger, thus forming an even more massive star with a total magnetic field greater than what the individual star would have had," Sharma explains. 

 

In summary, since FRBs are preferentially observed in massive and metal-rich star-forming galaxies, then magnetars (which are thought to trigger FRBs) are probably also forming in metal-rich environments conducive to the merging of two stars. The results therefore hint that magnetars across the universe originate from the remnants of stellar mergers.

 

In the future, the team hopes to hunt down more FRBs and their places of origin using DSA-110, and eventually the DSA-2000, an even bigger radio array planned to be built in the Nevada desert and completed in 2028.

 

"This result is a milestone for the whole DSA team. A lot of the authors on this paper helped build the DSA-110," Ravi says. "And the fact that the DSA-110 is so good at localizing FRBs bodes well for the success of DSA-2000."

 

The paper is titled "Preferential Occurrence of Fast Radio Bursts in Massive Star-Forming Galaxies." Other Caltech authors include Liam Connor, Casey Law, Stella Koch Ocker, Myles Sherman, Nikita Kosogorov, Jakob Faber, Gregg Hallinan, Charlie Harnach, Greg Hellbourg, Rick Hobbs, David Hodge, Mark Hodges, James Lamb, Paul Rasmussen, Jean Somalwar, Sander Weinreb, David Woody, Shreya Anand, Kaustav Kashyap Das, Yu-Jing Qin, Sam Rose, Dillon Z. Dong, Jessie Miller, and Yuhan Yao. Joel Leja from The Pennsylvania State University is also an author.