Poll: Most Americans don't trust Trump on coronavirus information
By Quint Forgey

Few Americans trust President Donald Trump when it comes to the coronavirus pandemic, according to a new survey, and less than half of respondents believe the federal government is taking sufficient steps to combat the public health crisis.

© Win McNamee/Getty Images President Donald Trump.

An NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist poll released Tuesday shows that only 37 percent of those polled have either “a good amount” or “a great deal” of trust in the information they hear from the president about the coronavirus, while 60 percent say they do “not very much” or “not at all” trust Trump’s words on the subject.

The president’s trust ratings regarding the coronavirus rank lower among those surveyed than other prominent sources of information, including the news media, state and local governments, and public health experts. More Americans than not disapprove of the way he is handling the pandemic, by a margin of 49-44 percent, and his overall job approval rating rests at 43 percent.

The poll’s results come after the White House spent weeks downplaying the coronavirus’ threat to the United States, even as public health officials within the administration sounded alarms over its risk to the country and warned of its rapid rates of transmission.

Only recently has Trump adopted a more somber tone when discussing the crisis, acknowledging Tuesday that “this is a very bad one” and cautioning Americans that “we have an invisible enemy” in the coronavirus.








Slides 49: Residents step on measured tape placed outside a supermarket to practice social distancing as a precautionary measure against the spread of the new coronavirus in Manila, Philippines, early Tuesday, March 17, 2020. For most people, the new coronavirus causes only mild or moderate symptoms. For some, it can cause more severe illness, especially in older adults and people with existing health problems. 

© Aaron Favila/AP Photo

The world is battling an outbreak of a new coronavirus called COVID-19, which started in the city of Wuhan, China, and has been spreading since. The virus has claimed more than 5,000 lives and infected more than 100,000 people around the world. The World Health Organization declared a global pandemic on March 11.

(Pictured) Residents step on measured tape placed outside a supermarket to practice social distancing as a precautionary measure against the spread of the new coronavirus in Manila, Philippines on March 17.

Slideshow by photo services

The more dire rhetoric from the president was accompanied by a new series of increasingly stern guidelines from the administration, which recommended avoiding group gatherings of more than 10 people, working or attending school from home whenever possible, and abstaining from eating or drinking at bars, restaurants and food courts.

It remains to be seen whether the latest measures will bolster public confidence in the administration’s ability to fight the coronavirus. Just 46 percent of Americans believe the federal government is doing enough to prevent the disease’s spread, down from 61 percent in February.

The NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist poll was conducted March 13-14, surveying 835 adults. The margin of sampling error is plus or minus 4.8 percentage points.

Does subliminal messaging really work?

Tara Santora

Subliminal messaging was born in a New Jersey movie theater in the summer of 1957. During the Academy Award-winning film "Picnic," market researcher James Vicary flashed advertisements on the screen every 5 seconds. The interruptions were so fast — 1/3,000th of a second — that they were undetectable by the conscious mind. Yet the fleeting advertisements of "Drink Coca-Cola" and "Hungry? Eat Popcorn" reportedly increased Coke sales by 18.1% and popcorn by 57.8%.

© Provided by Live Science Can subliminal messaging 

prompt moviegoers to buy drinks and snacks?

Or so the story goes. Eventually, the president of the psychological test company Psychological Corp. challenged Vicary to replicate his experiment. After failing to re-create the gains in sales, Vicary admitted he had fabricated the results. Some experts believe he never completed the original experiment at all.

So, like Vicary's experiment, is subliminal messaging a hoax? Or does it actually work?

Related: How accurate Is the Myers-Briggs personality test?

"Subliminal advertising is thought to be a pretty potent form of influence. But there's really not much on which to base that conclusion," said Ian Zimmerman, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Minnesota Duluth. However, the method is not completely made up. "Subliminal messaging can actually be influential," Zimmerman told Live Science. But its power is hedged by many if's, including whether the audience is in the mood for the product being advertised.

In theory, subliminal messages deliver an idea that the conscious mind doesn't detect. The brain may ignore the information because it is delivered quickly. For example, the word "RATS" flickered briefly across the screen during an attack ad that the George W. Bush campaign launched to smear presidential candidate Al Gore during the 2000 election. An influential word can also be shrouded by imagery, such as "sex" spelled out by ice cubes in a Gilbey’s Gin advertisement. Whether these attempts affected voters and consumers is unknown.

But scientists do know that subliminal messaging works in the lab. Researchers inserted a dozen frames of a Coca-Cola can and another dozen of the word "thirsty" into an episode of the TV show "The Simpsons." Participants reported being an average of 27% thirstier after the viewing than they were before, whereas the control group was slightly less thirsty afterward, according to a 2002 study published in the Journal of Applied Social Psychology. Similarly, when given a subliminal priming of the iced tea brand Lipton Ice during a computer task, people chose the drink over another beverage — but only when they were thirsty, according to a 2006 study published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.

In short, it appears that subliminal messaging works best when it taps into an existing desire. "If we're not currently experiencing whatever kind of need or goal the subliminal message taps into, it probably won't be very effective," Zimmerman said.

When subliminal influences do occur, they don't last long. Influences lasting 25 minutes are about the cap, according to a 2016 study in the journal Neuroscience of Consciousness. In other words, subliminal ads trying to get someone off the couch and into a store probably aren't effective.

"They can't make you go buy something you don't want or vote for a political candidate you don't like," Zimmerman said. "The messages just aren't that powerful."

LOBSTER FINDS A KARDASHIAN IN LA

You can see a lot of odd things in the Los Angeles area, but a lobster walking around the streets? That's a new one.

On Monday afternoon, Kim Kardashian posted a video to her Twitter that seemed to show a live lobster in the middle of the road.

Just confused how a lobster is walking on my street in Calabasas! What is happening?!?!?! pic.twitter.com/h5cy1IzTPI— Kim Kardashian West (@KimKardashian) March 16, 2020

For the record, lobster fishing isn't exactly a booming industry in California, as it's more of an east coast thing. Many of Kim's followers claimed the sea creature was a crawfish, not a lobster.

Nonetheless, shortly after Kim's land encounter, a Twitter account under the handle @CalabasasLobster suddenly appeared and quickly amassed thousands of followers.

Wtf I think I just passed Kim K’s house— Calabasas Lobster (@calabasalobster) March 16, 2020

"Wtf I think I just passed Kim K's house," the "lobster" wrote on Twitter. It later added that it would "bite Kanye" if it got a thousand likes.

The handle, which now has nearly 3,000 followers, even began responding to Kim's fans, some of whom questioned its lobster-hood.

"Y'all are quick to assume my species. Maybe I look like a 'crawfish', but I am a proud LOBSTER," it wrote.

In a direct response to Kim, the lobster noted that the reality TV star shouldn't be confused by its presence in Calabasas, but rather the other way around.

"Confused as to why you're walking on MY street," @CalabasasLobster replied to Kim, later adding, "I have the right to be here just as much as you, Kim."

I have the right to be here just as much as you, Kim.— Calabasas Lobster (@calabasalobster) March 16, 2020   

Mysterious Ice Age structure made from hundreds of mammoth bones discovered in Russia

By Ashley Strickland, CNN (NOT THE SIBERIAN TIMES)




The majority of the bones found at the site investigated, in the Russian Plains, are from mammoths. A total of 51 lower jaws and 64 individual mammoth skulls were used to construct the walls of the 30ft by 30ft structure and scattered across its interior.

4 SLIDES © Alex Pryor

The majority of the bones found at the site investigated, in the Russian Plains, are from mammoths. A total of 51 lower jaws and 64 individual mammoth skulls were used to construct the walls of the 30ft by 30ft structure and scattered across its interior.

Around 25,000 years ago, hunter-gatherers used the bones from 60 mammoths to build a large circular structure in Russia.

And no one knows why.

Researchers have excavated the site in an attempt to understand it, but they don't know why the structure was built, according to a new study.

This isn't the first "mammoth house" to be found in Russia, but it is the oldest and largest, measuring 41 feet across.

In the 1960s and '70s, researchers found similar, smaller buildings at the site, which they dubbed Kostenki 11. It's 310 miles south of Moscow and now home to a museum, the State Archaeological Museum-Reserve Kostenki.

In 2014, researchers found evidence of this structure at the site and began excavation in 2015, which took three years. A study detailing their findings published this week in the journal Antiquity.

These mammoth bone structures, dating to the Ice Age, have been found across Eastern Europe. But until now, the oldest ones found were dated to 22,000 years ago.

Based on previous discoveries, researchers believe they were constructed by Palaeolithic people to serve as houses, providing refuge during harsh winters. Ice Age winters likely had lows reaching negative four degrees Fahrenheit.

And constructing something this massive out of hundreds of mammoth bones would have taken time. It's surprising, considering that populations of hunter-gatherers never spent much time in one location.

"Mammoth bones are very heavy, and building the circular structure represents a huge investment of time and energy by the humans that built this," said Alexander Pryor, lead study author and Palaeolithic archaeologist at the University of Exeter.

The bones formed a continuous circle, with no obvious entrance, according to the study. So far, the researchers have identified 51 mammoth mandibles and 64 skulls, the researchers said.

Inside the circle, the researchers also found the first evidence that wood was burned inside it. But overall, there are no signs of long-term habitation inside the structure.

The researchers believe that it didn't act as a wintertime refuge, which has them rethinking the purpose of these massive, time-consuming structures.

"It clearly meant something to them, and there was very likely a ritual element to it, even if the structure ultimately had some sort of practical purpose too," Pryor said.
Investigating a mammoth house

As the first "mammoth house" found in more than 40 years at Kostenki, the researchers took advantage of new techniques to investigate the site that weren't available for the structures previously found nearby.

This included flotation, something fairly new when the other structures were excavated. Archaeologists use flotation to separate material from soil, using water and sieves. This allows for the discovery of tiny fragments, which can provide the minute details of a larger story.

Flotation helped the archaeologists find evidence of a possible food source for the hunter-gatherers at the site -- besides the mammoths.

"We found pieces of soft plant tissue typically found in edible roots or tubers, hinting at a plant food component in peoples' diet," Pryor said. "These finds are important because they illustrate how our human ancestors adapted to survive the harsh environments of the last Ice Age by making use of the resources they found around them."

It was also flotation that revealed the tiny bits of charred wood, the first evidence that humans burned wood fires in the mammoth structure. And it suggests that wood was still a resource used by hunter-gatherers during the Ice Age.

Other areas in Northern Europe showed signs of abandonment at the time, and suggest that trees were a rare and precious resource. This may hint at why Kostenki was chosen.

"This demonstrates that trees were still present in the landscape, despite the harsh climatic conditions of the time," Pryor said.

The discovery also inspires more questions for the researchers because they believed hunter-gatherers built these structures out of mammoth bones because wood was unavailable. This makes the choice of mammoth bones deliberate. But why?

"It's not yet clear whether the bones are from mammoths recently hunted and killed by humans or if they were scavenged from carcases of animals that died of natural causes," Pryor said.

The researchers plan to investigate the site further, in hopes of determining the purpose of the structure.

"Kostenki 11 also seems too large to be a dwelling," Pryor said. "It is difficult to imagine how an area this large could be roofed over using materials available in this environment."

One suggestion by the researchers is that the site's purpose was food storage, which helped them survive the Ice Age and its devastating winters.

Ethics: Origin and Development 
Pëtr Kropotkin
PDF
https://lib.anarhija.net/library/petr-kropotkin-ethics-origin-and-development.pdf

Contents

Translators’ Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Introduction by the Russian Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Chapter 1: The Present Need of Determining the Bases of Morality 10
Chapter 2: The Gradually Evolving Bases of the New Ethics 23
Chapter 3: The Moral Principle in Nature (17th and l8th Centuries) (continued) 33
Chapter 4: Moral Conceptions of Primitive Peoples 54
Chapter 5: Development of Moral Teachings — Ancient Greece 70
Chapter 6: Christianity — The Middle Ages — The Renaissance 91
Chapter 7: Development of Moral Teachings in the Modern Era (17th and
18th Centuries) 114
Chapter 8: Development of Moral Teachings in the Modern Era (17th and
l8th Centuries) (continued) 136
Chapter 9: Development of Moral Teachings in the Modern Era (End of
18th century and beginning of 19th century) 161
Chapter 10: Development of Moral Teachings — XIX Century 174
Chapter 11: Development of Moral Teachings — XIX Century (continued) 195
Chapter 12: Development of Moral Teachings — XIX Century (continued) 215
Chapter 13: Development of Moral Teachings — XIX Century (concluded) 240
Chapter 14: Conclusion 248

Restore soil to absorb billions of tonnes of carbon: study

AFP

Restoring and protecting the world's soil could absorb more than five billion tonnes of carbon dioxide each year -- roughly what the US emits annually -- new research showed Monday.

© Raul ARBOLEDA Last year the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said that the world needed to work harder to retain the land's ability to absorb and store planet-warming greenhouse gases

Last year the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said that the world needed to work harder to retain the land's ability to absorb and store planet-warming greenhouse gases and prevent it turning from a carbon sink to a source.


Just the first metre of soil around the world contains as much carbon as is currently in the atmosphere, locking up the CO2 sequestered in trees as they decompose and return to the earth.

A new paper in the journal Nature Sustainability analysed the potential for carbon sequestration in soils and found it could, if properly managed, contribute a quarter of absorbtion on land.

The total potential for land-based sequestration is 23.8 gigatonnes of CO2-equivalent, so soil could in theory absorb 5.5 billion tonnes annually.

Most of this potential, around 40 percent, can be achieved simply by leaving existing soil alone -- that is, not continuing to expand agriculture and plantation growth across the globe.

"Most of the ongoing destruction of these ecosystems is about expanding the footprint of agriculture, so slowing or halting that expansion is an important strategy," said Deborah Bossio, principal study author and lead soil scientist for The Nature Conservancy.

She said that soil restoration would have significant co-benefits for humanity, including improved water quality, food production and crop resilience.

"There are few trade-offs where we build soil carbon and continue to produce food," she told AFP.

The IPCC said in August that humanity was facing tough choices between how land -- Earth's forests, wetlands, savannah and fields -- is used to provide food and material and how it is used to mitigate climate change.

There is simply not enough space to feed 10 billion people by 2050 and limit catastrophic climate change, its 1,000-page study warned.

Agriculture already contributes as much as a third of all greenhouse gas emissions and vast amounts of food are wasted, driving global inequality.

Bossio said governments needed to ensure that agricultural practices seek to provide us with more than just food.

"Shift the incentive structures in agriculture towards payments for the range of ecosystem services, food, climate, water and biodiversity that agriculture can provide to society," she said.

READ

Fields, Factories, and Workshops - Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Fields,_Factories,_and_Workshops
Fields, Factories, and Workshops is an 1899 book by anarchist Peter Kropotkin that discusses the decentralization of industries, possibilities of agriculture, and uses of small industries. Before this book on economics, Kropotkin had been known for his anarchist militarism and Siberian geography.
Pages‎: ‎315
Publisher‎: ‎Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Publication date‎: ‎1899
‎Bibliography · ‎Further reading

 Fields, Factories and Workshops Tomorrow - Center for a ...
c4ss.org › wp-content › uploads › 2014/08 › FactoriesPDF
by P Kropotkin - ‎Cited by 221 - ‎Related articlesFields, Factories and Workshops Tomorrow by Pyotr Kropotkin. Contents. 1. Introduction to the C4SS Edition by Kevin A. Carson. 5. 2. Introduction by Colin Ward.

Ice loss in Antarctica and Greenland increased sixfold in the last 30 years


Brandon Specktor, Live Science

Antarctica and Greenland are losing ice six times faster than in the 1990s, a pair of studies in the journal Nature show.

© Murat Tellioglu Image: Iceberg

According to the international team of climatologists behind the research, the unprecedented rate of melt has already contributed 0.7 inches (1.78 centimeters) to global sea level rise in the last three decades, putting the planet on track for the worst-case climate warming scenario laid out in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) latest report.


The dreaded scenario, which predicts a total sea level rise of 23.6 inches (60 cm) by the year 2100, would put hundreds of millions of people living in coastal communities at risk of losing their homes — or their lives — to flooding.

"Every centimeter of sea level rise leads to coastal flooding and coastal erosion, disrupting people's lives around the planet," study author Andrew Shepherd, a professor of Earth Observation at the University of Leeds in England, said in a statement. "If Antarctica and Greenland continue to track the worst-case climate warming scenario, they will cause an extra 6.7 inches (17 cm) of sea level rise by the end of the century."

"This would mean 400 million people are at risk of annual coastal flooding by 2100," Shepherd added.

For the new studies, a team of 89 scientists assessed ice loss data from 11 satellites that have been monitoring Antarctica and Greenland since the early 1990s. The data created a detailed picture of how much mass each region's glaciers have lost over the last 30 years, and showed how quickly the remaining ice is flowing into the sea.

The team found that Greenland and Antarctica have lost a combined 7 trillion tons of ice (6.4 trillion metric tons) from 1992 to 2017. Almost all of the lost ice in Antarctica and about half of the lost ice in Greenland is due to warming ocean waters melting the edges of glaciers, causing each region's ice sheets to flow more quickly toward the sea. The rest of Greenland's ice loss is due to warming air temperatures, which melt the ice sheets at their surfaces, the researchers said.

The rate of ice loss in each ice sheet also increased substantially over that period, rising from a combined 89 billion tons (81 billion metric tons) per year in the 1990s to 523 billion tons (475 billion metric tons) per year in the 2010s.

This sixfold increase in the rate of ice loss means that the melting polar ice sheets are responsible for a third of all sea level rise, the researchers said. (Thermal expansion, which causes water to take up more space as it warms, is responsible for much of the remaining sea level rise.)

The accelerated ice loss puts the planet well on the way toward the IPCC's worst-case scenario.

Images of melt: Earth's vanishing ice
The reality of climate change: 10 myths busted
Top 10 ways to destroy Earth

Originally published on Live Science.

Current oil prices will be around for a while: 
Sadad Al-Husseini

Sadad Al-Husseini of Husseini Energy joins “Squawk on the Street”

 via phone to discuss the oil markets. TUE, MAR 17 2020

Oil below $30 a barrel a disaster for shale producers: API CEO

Mike Sommers, American Petroleum Institute CEO, calls in to 'Power Lunch' to discuss what oil falling below $30/barrel means for the industry in the U.S.

‘No blank check’ for airlines seeking more than $50 billion in coronavirus aid, Democrats warn

PUBLISHED TUE, MAR 17 2020


KEY POINTS

U.S. airlines are seeking more than $50 billion in government aid as business collapses during the coronavirus outbreak.

Some lawmakers and labor unions say airlines have to protect workers and consumers in return.

The four biggest U.S. carriers — Delta, American, Southwest and United — have collectively spent about $39 billion over the last five years buying back shares, according to a tally from S&P Dow Jones Indices.

A Delta flight from Seattle-Tacoma International Airport flies

 nearly empty to JFK on March 15, 2020 near New York City.
John Moore | Getty Images

The more than $50 billion in government aid U.S. airlines are seeking as the coronavirus ravages their businesses must include worker and consumer protections, Democratic lawmakers and labor unions said Tuesday. They criticized airlines for spending years of windfall profits buying back their own stock.

“No blank check industry bailouts,” tweeted Sen. Richard Blumenthal, D-Conn.

Airlines are reeling from what executives have called an unprecedented collapse in travel demand as COVID-19 spreads, prompting millions of Americans to stay at home. More than 5,000 cases of coronavirus have been detected so far in the United States, according to Johns Hopkins University.

Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin on Tuesday said he is discussing with lawmakers a sprawling aid package that will include assistance for U.S. airlines.

As a result of the virus, airlines are culling thousands of flights, parking airplanes, deferring orders and asking workers to take unpaid leave in a bid to preserve cash. U.S. airlines employ close to 750,000 people, according to federal data.

Airlines’ requested aid includes $25 billion in direct grants — five times more than what they received following the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks — and it is crucial for the carriers, according to their lobbying group, Airlines for America, which represents American, Delta, United, Southwest and others.

Congress has begun negotiations around a third emergency funding bill to address the pandemic. The bill is expected to include some form of industry aid, as well as protections for individuals and companies battling the virus.

Labor unions and some Democratic lawmakers say that while the carriers didn’t cause the dire situation they’re now in, aid should come with some conditions.

“We have told Congress that any funds for the aviation industry must come with strict rules,” said Sara Nelson, president of the Association of Flight Attendants, which represents some 50,000 cabin crews at United, Alaska, Spirit and others. “That includes requiring employers across aviation to maintain pay and benefits for every worker. No taxpayer money for CEO bonuses, stock buybacks or dividends. No breaking contracts through bankruptcy.”

Rep. Jan Schakowsky, D-Ill., on Monday her support of the framework laid out by Nelson.

The four biggest U.S. carriers — Delta, American, Southwest and United — have collectively spent about $39 billion over the last five years buying back shares, according to a tally from S&P Dow Jones Indices. Those carriers’ shares are now trading at multiyear lows. Boeing, which is also seeking government aid, spent more than $35 billion in that period.

“If there is so much as a DIME of corporate bailout money in the next relief package, it should include a reinstated ban on stock buybacks,” tweeted Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, a New York Democrat.

“We fully recognize that the company had the opportunity to build up its cash reserves and repeatedly advocated for them to do so,” wrote Todd Insler, chairman of the union that represents United’s pilots, the Air Line Pilots Association. “In spite of ALPA’s warnings, they instead chose to spend company resources differently.

“In the future, there will be a time for a reckoning, blame, and restitution — I assure you of that. For now, we need management to focus on the enterprise, and we need to work together to survive,” he said.

Larry Willis, president of the Transportation Trades Department, an umbrella group of 33 unions in the sector, notes that workers were hit with layoffs after the 9/11 bailouts and that it took years for the sector to recover.

“Lawmakers must ensure bailout and stimulus funds flow to working families, and collective bargaining rights need to be preserved and respected,” he said. “Front-line workers, including those in the aviation sector, need to know they are supported by policies that will put their families first and position our country to flourish once this crisis passes.”

Lawmakers are also seeking that airlines protect workers and consumers. Airlines have increased fees to change tickets and for check bags, and also added new ones such as seat selection for standard legroom, drawing ire from some lawmakers.

Sen. Edward Senator Markey, a Massachusetts Democrat, said that “any infusion of money to the airlines must have some major strings attached,” which include protections for front-line airline employees like flight attendants, pilots and airport workers. It must also come with new rules to “prohibit consumer abuses like unfair change and cancellation fees,” which can run $200 or more.

Congress should ensure workers and businesses receive relief on a “broad and equitable basis,” said Sen. Tom Udall, a New Mexico Democrat. “While the travel and tourism industries are important to New Mexico, economic relief should be focused on keeping workers and their families in their homes with enough support for their daily needs. Any economic relief should be contingent on the benefits flowing to workers and their families, not CEOs and shareholders.”

Other travel companies are also talking with White House officials, including Vice President Mike Pence, about the drop in bookings. The U.S. Travel Association, whose members include giants like Hilton, Hyatt, Marriott and retailers like Macy’s, are meeting with White House officials about the financial damage from the coraonvirus crisis. They estimate a loss of $1.4 billion in revenue every week and that 1 million hotel jobs have been eliminated or will be because of the drop in bookings.

Correction: Sen. Tom Udall is a New Mexico Democrat. An earlier version misidentified his state.

MEDICARE FOR ALL WILL BE $1 TRILLION PER YEAR FOR TEN YEARS

FREE POST SECONDARY EDUCATION AND LOAN FORGIVENESS              WILL BE ABOUT $1 TRILION DOLLARS

CONSERVATIVES GO NUTS OVER THESE SANDERS PROPOSALS

SAME  CONS THAT APPROVED THIS NO QUESTIONS ASKED 

The White House is seeking a stimulus package worth anywhere from $850 billion to more than $1 trillion as the Trump administration looks to battle the economic impact from the coronavirus pandemic, according to a source familiar with the matter.

An administration official said the package could include:

• $500 billion to $550 billion in direct payments or tax cuts
• $200 billion to $300 billion in small business assistance 
• $50 billion to $100 billion in airline and industry relief

Potentially $250 billion of the package could go toward making direct payments to Americans, 

a White House official told The Wall Street Journal on Tuesday. 

Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin said earlier Tuesday that the administration wants to get emergency funds in Americans’ pockets “immediately.