Saturday, March 16, 2024

UK

It’s Women who face the brunt of Tory cuts – Kate Osborne MP on Women’s History Month

By Kate Osborne MP

Every March we celebrate Women’s History Month, to raise awareness of the invaluable contributions women have made – and continue to make – to better our communities and the world we live in.

We must continue to raise our voices on the injustices that women face, but I want to start by highlighting the recent wins women have had to not only celebrate these but use them to propel our successes forward.

This year’s Brit Awards were dominated by women, with 70% of winning acts either female or non-binary.

The significance of this cannot be understated. Young women looking to go into the music industry will see that this is becoming a place for them, a place their value is recognised and their talents are celebrated.

After all, our successes aren’t just for this generation – they are for the next, and the next after that, and for all the women that follow.

The Women and Equalities Committee, which I sit on, has been hearing an inquiry on misogyny in music, looking into a range of evidence on how these attitudes can filter through society to impact attitudes towards, and treatment of, women and girls.

Little wins can have a huge rippling effect on our society, and although the Brit Awards don’t by any means signal the end to misogyny in music, they do represent a huge leap forward for the industry in recognising the incredible talent that women hold.

And they’re not the only sector changing – as of February this year women hold 42% of board seats at the UK’s biggest listed companies, up from 24.5% in 2017. Change is possible, and change is happening.

Across the channel, France has enshrined abortion into the constitution, marking an unbelievably significant win for women’s rights by becoming the first country in the world whose constitution explicitly protects the right to an abortion in all circumstances.

France was also right to call the rest of Europe into action, the UK has repeatedly let women down with regard to healthcare and – with the number of women becoming economically inactive due to long-term sickness reaching a five-year high – the Spring Budget should have been the turning point for change.

It is incredibly disappointing and quite frankly dangerous that this opportunity was not taken up.

This Government is failing women.

They are playing politics with real lives, real people, and real communities. They made no effort to address health inequalities, tackle the gender pay gap, or the huge levels of women in poverty.

Strong and well-funded public services would be vital for our social infrastructure, by promoting well-being and gender equality through a stronger economy with a healthier, better-educated and better-cared for population.

This should have been the cornerstone of this budget.

Instead, the Spring Budget made cuts to vital public service funding, ignoring warnings that by focusing on tax cuts instead of investing in our public services we risk reversing the already little progress made towards women’s equality.

The tax cuts funded by this downscale continue to benefit men far more than women, with the Women’s Budget Group revealing that women would gain significantly less than their male counterparts, with single fathers receiving hundreds more than single mothers.

The announcement of an increase in the Child Benefit Cap to £60,000 further feigned support by abandoning parents who already receive the maximum payment and are still struggling, and falling short of ensuring future parents can access adequate financial aid to support the next generation.

So, once again, it’s women facing the brunt of the Tory crisis.

Under this Government women are more likely to use a food bank.

Women are more likely to work in sectors experiencing detrimental funding cuts.

Women are more likely to leave work due to caring responsibilities, or long-term illnesses.

Women are more likely to be on precarious zero-hour contracts, and twice as likely to miss out on key protections such as statutory sick pay.

Women’s maternity services are struggling with black and ethnic minority women being failed.

Women pensioners are more likely to live in poverty, more likely to not have a sufficient pension and more likely to be living in cold homes.

From birth to old age women are being failed.

Women won’t forget what this Government has done.

The efforts of feminists are still needed in the UK. The same efforts that get increasing numbers of women elected to Parliament, that challenge the gender pay gap, that confront gendered healthcare standards.

This country is on its knees under the Tories, and is crying out for change.

Labour’s New Deal for Workers would mark a significant move in the right direction, by banning zero-hour contracts; closing the gender, ethnicity and disability pay gap; establishing a day-one right to flexible working; and introducing fair pay agreements to boost pay and conditions in social care.

Only under a Labour Government will women have their talents and efforts recognised and celebrated year round.

We need a general election now.


 

Study finds workers misjudge wage markets


Employees underestimate salary levels in their own industry, leading them to spend less time exploring the job market



MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY





CAMBRIDGE, MA -- Many employees believe their counterparts at other firms make less in salary than is actually the case — an assumption that costs them money, according to a study co-authored by MIT scholars.

“Workers wrongly anchor their beliefs about outside options on their current wage,” says MIT economist Simon Jäger, co-author of a newly published paper detailing the study’s results.

As a top-line figure, the study indicates that workers who would experience a 10 percent wage increase by switching firms only expect a 1 percent wage increase instead, leading them to earn less than they otherwise might.

That is one of multiple related findings in the study, which also shows that workers in lower-paying firms are highly susceptible to underestimating wages at other companies; and that giving workers correct information about the salary structure in their industry makes them more likely to declare that they intend to leave their current jobs.

The study also has implications for further economics research, since economists’ job-search models generally assume workers have accurate salary information about their industries. The study was performed using data from Germany, although it quite likely applies to other countries as well.

“Misperceptions about outside options have substantial consequences on wages,” says Nina Roussille, an economist at MIT and also a co-author of the paper. “The intuition is simple: If low-wage workers do not know that they could make more elsewhere, then these workers stay put in low-wage firms. In turn, these low-wage firms do not feel the competitive pressure from the external labor market to raise their wages.”

The paper, “Worker Beliefs about Outside Options,” appears in advance online form in the Quarterly Journal of Economics. The authors are Jäger, the Silverman Family Career Development Associate Professor in MIT’s Department of Economics; Christopher Roth, a professor of economics at the University of Cologne; Roussille, an assistant professor in MIT’s Department of Economics; and Benjamin Schoefer, an associate professor of economics at the University of California at Berkeley.

Updating beliefs

To conduct the study, the researchers incorporated a survey module into the Innovation Sample of the German Socio-Economic Panel, an annual survey of a representative sample of the German population. They used their survey questions to find out the nature of worker beliefs about outside employment opportunities. The scholars then linked these findings to actual job and salary data collected from the German government’s Institute for Employment Research (IAB), with the prior consent of 558 survey respondents.

Linking those two data sources allowed the scholars to quantify the mismatch between what workers believe about industry-wide salaries, and what wages are in reality. One good piece of evidence on the compression of those beliefs is that about 56 percent of respondents believe they have a salary in between the 40th and 60th percentiles among comparable workers.

The scholars then added another element to the research project. They conducted an online experiment with 2,448 participants, giving these workers correct information about salaries at other companies, and then measuring the employees’ intention to find other job opportunities, among other things.

By adding this layer to the study, the scholars found that a 10 percentage point increase in the belief about salaries at other firms leads to a 2.6 percentage point increase in a worker intending to leave their present firm.

“This updating of beliefs causes workers to adjust their job search and wage negotiation intentions,” Roussille observes.

While the exact circumstances in every job market may vary somewhat, the researchers think the basic research findings from Germany could well apply in many other places.

“We are confident the results are representative of the German labor market,” Jäger says. “Of course, the German labor market may differ from, say, the U.S. labor market. Our intuition, though, is that, if anything, misperceptions would be even more consequential in a country like the U.S. where wages are more unequal than in Europe.”

Moreover, he adds, the recent dynamics of the U.S. job market during the Covid-19 pandemic, when many workers searched for new work and ended up in higher-paying jobs, is “consistent with the idea that workers had been stuck in low-paying jobs for a long time without realizing that there may have been better opportunities elsewhere.”

Data informing theory

The findings of Jäger, Roth, Roussille, Schoefer stand in contrast to established economic theory in this area, which has often worked from the expectation that employees have an accurate perception of industry wages and make decisions on that basis.

Roussille says the feedback the scholars have received from economics colleagues has been favorable, since other economists perceive “an opportunity to better tailor our models to reality,” as she puts it. “This follows a broader trend in economics in the past 20 to 30 years: The combination of better data collection and access with greater computing power has allowed the field to challenge longstanding but untested assumptions, learn from new empirical evidence, and build more realistic models.”

The findings have also encouraged the scholars to explore the topic further, especially by examining what the state of industry-wide wage knowledge is among employers.

“One natural follow-up to this project would be to better understand the firm side,” Jäger says. “Are firms aware of these misperceptions? Do they also hold inaccurate beliefs about the wages at their competitors?”

To this end, the researchers have already conducted a survey of managers on this topic, and intend to pursue further related work.

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Support for the research was provided, in part, by the Sloan Foundation’s Working Longer Program; the Stiftung Grundeinkommen (Basic Income Foundation); and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy.

 

Study reveals ancient ice may still exist in distant space objects



This study challenges existing predictions and opens up new avenues for understanding the nature of comets and their origins



SETI INSTITUTE

Arrokoth-MVIC-and-orbitally-averaged-temperature-at-the-seasonal-skin-depth-of-Arrokoth 

IMAGE: 

LEFT IMAGE WAS CAPTURED BY THE MULTICOLOR VISIBLE IMAGING CAMERA (MVIC), A PART OF THE RALPH INSTRUMENT ABOARD NEW HORIZONS. TAKEN ON JANUARY 1, 2019, JUST 7 MINUTES BEFORE ITS CLOSEST APPROACH, THE SPACECRAFT WAS ONLY ABOUT 6700 KM FROM THE SURFACE. CREDIT FOR THIS REMARKABLE CAPTURE GOES TO NASA, JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY, AND SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE. RIGHT IMAGE SHOWS THE ORBITALLY AVERAGED TEMPERATURE AT THE SEASONAL SKIN DEPTH OF ARROKOTH, CALCULATED BASED ON UMURHAN ET AL.’S 2022 METHOD. THE SCALE IS IN KILOMETERS, AND THE VIEW ORIENTATION IS SIMILAR TO IMAGE ON LEFT, LOOKING DOWN TOWARDS THE SOUTH POLE

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CREDIT: NASA, JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY, AND SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE





March 14, 2024, Mountain View, CA -- A paper recently accepted by Icarus presents findings about the Kuiper Belt Object 486958 Arrokoth, shedding new light on the preservation of volatile substances like carbon monoxide (CO) in such distant celestial bodies. Co-authored by Dr. Samuel Birch at Brown University and SETI Institute senior research scientist Dr. Orkan Umurhan, the paper “Retention of CO Ice and Gas Within 486958 Arrokoth” uses Arrokoth as a case study to propose that many Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) - remnants from the dawn of our solar system - could still retain their original volatile ices, challenging previous notions about the evolutionary path of these ancient entities.

Previous KBO evolution models have needed help predicting the fate of volatiles in these cold, distant objects. Many relied on cumbersome simulations or flawed assumptions, underestimating how long these substances could last. The new research offers a simpler yet effective approach, likening the process to how gas escapes through porous rock. It suggests that KBOs like Arrokoth can maintain their volatile ices for billions of years, forming a kind of subsurface atmosphere that slows further ice loss.

“I want to emphasize that the key thing is that we corrected a deep error in the physical model people had been assuming for decades for these very cold and old objects,” said Umurhan. “This study could be the initial mover for re- evaluating the comet interior evolution and activity theory.”

This study challenges existing predictions and opens up new avenues for understanding the nature of comets and their origins. The presence of such volatile ices in KBOs supports a fascinating narrative of these objects as “ice bombs,” which activate and display cometary behavior upon altering their orbit closer to the sun.
This hypothesis could help explain phenomena like the intense outburst activity of comet 29P/Schwassmann– Wachmann, potentially changing the understanding of comets.

As co-investigators on the upcoming CAESAR mission proposal, the researchers are taking a fresh approach to understanding the evolution and activity of cometary bodies. This study has implications for future explorations and is a reminder of the enduring mysteries of our solar system, waiting to be uncovered.

The paper can be found in Icarus here: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116027

About the SETI Institute
Founded in 1984, the SETI Institute is a non-profit, multi-disciplinary research and education organization whose mission is to lead humanity’s quest to understand the origins and prevalence of life and intelligence in the Universe and to share that knowledge with the world. Our research encompasses the physical and biological sciences and leverages expertise in data analytics, machine learning and advanced signal detection technologies. The SETI Institute is a distinguished research partner for industry, academia and government agencies, including NASA and NSF.

 

Ginkgo biloba compounds improve cognitive function following stroke



Compounds from plant used in traditional Chinese medicine improve cognitive function in stroke patients, with anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant effects



Peer-Reviewed Publication

DE GRUYTER





Ginkgo Diterpene Lactone Meglumine (GDLM), a group of organic compounds that derive from the Ginkgo biloba plant, can improve cognitive function in patients who recently experienced an acute ischemic stroke, according to new research published in De Gruyter’s Open Medicine. The study is the first to examine the potential of GDLM for improving cognitive function in acute ischemic stroke patients.

During a stroke, impaired blood flow to the brain results in oxygen deprivation and an inflammatory response which ultimately leads to neuronal cell death. Consequently, cognitive impairment is common in stroke patients, and can significantly affect quality of life and independence. While drugs are available to slow the progression of such impairment, they can lack efficacy and present safety issues. Safe treatments for cognitive impairment in the early years after a stroke are urgently needed.

GDLM could have potential as such a treatment. Ginkgo biloba, from which it derives, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat cardiovascular disease, and GDLM itself has been shown to inhibit platelet aggregation and thus reduce blood clotting.

Professor Xianghong Liu of Xi’an High Tech Hospital, China and colleagues recruited 126 stroke patients for their study. Half the patients were treated with 25 mg of GDLM per day for 14 days, as well as receiving standard care, while the other half acted as a control group and received standard care alone. Over the next three to six months, the researchers performed a variety of tests on the patients, including measurements of inflammation and coagulation markers, and assessments of cognitive function.

Levels of inflammatory markers fell in both the GDLM group and control group over the first 14 days, but the reduction in inflammation was greater in the GDLM group. Levels of coagulation markers had also dropped significantly in the GDLM group by day 14, but not in the control group, suggesting that GDLM treatment has an anti-coagulant effect. As blood clots often contribute to the blood vessel blockages that cause stroke, anti-coagulant effects are useful in the aftermath of a stroke.

Both the GDLM and control group demonstrated a reduction in cognitive function after the stroke; however, between three and six months afterwards it began to improve again, with the GDLM group making greater progress than the control group.

Overall, GDLM treatment was well tolerated by the patients. This, together with the evidence of anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulant and cognitive efficacy presented by the study, suggests that further research is warranted to determine whether this plant-derived therapy could become a treatment for acute ischemic stroke.

Ginkgo Diterpene Lactone Meglumine (GDLM), a group of organic compounds that derive from the Ginkgo biloba plant, can improve cognitive function in patients who recently experienced an acute ischemic stroke, according to new research published in De Gruyter’s Open Medicine. The study is the first to examine the potential of GDLM for improving cognitive function in acute ischemic stroke patients.

During a stroke, impaired blood flow to the brain results in oxygen deprivation and an inflammatory response which ultimately leads to neuronal cell death. Consequently, cognitive impairment is common in stroke patients, and can significantly affect quality of life and independence. While drugs are available to slow the progression of such impairment, they can lack efficacy and present safety issues. Safe treatments for cognitive impairment in the early years after a stroke are urgently needed.

GDLM could have potential as such a treatment. Ginkgo biloba, from which it derives, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat cardiovascular disease, and GDLM itself has been shown to inhibit platelet aggregation and thus reduce blood clotting.

Professor Xianghong Liu of Xi’an High Tech Hospital, China and colleagues recruited 126 stroke patients for their study. Half the patients were treated with 25 mg of GDLM per day for 14 days, as well as receiving standard care, while the other half acted as a control group and received standard care alone. Over the next three to six months, the researchers performed a variety of tests on the patients, including measurements of inflammation and coagulation markers, and assessments of cognitive function.

Levels of inflammatory markers fell in both the GDLM group and control group over the first 14 days, but the reduction in inflammation was greater in the GDLM group. Levels of coagulation markers had also dropped significantly in the GDLM group by day 14, but not in the control group, suggesting that GDLM treatment has an anti-coagulant effect. As blood clots often contribute to the blood vessel blockages that cause stroke, anti-coagulant effects are useful in the aftermath of a stroke.

Both the GDLM and control group demonstrated a reduction in cognitive function after the stroke; however, between three and six months afterwards it began to improve again, with the GDLM group making greater progress than the control group.

Overall, GDLM treatment was well tolerated by the patients. This, together with the evidence of anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulant and cognitive efficacy presented by the study, suggests that further research is warranted to determine whether this plant-derived therapy could become a treatment for acute ischemic stroke.

 

New research show U.S. high schools fail to understand and support the college, career and aspirations for Black and Latinx Boys


Over the course of an academic year, students were asked about their school’s college-going culture

Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE

University of Delaware professor publishes a rich case study of Black and Latinx experiences at a college preparatory school 

IMAGE: 

THE POSTSECONDARY FUTURE SELVES OF BLACK AND LATINX BOYS: A CASE FOR CULTIVATING MORE EXPANSIVE SUPPORTS IN COLLEGE-GOING SCHOOLS

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CREDIT: UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE





Carey offers an in-depth case study of three Black and two Latinx boys in 11th grade at a linguistically and ethnically diverse urban school, which he calls Metropolitan Collegiate Public Charter School (Metro). Over the course of an academic year, Carey interviewed the students about their school’s college-going culture and how it influenced their conceptions of their postsecondary future selves. 

Metro employed what Carey calls a “college-over-everything-else” culture. College posters adorned the school walls year-round, students regularly attended college and recruitment fairs, teachers wore the insignia of their alma maters every week and students were required to apply to colleges.

Carey found that Metro prioritized the “what” and “how” of college access—answering “What is a college degree?” and “How do I secure one?”—but paid little attention to the “why” or how college would help a student fulfill his future ambitions. Answering the “why” question was especially important for this group of Black and Latinx boys; many of them would be the first in their families to attend and graduate from college. 

Carey’s study also found that, while some students had clear career ambitions, their ability to align college majors with these careers varied. And, despite the school’s college-going culture, some students did not have a clear plan for a future career. 

Finally, Carey found that the participants in his study struggled to envision their lives after the age of 23, around the time when they graduate from college. The study participants generally envisioned a modest life, characterized by minimal stress, financial stability and personal satisfaction. But, students like Perdido were not able to offer many specifics. For Perdido, a “good life,” was a “steady life,” free from financial worries. Plans for civic engagement, hobbies, volunteerism and even joyous pursuits were all absent from Perdido’s vision of his future life.   

 

Chinese Society of Electrochemistry unveils the top ten scientific questions in electrochemistry



MAXIMUM ACADEMIC PRESS





Electrochemistry stands at the confluence of basic and applied sciences, playing a crucial role in energy conversion and storage, material science, environmental protection and biomedical technology, etc. With the global push towards sustainable energy, understanding and overcoming the scientific challenges in electrochemistry is more vital than ever.

In a recent published news (doi:10.61558/2993-074X.3444) from the Journal of Electrochemistry (JECHEM), dated January 28, 2024, the Chinese Society of Electrochemistry (CSE) has unveiled the top ten critical scientific questions that are pivotal for the development of electrochemistry. The top ten scientific questions emerged from a nationwide survey initiated by CSE. The survey targeted over 3,000 frontline electrochemical engineers, The survey's objective was to systematically analyze and evaluate key scientific challenges in electrochemistry, including technological bottlenecks in the electrochemical industry. These surveys span across an extensive range of 18 electrochemical research areas, encompassing fundamental electrochemical theories, characterization techniques and methods in electrochemistry, nanomaterials and nanoscience in electrochemistry, lithium-ion batteries, sodium/potassium ion batteries, organic and multivalent metal ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, solid-state batteries, metal-air batteries, supercapacitors, flow batteries, aqueous secondary batteries, fuel cells, electrocatalysis, bioelectroanalysis, solar cells and photoelectrochemistry, as well as organic and industrial electrochemistry, corrosion, and electroplating. This initiative underscores the society's commitment to driving forward the field of electrochemistry by highlighting specific challenges and fostering community-wide engagement for innovative solutions.

The top 10 scientific questions in electrochemistry include:

  1. How to Detect or Simulate the Dynamic Structural Changes of Complex Electrochemical Interfaces under In-Situ/Operando Conditions at the Microscale, and Establish Their Relationships with Macroscopic Electrochemical Performance?
  2. How to Understand and Regulate the Nucleation and Growth of Metal Lithium at the Anode, and Develop Strategies for Suppressing Dendrite Formation ?
  3. How to Obtain High-Performance Alkali-MetalIon Solid-State Electrolytes for Solid State Batteries?
  4. How to Develop Aqueous Battery Systems with High Energy Density and Multi-Electron Transfer Reaction?
  5. How to Rationally Design Efficient and LongLasting Low/Non-Platinum Electrocatalysts and Their Large-Scale Production?
  6. How to Construct High-Efficiency Three-Phase Interface and Gain Insights into Enhanced Charge/Mass Transportation Mechanism within a Gas Diffusion Electrode?
  7. How to Decipher the Relationships among Human Diseases and Electron Transfer, Energy Conversion/Substance Transformation in Biological Processes? And How to Modulate Them with Electrochemical Methods?
  8. How to Break Through the Shockley-Queisser Limit of Energy Conversion Efficiency in Solar Cell?
  9. How to Further Reveal the Kinetic Mechanism of Multi-Steps Electrode Reactions for a Complex Corrosion System, and How to Precisely Modulate Anodic and Cathodic Processes, as Well as Their Closely Associated Interfacial Reactions?
  10. How to Electrochemically and Precisely Synthesize High Value-Added Organic Chemicals with High Efficiency and High Selectivity?


CSE emphasizes, "Identifying and solving these top ten questions is crucial for the advancement of electrochemistry and its industrial applications, driving innovation in energy storage, conversion, and beyond."

Addressing these questions has the potential to revolutionize how we store and convert energy, paving the way for more efficient batteries, fuel cells, and corrosion-resistant materials an so on. This could lead to significant advancements in renewable energy technologies and a reduction in global carbon emissions.

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References

DOI

10.61558/2993-074X.3444

Original Source URL

https://doi.org/10.61558/2993-074X.3444

About Journal of Electrochemistry

Journal of Electrochemistry (JECHEMis the official publication of Chinese Electrochemical Society (CSE) founded by Professor Zhao-Wu Tian in 1995, when the 46th annual meeting of the International Electrochemical Society was held in Xiamen. Professor Shi-Gang Sun serves as the current editor-in-chief. Professor Chang-Jian Lin and Professor Jun Cheng serves as Executive Associate Editor-in-Chief. The journal is a double-blind peer-reviewed, open-access monthly published journalFor all manuscripts, there are no manuscript submission fees or APC (Article Processing Charges)Journal of Electrochemistry engaged in publishing innovative and comprehensive research in the field of electrochemistry that have influenced new generations of electrochemists all over the world.

 

Study shows a healthy diet is linked with a slower pace of aging, reduced dementia risk



Peer-Reviewed Publication

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY'S MAILMAN SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH






March 14, 2024-- A healthier diet is associated with a reduced dementia risk and slower pace of aging, according to a new study at Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health and The Robert Butler Columbia Aging Center. The findings show that a diet-dementia association was at least partially facilitated by multi-system processes of aging. While literature had suggested that people who followed a healthy diet experienced a slowdown in the processes of biological aging and were less likely to develop dementia, until now the biological mechanism of this protection was not well understood. The findings are published in the Annals of Neurology.

“Much attention to nutrition in dementia research focuses on the way specific nutrients affect the brain” said Daniel Belsky, PhD, associate professor of Epidemiology at Columbia School of Public Health and the Columbia Aging Center, and a senior author of the study. “We tested the hypothesis that healthy diet protects against dementia by slowing down the body’s overall pace of biological aging.”

The researchers used data from the second generation of the Framingham Heart Study, the Offspring Cohort. Originating in 1971, participants in the latter were 60 years of age or older, were free of dementia, and also had available dietary, epigenetic, and follow-up data. The Offspring Cohort were followed-up at nine examinations, approximately every 4 to 7 years. At each follow-up visit, data collection included a physical examination, lifestyle-related questionnaires, blood sampling, and, starting in 1991, neurocognitive testing. 

Of 1,644 participants included in the analyses, 140 of the participants developed dementia. To measure the pace of aging, the researchers used an epigenetic clock called DunedinPACE developed by Belsky and colleagues at Duke University and the University of Otago. The clock measures how fast a person’s body is deteriorating as they grow older, “like a speedometer for the biological processes of aging”, explained Belsky. 

“We have some strong evidence that a healthy diet can protect against dementia,” said Yian Gu, PhD, associate professor of Neurological Sciences at Columbia University Irving Medical Center and the other senior author of the study, “But the mechanism of this protection is not well understood.” Past research linked both diet and dementia risk to an accelerated pace of biological aging. 

“Testing the hypothesis that multi-system biological aging is a mechanism of underlying diet-dementia associations was the logical next step,” explained Belsky. The research determined that higher adherence to the Mediterranean-Dash Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay diet (MIND) slowed the pace of aging as measured by DunedinPACE and reduced risks for dementia and mortality. Furthermore, slower DunedinPACE accounted for 27 percent of the diet-dementia association and 57 percent of the diet-mortality association.

“Our findings suggest that slower pace of aging mediates part of the relationship of healthy diet with reduced dementia risk, and therefore, monitoring pace of aging may inform dementia prevention,” said first author Aline Thomas, PhD, a Postdoc at the Columbia Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain. “However, a portion of the diet-dementia association remains unexplained, therefore we believe that continued investigation of brain-specific mechanisms in well-designed mediation studies is warranted.”

“We suggest that additional observational studies be conducted to investigate direct associations of nutrients with brain aging, and if our observations are also confirmed in more diverse populations, monitoring biological aging, may indeed, inform dementia prevention,” noted Belsky. 

Co-authors are Calen Ryan and Jiayi Zhou, Columbia Aging Center; and Avshalom Caspi, Terrie Moffitt, and Karen Sugden, Duke University.

The study was supported by the National Institute on Aging grants R01AG061378, R01AG073402, R01AG059013, R01AG061008, R01AG073207 and R01AG049789. 

Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health

 

Founded in 1922, the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health pursues an agenda of research, education, and service to address the critical and complex public health issues affecting New Yorkers, the nation and the world. The Columbia Mailman School is the fourth largest recipient of NIH grants among schools of public health. Its nearly 300 multi-disciplinary faculty members work in more than 100 countries around the world, addressing such issues as preventing infectious and chronic diseases, environmental health, maternal and child health, health policy, climate change and health, and public health preparedness. It is a leader in public health education with more than 1,300 graduate students from 55 nations pursuing a variety of master’s and doctoral degree programs. The Columbia Mailman School is also home to numerous world-renowned research centers, including ICAP and the Center for Infection and Immunity. For more information, please visit www.mailman.columbia.edu.

 

 

 

Shrimp waste revolution: unlocking potent antioxidants for health and sustainability



MAXIMUM ACADEMIC PRESS
Graphical Abstract 

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GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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CREDIT: FOOD PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND NUTRITION




Scientists have discovered unparalleled antioxidative compounds in Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis), signifying a major leap forward for both the food and pharmaceutical sectors. This study not only underscores the nutritional value of shrimp but also reveals novel compounds that offer promising health advantages.

Shrimp are renowned for their high nutritional value, offering a rich source of proteins, amino acids, omega-3 fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins, as well as chitin and carotenoids. The increasing consumption of shrimp has led to a significant rise in by-products, such as heads, shells, and tails, which account for up to 50% of waste. This poses a substantial environmental challenge for fish processing industries. Shrimp shells, in particular, are rich in minerals, protein, and chitin. Recognizing the potential of these by-products, there has been a growing interest in converting them into value-added products.

In a new study (doi: 10.1186/s43014-023-00215-3) featured in Food Production, Processing and Nutrition on 28 February 2024, researchers from Memorial University of Newfoundland have identified antioxidative compounds in Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis), marking a significant breakthrough for the food and pharmaceutical industries. The research not only emphasizes the nutritional value of shrimp but also uncovers novel compounds with promising health benefits.

In this research, ethanol stood out as the premier solvent for isolating antioxidant elements from shrimp by-products, particularly the shells, which demonstrated superior levels of total phenolic content (TPC) and total carotenoid content (TCC). This finding not only underscores ethanol's extraction prowess but also unveils the substantial antioxidative qualities inherent in shrimp waste. Through sophisticated chromatographic methods and mass spectrometry, the study unearthed phenolic compounds, achieving a significant milestone in the exploration of shrimp's nutritional value. The detailed analysis and isolation processes, involving silica gel column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography (TLC), led to the identification of groundbreaking compounds, notably 7-(3-butenyl)-2-hydroxy-6-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-2-yl) quinoline. This compound, along with its dihydroquinoline variant, reveals intricate antioxidative mechanisms within shrimp, paving the way for further scientific inquiry and potential health-related applications. By highlighting the rich, albeit underexploited, antioxidant sources in shrimp by-products, the study invites a broader examination of seafood waste, suggesting promising directions for future nutritional and pharmaceutical innovations.

Dr. Fereidoon Shahidi, a co-author of the study, emphasized the importance of these findings, stating, "The discovery of these unique heterocyclic phenolic compounds not only provides insights into the antioxidative properties of shrimp but also opens new avenues for the utilization of shrimp by-products, aligning with sustainable and waste-reducing practices in the seafood industry." He also emphasizes that structural conformation would benefit from 3D NMR and other modern techniques that are now commonplace since the work was originally carried out.

This breakthrough not only shines a light on the untapped potential of shrimp processing waste but also introduces novel compounds with significant implications for health, offering potential anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-aging benefits. Moreover, it champions a sustainable approach to seafood processing, turning waste into valuable health-promoting agents.

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References

DOI

10.1186/s43014-023-00215-3

Original Source URL

https://doi.org/10.1186/s43014-023-00215-3

Funding information

The Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada for financial support (RGPIN-2016-04468).

About Food Production, Processing and Nutrition

The Food Production, Processing and Nutrition journal aims to provide a unique dedicated forum for publication of the highest quality and novel contributions in the field. Both fundamental research and applied areas are of interest and these extend to food production with respect to variety improvement and selection as well as green processing. Food safety, elimination of contaminants, and retention of nutrients and bioactive components that play a role in health promotion of consumers, are important aspects that will be covered. The journal publishes articles that deal with topics on food production and processing from farm to fork, and their influence on nutrition and health. Production technologies, absorption, bioavailability and personalized nutrition with consideration of gut microbiota are also of interest to the journal. Results may be communicated in the form of original research and reviews.