Green groups target poisonings from rising pesticides sales

More and more pesticides are being sprayed worldwide with deadly consequences for humans and nature, a report finds.


Pesticides have poisoned millions of farmers across the world

The rising use of pesticides is at the heart of environmental damage across the world, according to a new report from environmental groups in Germany.

"You encounter the issue everywhere when you deal with agriculture, health, species loss and water pollution," said agricultural engineer Susan Haffmans from Pesticide Action Network Germany, who played a leading role in developing the Pesticide Atlas report. "It is a major cross-cutting issue."

Together with the green-affiliated Heinrich Böll Foundation, the German branch of environmental group Friends of the Earth and the international monthly newspaper LE MONDE diplomatique, the report was presented and published Wednesday in Berlin. Its 50 pages outline harmful effects of the billion-dollar pesticide business.

"We encounter pesticides everywhere, even if we don't live on the edge of the field," said Haffmans

.
Farmers are often poisoned

According to a recent study published in the journal Public Health, 385 million people in agriculture fall ill with acute pesticide poisoning every year. After poisoning, farm workers and farmers report symptoms that range from feeling weak and having headaches to vomiting, diarrhea, skin rashes, nervous system disorders and fainting. In severe cases, the heart, lungs or kidneys fail. About 11,000 people in agriculture die from acute poisoning every year, according to the study, which did not count deaths by suicide related to pesticides.

Agricultural workers and small farmers in the Global South are particularly affected by pesticide poisoning. According to the study, there are about 256 million acute pesticide poisonings in Asia, 116 million in Africa and about 12.3 million in Latin America. In Europe, the figure is far smaller at 1.6 million.

"We see that 44% of all workers worldwide suffer at least one poisoning per year," said Haffmans, "and in certain countries it is much more. In Burkina Faso, for example, 83% of farm workers get sick at least once from pesticides."

These are only the acute poisonings, she said, adding that the extent to which they occur is an indication of chronic long-term exposure, which is then in turn associated with completely different chronic diseases.

The Atlas highlights several reasons for the significantly higher number of poisonings in the Global South. First, a lot of dangerous pesticides are sprayed there, including some which are banned in Europe. In addition, many small farmers there do not wear protective clothing and are poorly informed about the dangers.

"In some cases, pesticides are simply filled into small plastic bags or bottles by traders, without labels, without safety instructions on how to use them and without warnings," said Haffmans. "Then there are always unintentional poisonings because the pesticide is used incorrectly or someone picks up the bottle thinking maybe there is a soda in it."

Many farmers lack protective gear to keep them safe from pesticides

According to the Atlas, fewer than 30% of smallholder farmers in Ghana wear gloves, goggles and mouth or nose protection when handling pesticides. In Ethiopia, only 7% of farmers are aware of the warning to wash hands after using pesticides.
Pesticides increase cancer risk

Pesticides can be spread by the wind hundreds of kilometers and are found in rivers and groundwater. They can kill insects, birds and aquatic animals, and their residue is often found in food.

The weed killer glyphosate, which is the most widely used pesticide, is among the most infamous. In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified glyphosate as "probably carcinogenic". A 2019 scientific meta-study by the University of Washington also identified an increased risk of malignant lymph node tumors from glyphosate, known as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Pesticides have also been linked to asthma, allergies, obesity and endocrine gland disorders, as well as miscarriages and deformities in particularly polluted regions.

"Studies also show a connection with Parkinson's disease, Type II diabetes or certain types of cancer," said Haffmans.

Profits more important than health protection

The sale of pesticides is lucrative. The four largest producers — Syngenta, Bayer, BASF and Corteva — generated sales of €31 billion ($35 billion) in 2020, according to the Atlas. In recent years, global pesticide sales have grown by an average of 4% annually.

As a rule, however, the companies do not pay for damage to health and the environment, unless they are taken to court. In the US, 125,000 people who had sprayed the pesticide Roundup with the active ingredient glyphosate and become seriously ill sued Bayer. The company has already paid some of the plaintiffs, and around €10 billion have been set aside in Bayer's balance sheet to compensate for the damages.

Despite these cases, Bayer and other companies continue to sell highly toxic pesticides, including those that are banned in the EU because they are dangerous. Currently, pesticide manufacturers are also seeking a new authorization for glyphosate in the EU, although it is due to be banned in the bloc from 2024.

Movements for agricultural revolution

Environmental groups are pushing for a shift away from chemical pesticides. The 30 authors of the Atlas use articles to highlight policies that could lessen their impact.

"In the last two decades, Sri Lanka has demonstrably saved almost 10,000 lives by banning dangerous pesticides," said Haffmans. In India, "some regions there already farm completely or largely pesticide-free. This, in turn, encourages imitation in other regions."

According to a representative survey conducted in Germany for the Atlas, a majority of 16 to 29-year-olds want an agriculture that protects water, soil and insects, produces fairly without genetic engineering and pesticides, and uses natural pest control. The survey found 63% of respondents wquld like to see all pesticides banned by 2035, and farmers given support in switching to environmentally friendly production. 11% of respondents rejected this demand.

This article was originally in German.


PESTICIDES: FACTS AND TRENDS
Farm workers are poisoned
Around 385 million cases of poisoning by pesticides are reported every year. The numbers are highest in Asia, Africa and Latin America where more really dangerous pesticides are sprayed. Many workers do not wear protective clothing and few are properly informed about the dangers of using pesticides.
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Kenyan farmers embrace organic farming

Bookchin M. Our Synthetic Environment - Libcom
https://libcom.org/files/Bookchin M. Our Synthetic Environment.pdf · PDF file
Our Synthetic Environment Murray Bookchin 1962 Table of contents Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM Chapter 2: AGRICULTURE AND HEALTH Chapter 3: URBAN LIFE AND HEALTH


Silent Spring - Rachel Carson
rachelcarson.org/SilentSpring.aspx
Serialized in three parts in The New Yorker, where President John F. Kennedy read it in the summer of 1962, Silent Spring was published in August and became an instant best-seller and the most

Senate votes to honor Emmett Till, Mamie Till-Mobley with Congressional Gold Medal

The Senate has agreed to posthumously award Emmett Till and his mother, Mamie Till-Mobley, the Congressional Gold Medal. File Photo courtesy of Rep. Bobby Rush

Jan. 12 (UPI) -- Senate lawmakers have passed a bill to posthumously award Emmett Till, who was abducted and killed by White supremacists in 1955, and his mother, Mamie Till-Mobley, the Congressional Gold Medal, the U.S. Congress' highest civilian honor.

The bill -- which was first introduced in September of 2020 by Sens. Cory Booker, D-N.Y., and Richard Burr, R-N.C. -- passed with unanimous consent, and calls for the posthumous presentation of the medals in commemoration of Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley, after which they are to be given to the National Museum of African American History and Culture.

"More than six decades after his murder, I am proud to see the Senate pass long-overdue legislation that would award the Congressional Gold Medal to both Emmett and Mamie Till-Mobley in recognition of their profound contributions to our nation," Booker said in a statement Tuesday.

Emmett Till, a 14-year-old Chicago native, was kidnapped, brutally beaten and killed in the summer of 1955 in Money, Miss., where he was visiting his uncle.

Following his death, Mamie Till-Mobley demanded an open casket during his funeral so the more than 50,000 attendees could see the violence her son was subjected to while a graphic photograph of her deceased son in the coffin helped galvanize activists who were working for civil rights, Booker's office said.

Asked why she she wanted an open casket, Mamie Till-Mobley famously responded: "The whole nation had to bear witness to this."

Mamie Till-Mobley then spent the rest of her life seeking justice for her son. She died in 2003.

"The courage and activism demonstrated by Emmett's mother, Mamie Till-Mobley, in displaying to the world the brutality endured by her son helped awaken the nation's conscience, forcing Americans to reckon with its failure to address racism and the glaring injustices that stem from such hatred," Booker said.

The Congressional Gold Medal has been awarded to dozens as a sign of its "highest expression of national appreciation for distinguished achievements and contributions," according to the U.S. House of Representatives' website.

Last month, the Congressional Gold Medal was awarded to the 13 U.S. servicemembers who were killed in Afghanistan during August's evacuation of U.S. citizens and Afghan nationals.

Israel govt seeks 'compromise' after Bedouin unrest

Wed, 12 January 2022,


Israeli police detain a man during a Bedouin protest in the southern Israeli village of Sa'we al-Atrash in the Negev Desert against a tree-planting project (AFP/AHMAD GHARABLI)

Israel's government on Wednesday sought to ease tensions with Bedouin over a controversial tree-planting project in the Negev desert, following days of unrest marking the latest test for a fragile coalition.

Sixteen people were arrested earlier Wednesday and five officers were lightly wounded in clashes that saw "rioters" throw stones at security forces, police said in a statement.

Bedouin, who are part of Israel's 20 percent Arab minority, have long opposed tree-planting initiatives in the Negev, blasting them as a de facto government land grab in areas they call home.

The latest unrest in the decades-long dispute has attracted fresh attention given the make-up of Israel's coalition government, led by right-wing Prime Minister Naftali Bennett.

Bennett's government counts on backing from the leader of the Islamist Raam party, Mansour Abbas, whose core political support comes from Bedouin in the Negev.

Abbas told Israel's Channel 12 news on Tuesday that his party will not vote with the coalition unless the tree planting is halted and formal negotiations with Bedouin leaders are launched to seek a compromise.

"Trees are not more important than human beings," Abbas tweeted.

A statement from Social Affairs Minister Meir Cohen said "a compromise has been reached according to which the planting work will be completed today (Wednesday) as planned and starting tomorrow, accelerated negotiations will take place."

The right-wing Regavim environmental civil society group called on Bennett's government "to take a firm position against the Raam Party's threats, to ensure that tree planting projects... are carried out as planned."

Nearly half of Israel's 300,000 Bedouin live in unrecognised villages in southern Israel's arid Negev.

They face regular home demolitions and lack of access to basic services -- including electricity, water and sanitation -- challenges Abbas insisted be addressed in exchange for backing Bennett's government.

bur-yz/bs/it

AFP

Israel Seeks Compromise With Bedouins Over Planting Trees on Disputed Desert Land

Katie Wermus -

© Mahmoud Illean/AP Photo

Israeli security forces guard during a protest held by Bedouins against tree-planting by the Jewish National Fund on disputed land near their village of al-Atrash at the Negev desert, southern Israel, Wednesday, Jan. 12, 2022. The conflict in southern Israel, which is home to Bedouin villages unrecognized by the state, has divided the Israeli government with Foreign Minister Yair Lapid calling for halting the tree-planting while the Islamist Ra'am party has threatened to withhold its votes in parliament in protest.

Israel concluded its forestation work planting trees on disputed land in the Negev Desert on Wednesday after local Arab Bedouins protested because they believed it was an attempt by the government to displace them.

The Keren Kayemet L'Yisrael-Jewish National Fund (KKL-JNF) finished its forestry work in the desert where Bedouins staged protests for three days, saying the forestry work was an attempt to move them into planned communities, The Times of Israel reported.

Protests on Tuesday night over the forestry project turned violent. People set a reporter's car on fire and blocked a major highway with burning tires. They also threw stones at trains and vehicles on the freeway and blocked the railroads, according to The Times of Israel.

At least 18 people were arrested during the unrest and five officers were injured. Four of those officers were briefly hospitalized.

The Bedouins are upset over tree planting by the KKL-JNF and believe the project is a step toward forcing them to give up their grazing lands.

However, the KKL-JNF works on nature and conservation projects across the country and said it is just doing what the government asked by planting trees on public lands.

Critics of the move to stop planting trees said the KKL-JNF had "surrendered to terror"; however, the forestation was reported to only last three days to begin with.

The Israeli government announced a compromise in which it would complete the day's planting and launch negotiations on Thursday. Authorities withdrew heavy machinery from the area as the tensions appeared to ease.

The Bedouins view the forestry project as part of a larger attempt by authorities to move them into planned communities, which the group perceives as an assault on its traditional lifestyle. Israel says they need to move into planned towns so the country can provide public services.

The latest flare-up of the dispute, which goes back decades, risks dividing Israel's fragile coalition government, the first to include an Arab party whose main base of support is in the Negev.

Foreign Minister Yair Lapid had called for halting the planting and reassessing the situation while the Islamist Ra'am party had threatened to withhold its votes in parliament in protest. Both are members of the fragile eight-party coalition that runs the government.

Ra'am, the Islamist party, secured four seats in the 120-member Knesset, Israel's parliament, in last year's elections, with strong support among Bedouin citizens of Israel. Party leader Mansour Abbas wrote on Twitter that "a tree is not more important than a person."

More hawkish members of the diverse governing coalition had pledged to press on, undeterred. Regavim, a nationalist group that is opposed to normalizing the status of Bedouin villages, accused the government of capitulating to "political pressure, strongarm tactics and violence."

Prime Minister Naftali Bennett heads an unwieldy coalition of eight parties that joined forces in June to form a government and end Israel's protracted political deadlock. They range from the small Islamist and liberal parties to ultranationalists, and were united only in their opposition to longtime leader Benjamin Netanyahu.

The Bedouins are part of Israel's Arab minority, which makes up some 20% of the country's population. They have citizenship, including the right to vote, but face discrimination. Arab citizens of Israel have close family ties to the Palestinians and largely identify with their cause.

The Associated Press contributed to this report.

Brazil’s Best-Known Hedge Fund Stumbles to a Rare Annual Loss

Vinícius Andrade
January 5, 2022·


(Bloomberg) -- One of Brazil’s largest and most renowned hedge funds posted an annual loss in 2021, notching only the second yearly decline in its more than 20-year history.

Verde Asset Management’s flagship CSHG Verde FIC FIM fund fell 1.1% last year, dragged down by a poorly timed bet on Brazilian stocks. That marked its worst performance since a 6.4% loss amid the global financial crisis of 2008, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.

The fund, which is run by industry veteran Luis Stuhlberger and has Credit Suisse Group AG as a minority holder, saw its equity investments decline after President Jair Bolsonaro’s administration scrapped a spending cap that investors saw as crucial to the country’s fiscal health. One of the best-known hedge funds in Brazil, Verde has had a return of more than 18,300% in local currency terms since its inception in 1997 and the firm has about 50 billion reais ($8.8 billion) under management, according to its website.

Verde declined to comment on the fund’s annual performance.

The unexpected decline adds to the challenges Verde and its peers face. The country’s hedge-fund industry saw net outflows last year as surging interest rates lead investors to shift into less-risky, fixed-income bets.

Downfall of Star Hedge Fund Reveals Brazil at Tipping Point

The average return of a basket of 242 Brazilian hedge funds tracked by Bloomberg in the three-month period ended Dec. 27 was 0.78%, underperforming the benchmark interbank deposit rate known as CDI by about 1 percentage point.

In October, Verde boosted exposure to Brazilian stocks following a steep sell-off, on the view that a negative outlook was already priced in, according to a letter to investors in November. But losses mounted on signs the government would breach the nation’s fiscal rules to accommodate additional spending, weighing on the fund’s performance.

The fund, which had a bad start to the fourth quarter, climbed 2.1% in December, more than double the CDI, data show.

Renovations underway to convert 2 former Edmonton hotels into affordable housing units

Construction is underway to convert two former Edmonton hotels into permanent affordable housing units for the city's most vulnerable.

© Global News The former Days Inn Hotel at 10333 University Avenue in Edmonton is being transformed into affordable housing units.

Member of the federal and municipal governments spoke Wednesday morning about two projects currently underway in Edmonton that will see the addition of 138 new permanent, affordable housing units.

The former Days Inn Hotel on University Avenue at 103 Street is being converted into up to 85 hew spaces. The southside facility will be run by The Mustard Seed.

The former Sands Hotel on Fort Road at 123 Avenue is being renovated into 53 new homes for those experiencing homelessness in the city.

The northside property will be operated by Niginan Housing Ventures, a registered non-profit charity formed to address particular housing needs and requirements of Indigenous people in Edmonton.

"These homes will be Indigenous owned and operated, which is an important step in ensuring that we focus on offering programs that support Indigenous people," Mayor Amarjeet Sohi said.

Read more:
$1.5M Edmonton housing grant aims to turn problem properties into affordable housing

The federal government is investing $14.8 million in the two projects, through the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation’s rapid housing initiative — a $1 billion program aimed at addressing the urgent shelter needs of vulnerable Canadians by quickly create new affordable housing. The City of Edmonton has committed $6.7 million.

"We believe that each and every Edmontonian deserves a safe and affordable place to call home," Minister of Housing and Diversity and Inclusion Ahmed Hussen said.

"Today's investment is about protecting our most vulnerable. It's about ensuring folks don't have to worry about where they will spend their next night.

"It is about creating a solid foundation for people to build better lives. And it's about making sure people are given the opportunity to have a place to call home."

Existing housing challenges have only been made worse by the COVID-19 pandemic. Sohi said the number of people without homes in Edmonton has more than doubled in the last two years, with more than 2,800 Edmontonians currently experiencing homelessness.

Read more:
Increase in people experiencing homelessness in Edmonton: ‘No one should die alone in a cold dark ravine’

While grateful for the federal funding, the mayor said there is still more work to be done to ensure every Edmontonians has a safe place to call home.

The city has a goal of adding 900 new affordable housing units by the end of the year. Sohi said the city is currently 512 units short of that goal.

Video: Federal government commits $1B for cities to buy motels, hotels for rapid-housing program

The mayor is calling for significant investment in affordable housing from all levels of government.

"The number one priority for me in 2022, and has been since I've taken office, is to work with the province, to work with the federal government to do whatever we can to catch up and build as many units as possible, along with working toward having more services for harm reduction, for recovery and for everything else that is necessary for us to tackle the crisis that we are facing with houselessness, and related challenges of mental health, addiction and poverty," Sohi said.

"By investing in long-term, sustainable housing we will reduce harm, we will improve community safety, we will free up space in our hospitals, we will reduce costs for policing and the justice system and we build people's capacity to participate in our economy and in our community."

Work is underway at both sites, floor-by-floor. The goal is to be finished renovations at both properties and move residents in by this summer.

NEWFOUNDLAND

Federal Court rules on the side of fishermen on Class B licence policy

GUYSBOROUGH – This newspaper reported last November on the efforts of a small group of fishermen to obtain the right to sell or pass down their Class B lobster fishing licences, which will expire when the holders die.

At the end of December, the Federal Court of Canada ruled a judicial review of the decision prohibiting the sale of a Class B licence – in a court case initiated by Newfoundland fisherman Donald Publicover – would be allowed.

Upon hearing the news that the wheels of justice had acted in the fishermen’s favour, and that change to the policy applied to Class B licences may be afoot, James MacDonald, a lifelong fisherman who currently holds a Class B lobster licence, said, “That’s tremendous and I think we deserve that … we were told, ‘Oh, if the time comes that you want to get your Class A licence back, you can get them.’ But, if we can get that, we can either hand down or sell the ones we have, that’s better than letting them die with us.”

MacDonald, who resides in Cooks Cove, Guysborough County, has been fishing in Chedabucto Bay since he was 12 years old and, at 84, he continues to head out on the water every lobster season. He’s hopeful that something will come of this recent court decision, and said, “Even to hand it down I would be satisfied.”

The background notes for the Dec. 22 decision state, “The Moonlighter Policy was designed to encourage conservation, with limitations on the availability of licences and a ‘freeze’ on the reissuance of licences.”

The argument in Justice Elizabeth Heneghan’s decision to allow a judicial review stated: “In the Decision, the Minister describes the rationale behind categorization of lobster licences, which is the conservation and sustainability of the lobster fishery. She says that the rule against non-transferability of lobster licences “form[s] an integral party of these conservation and sustainability measures … In my opinion, the Decision is not responsive to the Applicant’s request to transfer his licence. In particular, the Decision does not explain how allowing the Applicant to transfer his licence to an eligible fisher undermines the goals of the policy.”

The question of conservation, as pertains to the approximately 80 existing Class B licences held in the Atlantic region, no longer applies as it once did in the 1970s when the Class B licences were instated.

Class B licences, issued under the so-called Moonlighter Policy in 1975, were implemented to “prevent the issuance of licences to people not fully dependent” on the lobster fishery; this would allow fewer harvesters to catch more lobster per person and “support conservation by reducing the fishing effort,” stated the respondent in the case, represented by Julia McCleave, Senior Advisor, Fisheries Licensing Policy, Fisheries and Oceans, in Dartmouth, in an affidavit.

In a Jan. 7 press release, Michel P. Samson of Cox and Palmer, the firm representing Category B licence holders, said, “Simply put, DFO is defending an outdated policy that no longer applies … It is time to move forward with a new policy that provides fair treatment to elderly fishers and beneficial opportunities to multiple parties, including DFO.”

Given the age of those impacted by the policy, time is of the essence. Samson said, “If DFO appeals this decision, it's basically sending the message that they're just waiting for our clients to die.”

The Federal Court of Canada decision can be found online at: https://decisions.fct-cf.gc.ca/fc-cf/decisions/en/item/518367/index.do.

Lois Ann Dort, Local Journalism Initiative Reporter, Guysborough Journal

'Big milestone:' Insulin-producing cells grown from stem cells safe for transplant, shows Edmonton research

Nicole Bergot 

EDMONTON JOURNAL

JAN. 12,2021

Insulin-producing cells grown from stem cells are safe for transplant, say University of Alberta (U of A) researchers aiming to get diabetes patients off injected insulin forever.

 Provided by Edmonton Journal 

James Shapiro, professor of surgery, medicine and surgical oncology in the U of A's faculty of medicine and Dentistry and Canada Research Chair in transplant surgery and regenerative medicine.

The researchers include the U of A’s James Shapiro who led the team that developed the Edmonton Protocol in the 1990s — the process that allows successful transplantation of donated insulin-producing islet cells into the livers of people with Type 1 diabetes, freeing most from the need for daily insulin injections. Those patients, however, still need anti-rejection drugs, which can increase the risk of cancer and kidney damage. The number of donated islet cells available is also limited.

The goal of the research now is to develop an unlimited supply of islet cells that can be transplanted without the need for anti-rejection drugs, said a Tuesday news release from the U of A.

The research team had early success in a first in-humans clinical trial to test whether pancreatic cells grown from stem cells can be safely implanted and begin to produce insulin.

Of 17 patients who received implants, 35 per cent showed signs in their blood of insulin production after meals within six months of the implant, and 63 per cent had evidence of insulin production inside the implant devices when they were removed after one year.

“This is a very positive finding,” said Shapiro, professor of surgery, medicine and surgical oncology in the U of A’s faculty of medicine and dentistry and Canada Research Chair in transplant surgery and regenerative medicine.

“It’s not the end game, but it’s a big milestone along the road to success, demonstrating that stem cell-derived islet therapies are safe, and can begin to show some signal of efficacy in patients in the clinic.”

In the trial, adult diabetes patients at six centres in Canada, the United States and Europe received implants of several small permeable devices filled with millions of cells each. The cells were taken from stem cells, then chemically transformed into stem cells programmed to become islet cells.

The team reported on its proof of concept and safety study in a newly published paper in the journal Cell Reports Medicine.

Shapiro said that while determining safety was the main goal of this phase of the trial, at least one patient who had 10 devices implanted was able to significantly cut her insulin dose, indicating potential effectiveness.

The next step will be to determine how many stem cell-derived pancreatic cells are needed for transplant to optimize insulin production in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes patients.

“We’ve seen a lot of advances in the last 100 years since the Canadian discovery of insulin,” said Shapiro, who began the search for better diabetes treatment 38 years ago. “The race isn’t over yet, but we’re on our last laps and I really do believe that we can cross that ribbon.

“Cell-based therapies have the promise to deliver something far better than insulin therapy.”

nbergot@postmedia.com

RUSSIA

Climate change: thawing permafrost a triple-threat

Thawing Arctic permafrost laden with billions of tonnes of greenhouse gases not only threatens the region's critical infrastructure but life across the planet, according a comprehensive scientific review.


© Natalia KOLESNIKOVA

Wellhead equipment at the Utrenneye field, the resource base for Novatek's Arctic LNG 2 project, located in the Gydan Peninsula on the Kara Sea shore line in the Arctic circle

Nearly 70 percent of the roads, pipelines, cities and industry -- mostly in Russia -- built on the region's softening ground are highly vulnerable to acute damage by mid-century, according to one of half-a-dozen studies on permafrost published this week by Nature.


© Alain BOMMENEL

Permafrost zones in the northern hemisphere

Another study warns that methane and CO2 escaping from long-frozen soil could accelerate warming and overwhelm global efforts to cap the rise in Earth's temperature at livable levels.

Exposure of highly combustible organic matter no longer locked away by ice is also fuelling unprecedented wildfires, making permafrost a triple threat, the studies report.

Blanketing a quarter of the northern hemisphere's land mass, permafrost contains twice the carbon currently in the atmosphere, and triple the amount emitted by human activity since 1850.

By definition, it is ground that has been at temperatures colder than zero degrees Celsius (32F) for more than two years, though much permafrost is thousands of years old.

Temperatures in the Arctic region have risen two to three times more quickly over the last half-century than for the world as a whole -- two to three degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.

The region has also seen a series of freakish weather anomalies, with temperatures in winter flaring up to 40C above previous averages.

Permafrost itself has, on average, warmed nearly 0.4C from 2007 to 2016, "raising concerns about the rapid rate of thaw and potential old carbon release," note researchers led by Kimberley Miner, a scientist at the California Institute of Technology's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

- Zombie fires -

Their study projects a loss of some four million square kilometres of permafrost by 2100 even under a scenario in which greenhouse gas emissions are significantly reduced in the coming decades.

Rising temperatures are not the only driver of accelerated melting.

Arctic wildfires rapidly expand the layer of permafrost subject to thawing, the researchers point out.

As the climate warms, these remote, uncontrolled blazes are projected to increase 130% to 350% by mid-century, releasing more and more permafrost carbon.

Indeed, thawing renders buried organic carbon more flammable, giving rise to "zombie fires" that smoulder throughout frigid winters before igniting again in Spring and Summer.

"These below-ground fires could release legacy carbon from environments previously thought to be fire-resistant," Miner and colleagues warn.

The most immediate threat is to the region's infrastructure.

Northern hemisphere permafrost supports some 120,000 buildings, 40,000 kilometres (25,000 miles) of roads and 9,500 kilometres of pipelines, according to another study led by Jan Hjort, a scientist at Finland's University of Oulu.

"The strength of soil drops substantially as temperatures rise above the melting point and ground ice melts," the study noted.

No country is more vulnerable than Russia, where several large cities and substantial industrial plant sit atop frozen soil.

Some 80 percent of buildings in the city of Vorkuta are already showing deformations caused by shifting permafrost.

Nearly half of oil and gas extraction fields in the Russian Arctic are in areas with permafrost hazards threatening current infrastructure and future developments.

© Irina YARINSKAYA

Clean-up operation following a massive fuel spill in the Ambarnaya River outside Norilsk on June 10, 2020.

- Sudden collapse -

In 2020, a fuel tank ruptured after its supports suddenly sank into the ground near the Siberian city of Norilsk, spilling 21,000 tonnes of diesel into nearby rivers.

Thawing permafrost was blamed for weakening the plant's foundation.

North America does not have large industrial centres built on permafrost, but tens of thousands of kilometres of roads and pipelines are increasingly vulnerable too.

While scientists know far more than a decade ago, basic questions remain unanswered as to how much carbon may be released as Arctic soil warms.

As a result, "permafrost dynamics are often not included in Earth system models," which means their potential impact of Earth's rising temperature are not adequately taken into account, Miner and colleagues note.

This is especially true, they warn, for the sudden structural collapse of permafrost, a process known as thermokarst.

It is also still an open question as to whether climate shifts will cause the Arctic region to become drier or wetter.

The answer has huge implications.

"In a greener, wetter Arctic, plants will offset some or all permafrost carbon emissions," the authors not.

In a browner, drier Arctic, however, CO2 emissions from decomposing soils and the amount of ever-more flammable fuels for wildfires will increase.

Permafrost covers 30 million square kilometres, roughly half of it in the Arctic, and a million km2 across the Tibetan Plateau. Most of the rest was covered when seas rose at the end of the last ice age.

mh/pvh

France's new-generation nuclear plant delayed again


The French government is banking on new nuclear plants to hit its targets for reducing carbon dioxide emissions (AFP/CHARLY TRIBALLEAU)


Julien MIVIELLE, Tom BARFIELD
Wed, January 12, 2022

Electricity giant EDF on Wednesday announced a further delay and cost overruns for France's flagship new-generation nuclear plant, in a blow to President Emmanuel Macron's strategy of making atomic power a cornerstone of energy policy.

EDF said that the Flamanville plant on the Channel coast would not be loaded with fuel until the "second quarter of 2023", instead of late 2022.

The statement came after Macron announced plans for new reactors to provide low-carbon energy and as France backs classing nuclear as a "green" technology under future EU rules.

Projected costs had increased by another 300 million euros ($340 million) to 12.7 billion euros, EDF said -- around four times more than the initial forecast of 3.3 billion euros.

Construction on the new-generation EPR plant began in 2007, and was supposed to be finished in 2012.

In November, Macron had announced that "for the first time in decades, we will restart construction of nuclear reactors in our country" -- as well as "developing renewable energy".

The plans would "guarantee France's energy independence" and help reach its goal of being carbon neutral by 2050, he added.

But the president, who has yet to officially confirm that he plans to stand for re-election in April, was short on details like where or when the new plants would be built.

The Flamanville overruns were "a fiasco at the French public's expense", said Greens presidential candidate Yannick Jadot.

Left-wing candidate Jean-Luc Melenchon called the news a "shipwreck for the nuclear sector" -- long one of the crown jewels of French industry.

- Brussels battle -

With 56 reactors providing over 70 percent of France's electricity, according to EDF, Paris has led the charge for nuclear power to be recognised by the European Union as a green technology eligible for carbon-neutral investment.

Allying with eastern EU member states like Poland and the Czech Republic, the push to include atomic energy in the so-called green "taxonomy" has set it at odds with traditional partner Germany.

Berlin is in the process of shutting all its nuclear plants by the end of this year and Germany's governing coalition now includes the Green party, rooted in part in opposition to the technology going back to the 1970s.

Environment Minister Steffi Lemke has said it would be "absolutely wrong" to include nuclear energy on the list, as it "can lead to devastating environmental catastrophes".

"We agree to disagree on the issue" with the French, German Europe Minister Anna Luehrmann told AFP last week.

Germany's no-nuclear policy has not been without its disadvantages, with critics saying it has delayed the country's exit from coal power and made it more dependent on natural gas from Russia.

- Endless delays -

State-controlled EDF said Wednesday that the latest delay at Flamanville was partly due to "an industrial context that has been made more difficult by the pandemic".

The plant has experienced multiple technical setbacks, with the national nuclear watchdog identifying problems with welding in 2019 which had to be redone.

Although Flamanville is the only reactor under construction in France, three others are in operation around the world: two in China and one in Finland.

EDF was also picked to build a two-reactor plant at Hinkley Point in southwest England in 2016, but this project too has been hit by delays and cost overruns.

Many of France's existing nuclear plants are coming to the end of their expected lifespans of 40 years.

If the reactor is loaded with fuel in Flamanville in the middle of next year, it would be expected to begin commercial operations around five or six months later.

The government has said a coal plant at Cordemais in western France will be allowed to operate until 2024 until the Flamanville site is brought online.

jmi/adp-tgb/sjw/lth

Russian baby tiger fights for life after frostbite, surgery

The tiger cub receiving treatment from veterinary doctors at the rare breeds rehabilitation 

centre in the village of Alekseevka in Russia's Far East.

 JANUARY 12, 2022

Russian animal rescuers said Wednesday they were fighting for the life of an Amur tiger cub who had been found dying from exhaustion and frostbite in the country's far east.

An emaciated female tiger cub aged around four or five months and suffering from severe frostbite and injuries was found by a local fisherman on a river bank in the south of the Primorye region late last year.

The fisherman reported the find to wildlife carers who evacuated the cub to a rehabilitation centre, said Amur Tiger Centre.

"External examination showed that she was severely exhausted as a result of which the tip of her tail was frostbitten," the centre said, adding that the cub's lower jaw also became necrotic after an injury.

The tiger, who weighed just around 20 kilogrammes (44 pounds)—roughly half the norm—when she was found, underwent an intense rehabilitation course and gained about 10 kilogrammes in preparation for surgery. The dead tip of her tail was also cut off.

Late last week the cub underwent a 2.5-hour operation, with doctors transplanting healthy tissue to repair her jaw.

The surgery was succesful but it is too early to make any predictions and say if it will be possible to release the cub back into the wild, said Amur Tiger Centre.

Amur tigers are an endangered species. AKA SIBERIAN TIGER

The ailing tiger underwent surgery to repair its jaw.

"The most important thing right now is to halt the tissue necrosis and save the tiger's life," said Sergei Aramilev, the centre's head. "People are doing their best."

Russia and China are home to the big cats which are also known as Siberian tigers and are listed as "endangered" by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's Red List.

There are around 600 tigers in Russia, said Pyotr Osipov, head of the Amur branch at WWF.

"Heavy snowfall and changes in temperature have significantly complicated tigers' life this winter," Osipov told AFP, adding that two tiger cubs had recently been found frozen to death.

President Vladimir Putin has personally championed the protection of the Amur tiger.

In 2010, Putin, then the country's prime minister, hosted an unprecedented 13-state summit that aimed at doubling the big cat's population.Russian, Chinese smugglers arrested with tonne of bear paws: NGO

© 2022 AFP