Research shows how music can reduce distress

Music therapy has unique role in improving wellbeing in advanced dementia care

Anglia Ruskin University

A new study has demonstrated for the first time how and why music can reduce distress and agitation for people with advanced dementia.

There are an estimated one million people living with dementia in the UK and over half are diagnosed with advanced dementia, which can require specialist care and is often accompanied by behaviour such as agitation, aggression, wandering, and resistance to care.

Published in the journal Nature Mental Health, the research reveals the different benefits of music therapy, identifies mechanisms to explain why music can have these effects, and provides a blueprint for implementing effective music therapy for people with advanced dementia.

Music therapy, delivered by trained therapists, can include singing, playing or listening to music. The therapist can also identify specific ways that music can be used by families and carers in an individual’s daily care routine.

The new study, led by Naomi Thompson of Anglia Ruskin University (ARU) in Cambridge, England, is the first music therapy dementia care realist review, which combines academic research with stakeholder input to develop guidelines for delivering personalised interventions.

The research shows that if music therapy is designed to individual needs, it can deliver an immediate, short-term reduction in agitation and anxiety for individuals with advanced dementia, and improvements in attention, engagement, alertness and mood. Musical interactions can help people feel safer and more orientated in their surroundings, which can lower levels of distress and improve wellbeing.

This effect happens because music, whether playing, singing or listening, delivers cognitive and sensory stimulation, activates networks across both sides of the brain enabling access to the person’s remaining abilities and memories, and helps people manage their emotions and remain calm. Music can also be tailored to reduce physiological stress, specifically in the autonomic nervous system.

Music-evoked memories, especially those triggered by familiar music, are recalled more quickly and are more positive and specific than memories recalled without music, and often relate to earlier in the person’s life. Songs from when the individual was aged between 10–30 years old are found to be the most effective.

As a form of nonverbal communication, music is accessible regardless of cognitive impairment or musical ability, and provides opportunities for social interaction with staff, carers and fellow patients or care home residents.

The study recommends that music therapists train other professionals, ensuring all staff involved in the care of people with advanced dementia can use music, regardless of their experience. Resources, including musical instruments and information about how to produce personalised playlists, should be available, and families should be encouraged to use music to support their relatives.

Engaging in music may also benefit care staff and family members by reducing their levels of stress and improving their wellbeing. It can deliver meaningful moments that may be different to the carers’ usual interactions, it can foster empathy, and it can help staff better engage with the person with dementia, especially during times of increased distress.

The study involved interviews with staff and music therapists on inpatient mental health dementia wards at the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, a systematic review of published research, and a national survey of healthcare professionals. The researchers also collaborated with the dementia specialist nursing charity Dementia UK.

Lead author Naomi Thompson, of Anglia Ruskin University’s Cambridge Institute for Music Therapy Research, said: “With an aging population and increasing numbers of people diagnosed with dementia, music is a relatively straightforward and cost-effective way of improving the quality of life of those affected.

“Our study not only shows why music therapy is successful – including meeting the person’s need for stimulation, supporting familiarity through memories, encouraging relationship and emotional expression, and crucially helping with the reduction of distress and anxiety – it also paves the way for its wider use in dementia care.

“Music, in particular recorded music, is an accessible way for staff and families to help manage distress, and music therapists can advise on tailoring music for individuals. Just as a doctor prescribes medications with a specific dose and frequency, a music therapist can outline an individualised programme, setting out how music should be used throughout someone’s day to reduce distress and improve their wellbeing.”

Co-author Dr Ben Underwood, Research and Development Director at Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust and Associate Professor at the University of Cambridge, said: “People with advanced dementia can sometimes become quite distressed and we need to find the best ways to help them. Music is one thing which can help, and so I am excited to see such high-quality work being done in partnership to see how we can bring music therapy to NHS dementia patients.”

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Journal

Nature Mental Health

DOI

10.1038/s44220-024-00342-x 

Article Title

How and why music therapy reduces distress and improves well-being in advanced dementia care: a realist review

 

Virginia Tech study extends chart of life by nearly 1.5 billion years

Ancient species may have evolved slower and lasted longer, but the pace of evolution accelerated after global ice ages, according to a new Virginia Tech analysis. The study, published in the journal Science, maps the rise and fall of ancient life many tim

Peer-Reviewed Publication

Virginia Tech

 

image: 

Geobiologist Shuhai Xiao (at left) and colleague in the field in Canada.

view more 

Credit: Photo courtesy of Danielle Fitzgerald.

If all the world's a stage and all the species merely players, then their exits and entrances can be found in the rock record.

Fossilized skeletons and shells clearly show how evolution and extinction unfolded over the past half a billion years, but a new Virginia Tech analysis extends the chart of life to nearly 2 billion years ago.

The chart shows the relative ups and downs in species counts, telling scientists about the origin, diversification, and extinction of ancient life.

With this new study, the chart of life now includes life forms from the Proterozoic Eon, 2,500 million to 539 million years ago. Proterozoic life was generally smaller and squishier — like sea sponges that didn’t develop mineral skeletons — and left fewer traces to fossilize in the first place.  

Virginia Tech geobiologist Shuhai Xiao and collaborators published a high-resolution analysis of the global diversity of Proterozoic life based on a global compilation of fossil data, which was released Dec. 20 in the journal Science.

Xiao and his team looked specifically at records of ancient marine eukaryotes — organisms whose cells contain a nucleus. Early eukaryotes later evolved into the multicellular organisms credited for ushering in a whole new era for life on Earth, including animals, plants, and fungi.

“This is the most comprehensive and up-to-date analysis of this period to date,” said Xiao who recently was inducted into the National Academy of Sciences. “And more importantly, we’ve used a graphic correlation program that allowed us to achieve greater temporal resolution.”

The choreography of species offers critical insights into the parallel paths of the evolution of life and Earth.

Observed patterns and insights suggested by the analysis:

• The first eukaryotes arose no later than 1.8 billion years ago and gradually evolved to a stable level of diversity from about 1,450 million to 720 million years ago, a period aptly known as the “boring billion,” when species turnover rates were remarkably low.
• Eukaryotic species in the “boring billion” may have evolved slower and lasted longer than those came later.
• Then cataclysm: Snowball Earth, a spiral of plunging temperatures, sealed the planet in ice at least twice between 720 million and 635 million years ago. When the ice eventually thawed, evolutionary activity picked up, and things weren’t so boring anymore.

“The ice ages were a major factor that reset the evolutionary path in terms of diversity and dynamics,” Xiao said. “We see rapid turnover of eukaryotic species immediately after glaciation. That’s a major finding.”

The patterns, Xiao said, raise a lot of interesting questions, including:

• Why was eukaryotic evolution sluggish during the “boring billion”?
• What factors contributed to the increased pace of evolution after snowball ice ages?
  • Was it environmental, such as climate changes and increases in atmospheric oxygen level?
  • Was it an evolutionary arms race between different organisms that could drive creatures to evolve quickly?

Future scientists can use the quantified pattern to answer these questions and better understand the complex interplay of life on Earth and the Earth itself.

Study collaborators include:

• Qing Tang, first author, former graduate student and postdoctoral researcher, now at Nanjing University, as well as former graduate students Drew Muscente, now at Princeton Consultants, and Natalia Bykova, now at the University of Missouri, who worked in Xiao’s lab in the past decade
• Researchers from the University of Hong Kong; University of California, Santa Barbara; Princeton Consultants; University of Missouri; Russian Academy of Sciences; University of California, Riverside; Chinese Academy of Sciences; and Northwest University (China)

Proterozoic Eon 

fied summary diagram shows the relative diversity of eukaryotic fossils throughout the Proterozoic Eon.

Credit

Graphic courtesy of Qing Tang of Nanjing University and Shuhai Xiao of Virginia Tech.

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Journal

Science

DOI

10.1126/science.adm9137 

Article Title

Quantifying the global biodiversity of Proterozoic eukaryotes

Article Publication Date

20-Dec-2024

Disclaimer: AAAS a

 

Early warning tool will help control huge locust swarms

University of Cambridge

 

image: 

This migratory pest can reach plague proportions, and a swarm covering one square kilometre can consume enough food in one day to feed 35,000 people.

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Credit: Keith Cressman, FAO

Desert locusts typically lead solitary lives until something - like intense rainfall - triggers them to swarm in vast numbers, often with devastating consequences. 

This migratory pest can reach plague proportions, and a swarm covering one square kilometre can consume enough food in one day to feed 35,000 people. Such extensive crop destruction pushes up local food prices and can lead to riots and mass starvation.

Now a team led by the University of Cambridge has developed a way to predict when and where desert locusts will swarm, so they can be dealt with before the problem gets out of hand. 

It uses weather forecast data from the UK Met Office, and state-of the-art computational models of the insects’ movements in the air, to predict where swarms will go as they search for new feeding and breeding grounds. The areas likely to be affected can then be sprayed with pesticides.

Until now, predicting and controlling locust swarms has been ‘hit and miss’, according to the researchers. Their new model, published today in the journal PLOS Computational Biology, will enable national agencies to respond quickly to a developing locust threat.

Desert locust control is a top priority for food security: it is the biggest migratory pest for smallholder farmers in many regions of Africa and Asia, and capable of long-distance travel across national boundaries.

Climate change is expected to drive more frequent desert locust swarms, by causing trigger events like cyclones and intense rainfall. These bring moisture to desert regions that allows plants to thrive, providing food for locusts that triggers their breeding.

“During a desert locust outbreak we can now predict where swarms will go several days in advance, so we can control them at particular sites. And if they’re not controlled at those sites, we can predict where they’ll go next so preparations can be made there,” said Dr Renata Retkute, a researcher in the University of Cambridge’s Department of Plant Sciences and first author of the paper.

“The important thing is to respond quickly if there’s likely to be a big locust upsurge, before it causes a major crop loss.  Huge swarms can lead to really desperate situations where people could starve,” said Professor Chris Gilligan in the University of Cambridge’s Department of Plant Sciences, senior author of the paper.

He added: “Our model will allow us to hit the ground running in future, rather than starting from scratch as has historically been the case.”

The team noticed the need for a comprehensive model of desert locust behaviour during the response to a massive upsurge over 2019-2021, which extended from Kenya to India and put huge strain on wheat production in these regions. The infestations destroyed sugarcane, sorghum, maize and root crops. The researchers say the scientific response was hampered by the need to gather and integrate information from a range of disparate sources.

“The response to the last locust upsurge was very ad-hoc, and less efficient than it could have been. We’ve created a comprehensive model that can be used next time to control this devastating pest,” said Retkute. 

Although models like this have been attempted before, this is the first that can rapidly and reliably predict swarm behaviour. It takes into account the insects’ lifecycle and their selection of breeding sites, and can forecast locust swarm movements both short and long-term. 

The new model has been rigorously tested using real surveillance and weather data from the last major locust upsurge. It will inform surveillance, early warning, and management of desert locust swarms by national governments, and international organisations like the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO).

The researchers say countries that haven’t experienced a locust upsurge in many years are often ill-prepared to respond, lacking the necessary surveillance teams, aircraft and pesticides. As climate change alters the movement and spread of major swarms, better planning is needed - making the new model a timely development.
 

Locust swarm in Ethiopia 

A team led by the University of Cambridge has developed a way to predict when and where desert locusts will swarm, so they can be dealt with before the problem gets out of hand. 

Credit

Keith Cressman, FAO

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Journal

PLOS Computational Biology

DOI

10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012562 

Article Title

A framework for modelling desert locust population dynamics and large-scale dispersal.

Article Publication Date

19-Dec-2024

 

Denali Fault tore apart ancient joining of two landmasses

University of Alaska Fairbanks

New research shows that three sites spread along an approximately 620-mile portion of today’s Denali Fault were once a smaller united geologic feature indicative of the final joining of two land masses. That feature was then torn apart by millions of years of tectonic activity.

The work, led by associate professor Sean Regan at the University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute and UAF College of Natural Science and Mathematics, is featured on the cover of the December edition of Geology, the journal of The Geological Society of America.

Regan is the research paper’s lead author. UAF co-authors include doctoral student McKenzie Miller, recent master’s graduate Sean Marble and research assistant professor Florian Hofmann. Other co-authors are from St. Lawrence University, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology and the University of California, Santa Barbara.

“Our understanding of lithospheric growth, or plate growth, along the western margin in North America is becoming clearer, and a big part of that is related to reconstruction of strike-slip faults such as the Denali Fault,” Regan said. “We’re starting to recognize those primary features involved in the stitching, or the suturing, of once-distant land masses to the North American plate.”

The research focused on formations at three locations: the Clearwater Mountains of Southcentral Alaska, the Kluane Lake region of Canada’s southwestern Yukon, and the Coast Mountains near Juneau. Previous thinking among geologists is mixed, with some suggesting the three locations formed individually.

Regan’s historical reconstruction of 300 miles of horizontal movement on the Denali Fault over millions of years found that the three locations at one time formed a terminal suture zone. A terminal suture zone represents the final integration of tectonic plates or crustal fragments into a larger mass.

Regan’s work defines one of several places where the Wrangellia Composite Terrane, an oceanic plate that originated far from its current position, accreted to the western edge of North America between 72 million and 56 million years ago.

“When you think about geologists crawling around Earth’s surface trying to understand what the heck happened, it makes some sense that they might not link things that are so far apart,” Regan said of the three sites he studied. “With different geologists working in different areas, the dots don’t really get connected until you can reconstruct deformation on the Denali Fault.”

Regan’s reconstruction focused on the three sites’ inverted metamorphism, a geological phenomenon where rocks formed under higher temperatures and pressures are found overlying rocks formed under lower temperatures and pressures. This is the reverse of the typical sequence observed in regional metamorphism, where temperature and pressure generally increase with depth.

Inverted metamorphism is a key indicator of tectonic complexity and helps geologists reconstruct the processes of crustal deformation and mountain building.

“We showed that each of these three independent inverted metamorphic belts all formed at the same time under similar conditions,” Regan said. “And all occupy a very similar structural setting. Not only are they the same age, they all behaved in a similar fashion. They decrease in age, structurally, downward.”

Regan connected the three locations by analyzing their monazite, which consists of the rare earth elements lanthanum, cerium, neodymium and sometimes yttrium. He collected monazite from the two Alaska locations and used Kluane data published earlier in the year by another scientist.

“It is just the most special little mineral,” Regan said. “It can participate in a lot of reactions, so we can use it as a way to track the mineralogical evolution of a rock.”

Regan began his quest after reading a 1993 paper by researchers at the University of Alberta and University British Columbia and published in Geology. That paper asserted similarities in the Denali Fault region later studied by Regan, but only went as far as labeling them as a single metamorphic-plutonic belt. 

A metamorphic-plutonic belt is a region characterized by the close association of metamorphic rocks and plutonic rocks that form as a result of intense tectonic activity, typically during mountain-building processes. These belts are commonly found in areas where tectonic plates converge.

“It was amazing to me that the 1993 paper hadn’t caught more attention back in the day,” Regan said. “I had this paper hung up on my wall for the last four years, because I thought it was really ahead of its time.”

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CONTACTS:

• Sean Regan, University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, sregan5@alaska.edu

• Rod Boyce, University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, 907-474-7185, rcboyce@alaska.edu

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Journal

Geology

DOI

10.1130/G52614.1 

Article Title

Orogen-scale inverted metamorphism during Cretaceous–Paleogene terminal suturing along the North American Cordillera, Alaska, USA

 

New study highlights ethical challenges in conducting cannabis research in Canada

CAMH-led research reveals systemic barriers and ethical considerations in industry-funded cannabis research in Canada

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health

December 18, 2024 (Toronto, Canada) – In the first study of its kind, research led by the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) sheds light on the ethical complexities and systemic barriers facing scientists conducting cannabis research funded by the for-profit cannabis industry.

Recently published in the journal Social Science & Medicine, the qualitative study titled Canadian cannabis researcher perspectives on the conduct and sponsorship of scientific research by the for-profit cannabis industry reveals that while researchers are driven by a commitment to public health and high-quality research, systemic barriers often force them to rely on industry partnerships. Researchers adopt personal strategies—such as prioritizing transparency, aligning values, and maintaining independence—to navigate these relationships. However, the study emphasizes that these challenges reflect structural issues that require systemic, rather than individual, solutions.

“Cannabis researchers are deeply committed to conducting meaningful work that advances knowledge and improves lives,” said Dr. Daniel Buchman, CAMH Scientist. “However, we found that cannabis researchers perceive that the structural barriers and the regulatory context place them in a difficult position where they are concerned about scientific integrity, agenda bias, and conflicts of interest.”

The study involved 38 semi-structured interviews with a diverse group of academic researchers, peer researchers, and clinicians across all Canadian provinces. Participants were recruited through professional networks, email invitations, and snowball sampling, ensuring a wide range of perspectives across age, gender, geography, and racial and ethnic identities. Thematic analysis of the interviews provided a comprehensive understanding of the ethical and practical challenges posed by industry sponsorship in cannabis research.

Key recommendations in the study include increasing public funding for cannabis research to reduce reliance on industry sponsorship, enhancing transparency about industry relationships, and ensuring that research agendas are not unduly influenced by industry interests. The study also suggests implementing institutional policies that promote independence and integrity in research, such as clear guidelines for managing conflicts of interest and fostering collaborations that align with public health goals. These measures aim to safeguard the integrity of cannabis research and ensure it benefits public health.

This work builds on previous research by Buchman’s team investigating industry partnerships in cannabis studies. A 2023 paper, Cannabis companies and the sponsorship of scientific research: A cross-sectional Canadian case study, found that for-profit cannabis companies have been sponsoring, financially and non-financially, cannabis research since the legalization of recreational cannabis in Canada in 2018. The study highlighted concerns about the “funding effect,” where industry sponsorship could lead to biased, sponsor-favorable outcomes. It underscored the need for greater understanding of Canada’s regulatory environment, which often necessitates researcher-industry collaboration for certain cannabis studies.

Dr. Klara Vichnevetski, Director of the CAMH Technology Transfer and Industry Partnerships Office, who was not involved in this study, added: “As the cannabis research landscape evolves, this study underscores the importance of fostering transparent and ethical industry collaborations. By addressing potential biases in industry-sponsored research, we can build responsible partnerships that uphold high-quality, impactful research while maintaining academic integrity and public trust.”

CAMH is a Canadian leader in cannabis research, having conducted 60 cannabis-related studies over the past several years in a variety of areas, including its impact on impairing drivers, the association between cannabis and psychosis, and more.

CAMH maintains the highest ethical standards in procuring cannabis for research purposes through a well-regulated, arms-length process. Our researchers often obtain cannabis products directly from the Ontario Cannabis Store (OCS), a legally authorized organization that ensures all products meet federal Good Production Practices (GPP) requirements. By purchasing through the OCS, which serves as an intermediary between the cannabis industry and end users, CAMH maintains independence from industry players. This structured procurement approach helps safeguard the research integrity by eliminating potential conflicts of interest and ensuring that all cannabis products used in research meets rigorous quality standards.
 
This research underscores the timely need for systemic reforms to ensure ethical standards and public trust in the rapidly growing field of cannabis research

As summarized by Dr. Sophie Soklaridis, Scientific Director and Research Chair of Recovery and Equity-Focused Mental Health Education Research at CAMH, and paper co-author: “Over one-third of Canadian adults use cannabis, though stigma likely means the true number is higher. Our research is clear: increased government-funded research and clearer regulations would enhance our understanding of cannabis use through independent, robust studies to better inform cannabis users in our country and around the world.”

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About the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH)

CAMH is Canada's largest mental health and addiction teaching hospital and a world leading research centre in this field. CAMH combines clinical care, research, education, policy development and health promotion to help transform the lives of people affected by mental illness and addiction. CAMH is fully affiliated with the University of Toronto, and is a Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization Collaborating Centre. For more information, please visit camh.ca or follow @CAMHnews on X, formerly Twitter.

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Journal

Social Science & Medicine

DOI

10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117556 

Method of Research

Survey

Subject of Research

People

Article Title

Canadian cannabis researcher perspectives on the conduct and sponsorship of scientific research by the for-profit cannabis industry

Article Publication Date

18-Dec-2024

Changes in store for atmospheric rivers

Warming climate will affect the storms differently in California, Pacific Northwest

National Center for Atmospheric Research/University Corporation for Atmospheric Research

Communities up and down the West Coast of the United States can expect the potent storms known as atmospheric rivers to evolve as the climate warms. But residents in Southern California will see much different changes than residents in more northerly locations like Seattle.

New research, led by scientists at the U.S. National Science Foundation National Center for Atmospheric Research (NSF NCAR), found that warming conditions will increase evaporation of ocean waters and significantly alter atmospheric rivers to the south. Farther north, however, atmospheric rivers will be most influenced by rising temperatures in the ocean and atmosphere.

While such differing processes may seem arcane, they will have real-world consequences for millions of people. By 2100, for example, atmospheric rivers that strike the Pacific Northwest could increase flooding risks by temporarily raising the heights of ocean waters as much as three times more than current storms if society continues to emit greenhouse gases at a high rate. Residents of Southern California will also experience higher storm-driven waters, but not to the extent of those living farther north.

“On the ground, people will see a different response between the Southern California coast and the Pacific Northwest,” said NSF NCAR scientist Christine Shields, a co-lead author of the new study. “It’s not a one-size-fits-all situation. You have these regional responses that can be quite different.”

The study, in Nature Communications Earth & Environment, was by a research team that included co-lead author NSF NCAR scientist Hui Li and additional co-authors from NSF NCAR, Texas A&M University, and Pennsylvania State University. The work was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy and NSF.

Rivers in the sky

Atmospheric rivers are long and narrow “rivers in the sky” that meander from lower to higher latitudes, transporting enormous amounts of water. The most powerful atmospheric rivers can unleash torrential rains and cause widespread flooding, especially when they stall over vulnerable watersheds. But they’re also a vital feature of Earth’s hydrological cycle, often delivering needed moisture and replenishing snowpacks.

Past research has shown that climate change is likely to make atmospheric rivers larger and stronger, potentially wreaking more havoc on vulnerable communities. As is the case with other types of storms, a warmer climate means the atmosphere can hold more moisture, thereby increasing the amount of precipitation that a storm can release.

In the new study, Shields, Li, and their co-authors focused on the impacts of Pacific atmospheric rivers on the upper region of the ocean. They wanted to gain insights into how future storms are likely to affect oceanic variables such as the surface temperature and height and the mixing of waters at different depths. Such variables have implications for fisheries and coastal communities.

To simulate future atmospheric rivers, the research team used a high-resolution version of the NSF NCAR–based Community Climate System Model. This enabled them to get an unusually detailed view of atmospheric processes every 25 kilometers (about 16 miles) and an even more detailed view of ocean processes every 10 kilometers (6 miles) — a simulation so fine that they could recreate individual ocean eddies. The simulations required large amounts of computing, and the scientists ran some of them on the Derecho supercomputer at the NSF NCAR-Wyoming Supercomputing Center.

To the surprise of the scientists, the simulations revealed that a warming climate will have greatly varying impacts on atmospheric rivers in different locations along the West Coast — and, potentially, other regions around the globe.

Atmospheric rivers currently are driven in part by the evaporation of ocean waters, which temporarily cools the atmosphere and propels the storms forward. In a warmer world, that process will be amplified for a type of atmospheric river, known as a “Pineapple Express,” that plows into Southern California.

But atmospheric rivers that crash into Northern California and the Pacific Northwest will begin to be affected instead by warmer temperatures in both the atmosphere and ocean. These temperatures will fuel more powerful storms and lead to a dramatic increase in sea level height for several days as the atmospheric river approaches the coast and makes landfall.

Although more research is needed to tease out the reason for these differing effects, Shields noted that atmospheric rivers are affected by varying processes even in the current climate. The Pineapple Express, for example, moves along a subtropical jet of very moist air from Hawaii to Southern California. In contrast, atmospheric rivers to the north are often connected with a less moist polar jet of air. They tend to be windier and more meandering than the Pineapple Express.

Regardless of the processes, vulnerable communities on the West Coast can expect the storms to change and become more powerful.

“Atmospheric rivers are like tropical cyclones in that they pack powerful winds and carry enormous amounts of water that can devastate local infrastructure,” Shields said. “Communities need to understand how they will change in the future so they can adapt and plan.”

The modeling also showed that the complex downstream and upstream effects of atmospheric rivers on the upper region of the ocean will evolve as the climate warms. 

“The strong winds and precipitation linked to atmospheric rivers can significantly impact the upper ocean, potentially impacting ocean dynamics and ecosystems over larger spatial scales and longer timescales than the present,” Li said. “It is important to understand the influence of atmospheric rivers under the current climate and how they may change in the future.”

About the paper

Title: “Response of the upper ocean to northeast Pacific atmospheric rivers under climate change”
Authors: Christine A. Shields, Hui Li, Frederic S. Castruccio, Dan Fu, Kyle Nardi, Xue Liu, and Colin Zarzycki 
Publication: Nature Communications Earth & Environment

 

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Journal

Nature Communications

DOI

10.1038/s43247-024-01774-0 

Article Title

Response of the upper ocean to northeast Pacific atmospheric rivers under climate change

 

Patience isn't a virtue; it's a coping mechanism

Studies sought to better define what constitutes patience, and impatience, and the factors that determine them

University of California - Riverside

Patience — like its corollary impatience — has always been a sort of “I know it when I see it” concept. And that didn’t sit well with UC Riverside psychology researcher Kate Sweeny.

“Philosophers and religious scholars call patience a virtue, yet most people claim to be impatient,” Sweeny said. “That made me wonder if maybe patience is less about being a good person and more about how we deal with day-to-day frustrations.”

For purposes of her research, Sweeny sought to better define what constitutes patience, and impatience, and the factors that determine them.

Impatience, she concluded across three studies of 1,200 people, is the emotion people feel when they face a delay that seems unfair, unreasonable, or inappropriate—like a traffic jam outside of rush hour, or a meeting that should have ended 15 minutes ago. Patience, then, is how we cope with those feelings of impatience.

The studies’ findings were published recently in the journal Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin in the article “When Time is the Enemy: An Initial Test of the Process Model of Patience.”

Psychologists use the term “emotion regulation” to capture the many strategies people use to reduce (or sometimes increase) the intensity of their emotions. Patience, Sweeny asserts in a companion theoretical paper, is the subset of these strategies that particularly target feelings of impatience.

The first studies to test that idea were recently published in the article “When Time is the Enemy: An Initial Test of the Process Model of Patience,” in the journal Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.

The studies asked participants to consider their responses to various frustrating situations one might encounter in everyday life. One depicted a traffic jam, another described a long, boring meeting, and others prompted them to imagine being stuck in a waiting room.

Participants indicated how impatient they would feel in response to each, then whether they would counter their impatience through strategies like distraction, deep breathing, or seeing the upsides of the situation.

The study results identified three scenarios that create a “perfect storm” for impatience: when the stakes are relatively high (traffic on the way to a favorite band’s concert), when the state of waiting is unpleasant (no seats and no distractions at the DMV), and when someone is clearly to blame for the delay (the lab forgot to process your medical test). People also felt more impatient when a delay was longer than they anticipated—but surprisingly, not when they delay was relatively long or short.

Although nearly everyone in the studies said they would feel at least a bit impatient when facing those frustrating situations, some people were more patient than others. Participants who were more comfortable with open-ended situations and more emotionally stable (i.e., low in need for closure and neuroticism) said they wouldn’t feel too impatient in those scenarios; those who were more emotionally skilled and better at self-regulation said they would respond more patiently, even if they initially felt impatient. Being agreeable and high in empathy also predicted patience.

“Our initial findings support many of our ideas about patience and impatience,” Sweeny concludes. “We have a lot still to learn, but our approach is quite promising in terms of helping people to manage feelings of impatience and ultimately become more patient in their daily lives.”

Co-authors for “When Time is the Enemy” included graduate researchers Jason Hawes and Olivia T. Karaman. The companion theoretical paper, “On (Im)Patience: A New Approach to an Old Virtue,” was published in the journal Personality and Social Psychology Review. 

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Journal

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

DOI

10.1177/01461672241284028 

Method of Research

Experimental study

Subject of Research

People

Article Title

When Time Is the Enemy: An Initial Test of the Process Model of Patience