Public aware of and accept use of bacteria-killing viruses as alternative to antibiotics, study shows

Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF EXETER

The public are in favour of the development of bacteria-killing viruses as an alternative to antibiotics – and more efforts to educate will make them significantly more likely to use the treatment, a new study shows.

The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis means previously treatable infections can kill. This has revitalised the development of antibiotic alternatives, such as phage therapy, which was first explored over a century ago but abandoned in many countries in favour of antibiotics.

The study shows public acceptance of phage therapy is already moderately high, and priming people to think about novel medicines and antibiotic resistance significantly increases their likelihood of using it.

There is a higher acceptance of phage therapy when described without using perceived harsh words, such as “kill” and “virus” but instead “natural bacterial predator”.

Those who took part in the survey had a high awareness of antibiotic resistance – 92 per cent had heard of antibiotic resistance, but only 13 per cent reported that they had heard about phage therapy prior to the survey.

Success and side effect rate, treatment duration, and where the medicine has been approved for use, influenced their treatment preferences.

The study was conducted by Sophie McCammon, Kirils Makarovs, Susan Banducci and Vicki Gold from the University of Exeter.

Dr Banducci said: “While phage therapy remains poorly understood by the UK public our research suggests there is extensive acceptance and support for its development. Exposure to only very limited information about antibiotic resistance and alternative treatments to antibiotics greatly increases the public acceptance of phage therapy.”

Dr Gold said: “Those involved in the research wanted to know more about phage therapy and were inspired to research this topic after completing our survey. Exposure to only a very limited amount of information about phage therapy significantly increases acceptance.”

Researchers held a workshop with experts and a review of phage research. They also fielded a survey assessing the UK public’s acceptance, opinions and preferences regarding phage therapy. A total of 787 people completed the survey, distributed in December 2021.

One group was given two scenarios; in the first they presented with a minor infection, and in the second they presented with an infection that did not respond well to antibiotics for three months. In each scenario, the group ranked the selected attributes based on their importance in deciding whether to accept a treatment or not.

Participants were randomly assigned one of four descriptions of phage therapy and then surveyed to assess their acceptance of the treatment. The acceptance of phage therapy was high across the board. However, describing phage therapy using perceived harsh words, such as “kill and “virus”, resulted in lower acceptance rates than alternative descriptions. Additionally, participants who had recent exposure to information about antibiotic resistance and alternative treatments were more accepting of phage therapy.

From the 787 participants who completed the survey, 213 left written responses expressing their opinions on the potential of phage therapy. Of this group, 38 per cent showed a specific interest in phage therapy development, while a further 17 per cent supported the development of antibiotic alternatives generally.

Sophie McCammon said: “An advantage of phage therapy is often the minimal side effects. Emphasising this through education and marketing may increase public acceptance of phage therapy.

“Even though phage therapy may be some years away from routine clinical use in the UK, increasing pressures from the AMR crisis require evaluation of the UK public’s acceptance of alternative treatments.

“The public desire for increased education is apparent. Expanding schemes which are interactively involving children in phage research not only generates excitement for the therapy now, but also promotes awareness in the generation likely to be treated with antibiotic alternatives.”

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JOURNAL

PLoS ONE

DOI

10.1371/journal.pone.0285824 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Meta-analysis

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

People

ARTICLE TITLE

Phage therapy and the public: Increasing awareness essential to widespread use

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

18-May-2023

TARGETING PHAGE THERAPY WORLD

 CONGRESS WILL BRING PHAGE

THERAPY UP TO ANOTHER LEVEL

 WITH MORE THAN 70

 COMMUNICATIONS

Meeting Announcement

MITOCHONDRIA-MICROBIOTA TASK FORCE

NEWS RELEASE 22-MAY-2023

 

IMAGE: 25+ MAJOR SPEAKERS WILL PRESENT OUTSTANDING COMMUNICATIONS DURING TARGETING PHAGE THERAPY 2023 view more 

CREDIT: TARGETING PHAGE THERAPY

The 6th World Congress on Targeting Phage Therapy 2023, being held on June 1-2 in Paris, will include more than 70 communications highlighting the most recent advances in phage and phage therapy. 

150+ attendees will gather to discuss the future potential of phage therapy. The most strategic question to discuss is: “how to bring phage therapy up to a new level?”.

Targeting Phages 2023 will address how phages play a strategic role to combat infection and antibiotic resistance. A special session will also be dedicated to how phages and phage therapy can modulate gut microbiota.

Get access to the final agenda and speakers.

 

Supporters

Armata Pharmaceuticals and BiomX will share the results of their latest clinical trials

Mina Pastagia, Armata Pharmaceuticals, USA

Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Antibacterial Activity of AP-PA02 Multi-phage Cocktail in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis and Chronic Pulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection (SWARM-P.a. Clinical Trial)

Iddo Nadav Weiner, VP of Research at BiomX, Israel

A Phase 1b/2a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study Evaluating Nebulized Phage Therapy in Cystic Fibrosis Subjects with Chronic Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Pulmonary Infection

 

Cellexus will present the use of their CellMaker system in GMP production

Adam Ostrowski, Cellexus, United Kingdom

Implementating GMP Manufacturing for Phage Therapy

 

More than 25 posters will be presented by academics and industrials

Efficiency of innovative bacteriophage products: Bafacol®, Bafasal® and Bafador® in improving animals health in poultry farming and aquaculture

Proteon Pharmaceuticals (Poland)

Hierarchical classifier of 171 bacteriophage genera with related families and orders

Proteon Pharmaceuticals (Poland)

Selection of bacteriophages with therapeutic potential based on complete genome sequence analysis

JSC Biochimpharm (Georgia)

Propagation and purification of S. epidermidis-specific phage COP-80B for preclinical mouse model study

COBIK (Slovenia)

Check the list of posters of Phage Therapy 2023.

 

Come and Network with 150+ Attendees

Industrial participants: Phiogen (USA), Armata Pharmaceuticals (USA), BiomX (Israel), Cellexus (UK), , Aparon (UK), AusHealth (Australia), Biochimpharm JSC (Georgia), BIOCODEX (Paris), BIOMERIEUX SA (France), COBIK (Slovenia), ERYTECH Pharma (France), H Venture Partners (USA), Intralytix, Inc. (USA), MB Pharma s.r.o. (Czech Republic), Microbiotix Inc. (USA), Optipharm Inc. (Republic of Korea), Phage Consulting, Phagos (France), Pherecydes Pharma (France), Proteon Pharmaceuticals S.A. (Poland), R.E.D. Laboratories (Belgium), Resistell (Switzerland), Rime Bioinformatics (France), SET Medikal (Turkey), Vésale Bioscience (Belgium), Vitalis Phage Therapy (India), and others.

Academic participants: Adam Mickiewicz University, Agricultural University of Athens, Amrita University, Azabu University, Bacteriophage.news, Baylor College of Medicine, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Biological Research Centre, Szeged,Campus Universitaire de Maubeuge, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Chungnam Natl. Univ., Comenius University, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Fundação Universidade Aberta Da Terceira,Fundación AZTI, G. Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, microbiology and virology, Geneva University Hospitals, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Helmholtz Center Munich, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Hôpitaux Unversitaires de Genève, Hospices Civils de Lyon, IDADE, IIBR ,Ilia state university, INSERM, Institut Pasteur, Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio) Universitat de València-CSIC, Kyorin University, Laboratoire ERRMECe, Laboratoire M2iSH, Lesaffre International,Louvain University, Masaryk University, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Medical center Francesc Macia, MPI, National Taiwan University, North-West Unversity, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Phage Consulting,Phage Directory, Pharmabiotic Research Institute (PRI),Polish Academy of Sciences, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology – State Research Institute, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, Burn Wound Centre, LabMCT, Brussels, Belgium, Sofia University, Stockholm University, TailΦr Labs, Baylor College of Medicine, and others.

 

Industrial Participation

25+ Industries will be present at Targeting Phage Therapy 2023 this June in Paris

CREDIT

Targeting Phage Therapy

Contributing partner

PHAGE Therapy, Applications, and Research Journal is the Official Partner of Targeting Phage Therapy 2023.

Attendees will have the chance to network with the Editor in Chief, Martha Clokie, during Targeting Phage Therapy 2023 and discuss about future collaboration.

 

For more information about the conference program, speakers, venue and more: www.phagetherapy-site.com

 

More about PHAGE: Therapy, Applications, and Research

PHAGE: Therapy, Applications, and Research is the only peer-reviewed journal dedicated to fundamental bacteriophage research and its applications in medicine, agriculture, aquaculture, veterinary applications, animal production, food safety, and food production. Under the distinct leadership of Editor-in-Chief Martha Clokie, PhD, University of Leicester, United Kingdom, the Journal showcases groundbreaking research, reviews, commentaries, opinion pieces, profiles, and perspectives dedicated to defining the roles of phages in all facets of microbiology and microbial ecology and exploring their potential to manipulate bacterial communities and treat infection.

PHAGE is the critical resource for molecular biologists, microbiologists, bacteriologists, bioengineers, immunologists, clinicians, and translational biologists, and aims to unify this evolving cluster of innovative researchers, industry leaders, clinicians, and policy makers. The Journal also advances knowledge and development in this re-emerging area of research and opens doors for new ideas and funding opportunities for researchers and clinicians in the field.

SEE

LA REVUE GAUCHE - Left Comment: Search results for BACTERIOPHAGE 

LA REVUE GAUCHE - Left Comment: Search results for PHAGE 

How a drought affects trees depends on what’s been holding them back

In cold, harsh environments, drought can actually benefit the trees by extending the growing season

Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - SANTA BARBARA

 

IMAGE: WHITEBARK PINES GROWING IN COLD, HIGH ELEVATION REGIONS GREW MORE DURING DROUGHTS, WHICH LENGTHENED THEIR GROWING SEASON. view more 

CREDIT: JOAN DUDNEY

(Santa Barbara, Calif.) — Droughts can be good for trees. Certain trees, that is.

Contrary to expectation, sometimes a record-breaking drought can increase tree growth. Why and where this happens is the subject of a new paper in Global Change Biology.

A team of scientists led by Joan Dudney at UC Santa Barbara examined the drought response of endangered whitebark pine over the past century. They found that in cold, harsh environments — often at high altitudes and latitudes — drought can actually benefit the trees by extending the growing season. This research provides insights into where the threats from extreme drought will be greatest, and how different species and ecosystems will respond to climate change.

Many factors can constrain tree growth, including temperature, sunlight and the availability of water and nutrients. The threshold between energy-limited and water-limited systems turns out to be particularly significant. Trees that try to grow in excessively cold temperatures — often energy-limited systems — can freeze to death. On the other hand, too little water can also kill a tree, particularly in water-limited systems. Over time, many tree species have adapted to these extreme conditions, and their responses are broadly similar. They often reduce growth-related activities, including photosynthesis and nutrient uptake, to protect themselves until the weather improves.

“Interestingly, the transition from energy- to water-limited growth can produce highly unexpected responses,” explained Dudney, an assistant professor in the Bren School of Environmental Science & Management and the Environmental Studies Program. “In cold, energy-limited environments, extreme drought can actually increase growth and productivity, even in California.”

Dudney and her colleagues extracted 800 tree cores from whitebark pine across the Sierra Nevada, comparing the tree rings to historical records of climate conditions. This climate data spanned 1900 to 2018, and included three extreme droughts: 1959–61, 1976–77, and 2012–15. They recorded where tree growth and temperature showed a positive relationship, and where the relationship was negative.

The authors found a pronounced shift in growth during times of drought when the average maximum temperature was roughly 8.4° Celsius (47.1° Fahrenheit) between October and May. Above this threshold, extreme drought reduced growth and photosynthesis. Below this temperature, trees grew more in response to drought.

“It’s basically, ‘how long is the growing season?’” Dudney said. Colder winters and higher snowpack often lead to shorter growing seasons that constrain tree growth. Even during an extreme drought, many of the trees growing in these extreme environments did not experience high water stress. This surprised the team of scientists, many of whom had observed and measured the unprecedented tree mortality that occurred at slightly lower elevations in the Sierra Nevada.

Dudney was curious whether drought impacts growth in just the main trunk, or the whole tree. Without more data, the trends they saw could be a result of disparate processes all responding to the drought differently, she explained. Fortunately, whitebark pine retains its needles for roughly eight years. This provided additional data that could address this question.

The researchers shifted their attention from dendrology to chemistry. Atoms of the same element can have different weights, or isotopes, thanks to the number of neutrons they contain. Several aspects of a plant’s metabolism can influence the relative abundance of heavy, carbon-13 and light, carbon-12 in tissues such as their leaves and needles. These changes provide a rough guide to the amount of water stress a tree experienced during drought. This was a boon for the researchers, because isotopic data from the pine needles spanned drought and non-drought years.

Analyzing needle growth, carbon and nitrogen isotopes revealed that the whole tree was affected by the threshold between water-limited and energy-limited systems. Trunk growth, needle growth, photosynthesis and nutrient cycling responded in opposite directions to drought above and below the threshold between energy- and water-limited systems.

The future of whitebark pine is highly uncertain. The species — recently listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act — faces many threats, including disease, pine beetle infestation and impacts from altered fire regimes. It’s clear from this research that drought and warming will likely exacerbate these threats in water-limited regions, but warming may be beneficial for growth in energy-limited environments. “This research can help develop more targeted conservation strategies,” said Dudney, “to help restore this historically widespread tree species.” Indeed, the pine’s range encompasses a diverse region, stretching from California to British Columbia, and east to Wyoming.

The findings also have implications more broadly. Approximately 21% of forests are considered energy limited, and an even higher percentage can be classified as water limited. So transitions between these two climatic regimes likely occur around the globe. What’s more, the transition seems to have an effect on nitrogen cycling. Trees in water-limited environments appeared to rely less on symbiotic fungi for nitrogen, which is critical for tree growth in harsh, energy-limited environments.

“Droughts are leading to widespread tree mortality across the globe,” Dudney said, “which can accelerate global warming.” 

Deciphering the many ways trees respond to drought will help us better predict where ecosystems are vulnerable to climate change and how to develop more targeted strategies to protect our forests.

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JOURNAL

Global Change Biology

Allowing financial trading in California’s wholesale electricity market significantly reduced volatility of prices, electricity production costs, carbon emissions

Peer-Reviewed Publication

CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY

Forward markets—over-the-counter marketplaces that set the price of a financial instrument or asset—are used to trade a variety of instruments, including securities and commodities. In a new study, researchers measured the extent to which forward prices and spot prices (the current market price at which a given asset can be bought or sold for immediate delivery) agreed in markets with transaction costs in California, studying time periods before and after the state introduced financial trading to its wholesale electricity market in 2011.

The study found that allowing trading in this market led to a reduction in the implicit cost of trading day-ahead/real-time price differences, the volatility of these price differences, and the volatility of real-time prices. In addition, operating costs and fuel use fell on days after the introduction of purely financial participation.

The study, by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) and Stanford University, is published in American Economic Journal: Economic Policy.

“Our results have important implications for the design of wholesale electricity markets with large shares of intermittent renewable resources,” says Akshaya Jha, assistant professor of economics and public policy at CMU’s Heinz College, who led the study.

Forward markets are believed to aggregate information about future spot prices and reduce the cost of producing the commodity. But it has been difficult to link increases in forward market liquidity to reductions in production costs due to the long time period over which most commodities are produced and traded. To examine changes in forward-spot price convergence after the implementation of financial trading, researchers measured the 24-dimensional vector of hourly average day-ahead prices at a location in the transmission network versus the 24-dimensional vector of hourly average real-time prices at the same location.

Using this model, they computed two measures of implied transaction costs using hourly, location-specific data on day-ahead and real-time prices from April 1, 2009, to November 30, 2012, before and after financial trading began at most pricing locations in California. The California Independent System Operator introduced financial participation on February 1, 2011, to reduce differences between day-ahead and real-time prices at more than 4,000 locations in the state’s transmission network.

The study found that both measures fell substantially after California introduced purely financial participation. In addition, both measures fell more at locations where trading was restricted prior to the introduction of financial trading. This suggests that allowing financial trading resulted in day-ahead prices that better reflect real-time conditions.

The study’s findings also suggest that physical market outcomes improved as a consequence of the better information encapsulated in day-ahead prices after financial trading. Namely, they show that residualized fuel cost per megawatt hour (MWh) of gas-fired output and input fuel use per MWh of gas-fired output fell after financial trading was introduced on days when the complexity of the real-time market-clearing problem was high but not on days when complexity was low–again, indicative of the importance of improved day-ahead information. The results remained similar regardless of whether complexity was measured using daily total demand, the daily standard deviation across locations and hours in real-time prices, or the total number of daily starts. The study’s authors estimated that fuel costs per MWh fell 2% after the introduction of financial trading on high-demand days relative to low-demand days. This would result in an average $16.6 million reduction in annual total fuel costs.

As the share of electricity demand in a region grows, system operators are often required to impose more operating constraints on day-ahead and real-time markets to maintain the balance between supply and demand throughout the day. Controllable generation resources with positive startup costs are also likely to fluctuate more frequently because intermittent renewables can start and stop producing with very little notice. Rising transmission network constraints are also likely to bind as the percentage of electricity production from wind and solar resources distributed across the grid increases.

“The location-specific bids and offers submitted by purely financial participants can reduce day-ahead/real-time price differences caused by uncertainty in intermittent renewable output,” explains Frank Wolak, professor of economics at Stanford University, who coauthored the study. “These financial bids and offers can also ensure that the least-cost combination of controllable resources is available to compensate for fluctuations in real-time output from intermittent renewables on high-complexity days.”

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JOURNAL

American Economic Journal Economic Policy

DOI

10.1257/pol.20200234 

ARTICLE TITLE

Can Forward Commodity Markets Improve Spot Market Performance? Evidence from Wholesale Electricity

THERE IS ONLY THE WORKING CLASS

How intermittent feedback drives consumer impatience

THERE IS NO CONSUMER CLASS

News from the Journal of Consumer Psychology

Peer-Reviewed Publication

SOCIETY FOR CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY

Researchers from Fudan University’s School of Management published a new paper in the Journal of Consumer Psychology that provides original insights about the impact different types of feedback consumers have on consumers’ psychological state.

Specifically, the research examines “piecemeal” feedback informing consumers of their progress or performance during each step of an online process such as making a purchase, playing a computer game, or customizing a product. The work compares intermittent feedback with “lump sum” feedback offered at the end of a process.

The article, recently published in the Journal of Consumer Psychology, is authored by Haichao Lin, Qian Xu, and Liyin Jin and offers a deeper understanding of how external factors impact consumers’ internal experience. Previous research has focused on how feedback reinforces consumer behavior but not on how different types of feedback affect consumers’ mindset and subsequent actions.

The authors found that intermittent feedback helped consumers connect their actions to progress toward a goal. This association generated a sense of impatience compared to those who only received lump sum feedback at the completion of a goal.  For example, piecemeal feedback such as “You have completed Step 1 in this customization, please proceed to Step 2…” provides consumers with the satisfaction of accomplishing an action. This reward boosts their motivation to quickly complete the next, generating greater impatience.

Through a series of five studies, the research team found that regular feedback forms a strong, reliable action-outcome association, spurring consumers to pursue prompt results in subsequent related or unrelated situations.

“This effect is robust regardless of whether the valence of feedback is positive or negative, whether the outcome involves gain or loss, and whether the form of feedback is monetary or informative,” the authors found.

The timing of piecemeal feedback is significant. The researchers discovered that piecemeal feedback increases consumer impatience only when it is provided at a fixed pace (rather than at a varied schedule) and immediately following specific behaviors that are directed toward action (rather than inaction).

The researchers propose several avenues for future research related to their findings including whether the effect of piecemeal feedback on consumer impatience holds if consumers are told beforehand about the feedback procedure. Given that the team measured consumer impatience immediately after receiving feedback, they suggest future studies could delay such measurement to explore how long the activated action–outcome persists.

Full article and author contact information available at https://myscp.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jcpy.1347

#####

About the Journal of Consumer Psychology

The Journal of Consumer Psychology publishes top-quality research articles that contribute both theoretically and empirically to our understanding of the psychology of consumer behavior. The Journal is intended for researchers in consumer psychology, social and cognitive psychology, judgment and decision making, and related disciplines. It is also relevant to professionals in advertising and public relations, marketing and branding, consumer and market research, and public policy. Published by the Society for Consumer Psychology since its founding in 1992, JCP has played a significant role in shaping the content and boundaries of the consumer psychology discipline. Dr. Lauren Block (Lippert Professor of Marketing at the Zicklin School of Business, Baruch College) serves as the current Editor-in-Chief.

About the Society for Consumer Psychology (SCP)

The Society for Consumer Psychology is the premier voice to further the advancement of the discipline of consumer psychology in a global society. Building upon the Society's excellence in mentoring young behavioral scientists, the SCP facilitates the generation and dissemination of intellectual contributions and promotes professional development and research opportunities for its members around the globe. Dr. Tiffany White, Associate Professor of Business Administration and Bruce and Anne Strohm Faculty Fellow at Gies College of Business, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, currently serves as the President.

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JOURNAL

Journal of Consumer Psychology

DOI

10.1002/jcpy.1347 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

News article

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

People

ARTICLE TITLE

Feedback-induced action–outcome associations increase consumer impatience

Why consumers forgo front-row seats: Sacrificing experience quality for togetherness

News from the Journal of Consumer Psychology

Peer-Reviewed Publication

SOCIETY FOR CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY

Researchers from, Texas A&M University’s Mays Business School, Harvard University’s Harvard Business School, and University of Maryland’s Robert H. Smith School of Business, published a new paper in the Journal of Consumer Psychology that provides novel insights about how consumers make trade-offs between experience quality and togetherness.

The paper offers sheds new light on the choices people make when presented with the option of improving an activity separately (with first-class airline tickets, for example) or sharing that experience in nearby physical proximity with a “close other” such as a romantic partner, dear friend, or family member.

The article, “A desire to create shared memories increases consumers' willingness to sacrifice experience quality for togetherness,” recently published in the Journal of Consumer Psychology, is authored by Ximena Garcia-Rada, Michael I. Norton, and Rebecca K. Ratner.

The research team found that consumers prioritize physical togetherness with relationship partners over opportunities that would improve an experience in real time. For instance, a couple in a movie theater would choose to sit together in the front row, craning their necks, rather than take two non-adjacent seats in rows with better views for both. A desire to “create shared memories” drives this behavior, according to a pilot study and five experiments conducted by the team. This dynamic is more pronounced when a consumer and their partner are offered “asymmetrical” or different experience qualities – with one person receiving a better quality option than the other. In contrast, the authors found that people are less likely to sacrifice experience quality when they are with someone to whom they do not feel close.

In one experiment conducted in a university behavioral lab, the authors discovered that students chose to eat two chocolates together with a friend rather than four chocolates they each could consume apart. In another study, more participants chose two adjacent seats very far from the stage over two non-adjacent seats close to the stage when asked to imagine attending a Cirque du Soleil performance with a close friend as opposed to a casual acquaintance.

In marketing-based experiment, the team found that framing an activity as functional rather than pleasurable increased the likelihood that close partners would choose a higher-quality experience over togetherness. Specifically, to some participants, researchers described a train ride as a fun part of an excursion. To others, they positioned it as a utilitarian part of an excursion that would get them to their destination.

“More participants accepted a free upgrade – even though it would require sitting apart from their companion -- when they perceived the activity as utilitarian, because they cared less about creating shared memories during the train ride,” the authors said.

These findings convey important insights for marketers seeking to fill airplanes, concert halls, amusement parks and other consumer experiences.

Additionally, the authors suggest “marketers can increase uptake by reassuring consumers that they can create shared memories even if apart.”

Full article and author contact information available at:  https://myscp.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jcpy.1352

 

About the Journal of Consumer Psychology

The Journal of Consumer Psychology publishes top-quality research articles that contribute both theoretically and empirically to our understanding of the psychology of consumer behavior. The Journal is intended for researchers in consumer psychology, social and cognitive psychology, judgment and decision making, and related disciplines. It is also relevant to professionals in advertising and public relations, marketing and branding, consumer and market research, and public policy. Published by the Society for Consumer Psychology since its founding in 1992, JCP has played a significant role in shaping the content and boundaries of the consumer psychology discipline. Dr. Lauren Block (Lippert Professor of Marketing at the Zicklin School of Business, Baruch College) serves as the current Editor-in-Chief.

About the Society for Consumer Psychology (SCP)

The Society for Consumer Psychology is the premier voice to further the advancement of the discipline of consumer psychology in a global society. Building upon the Society's excellence in mentoring young behavioral scientists, the SCP facilitates the generation and dissemination of intellectual contributions and promotes professional development and research opportunities for its members around the globe. Dr. Tiffany White, Associate Professor of Business Administration and Bruce and Anne Strohm Faculty Fellow at Gies College of Business, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, currently serves as its President.

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JOURNAL

Journal of Consumer Psychology

DOI

10.1002/jcpy.1352 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

News article

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

People

ARTICLE TITLE

A desire to create shared memories increases consumers' willingness to sacrifice experience quality for togetherness

Unpacking consumer research: identifying trends, emerging topics, and key insights

News from the Journal of Consumer Psychology

Peer-Reviewed Publication

SOCIETY FOR CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY

Researchers from Newcastle Business School, The University of Newcastle, and UNSW Business School, University of New South Wales, published a new paper in the Journal of Consumer Psychology that provides a comprehensive review of consumer research journals from both marketing and non-marketing disciplines.

By identifying gaps in the literature, the paper offers guidance for those seeking to further progress consumer research.

The article, recently published in the Journal of Consumer Psychology, “’Inside’ versus ‘outside’ trends in consumer research,” is authored by Edwin Camilleri, Nitika Garg, Shah Jahan Miah.

A thriving field of study, consumer research provides relevant source material on vast range of issues studied across multiple disciplines, including choice and decision processes, lifestyle and culture, health and wellness, and existing and new technologies. Previous reviews of consumer research focused exclusively on journals, articles, and authors in the marketing field -- but not on the impact or citation frequency of specific topics from both “inside” and “outside” the marketing field.  

The authors identified emerging, declining and the most impactful topics in both between 1999 and 2019. Based on a review of literature during that period, the authors found that non-marketing journals focusing on consumer research has continually increased, particularly since 2055, while the number of marketing journals publishing consumer research has remained relatively consistent.

Through a five-step process of data collection, topic modeling and analysis, the team discovered that several topics from non-marketing disciplines have grown significantly in terms of coverage and citations. For example, topics such as food waste, technology, and sustainability reflect emerging contemporary issues pertinent to consumers. Marketing scholars have taken interest and are applying various marketing concepts and theories to these subjects, adding fresh scholarship to the field.

The authors propose topics for future research based on subjects common “inside” consumer psychology literature that haven’t yet been explored in relation to the topics of emerging interest in other fields. These “gaps” include Self-Regulation, Consumption Experience and Giving Behavior.

The authors also identified the Journal of Consumer Psychology and the Journal of Consumer Research as two of the elite marketing (FT50) journals at the forefront of cutting-edge consumer psychology research.

Given that the study concluded in 2019, the authors note that marketing scholars are also now considering a range of consumer relevant issues in the wake of the pandemic, which will add additional breadth and stimulating new perspectives to the field.

Full article and author contact information available at https://myscp.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jcpy.1349

 

About the Journal of Consumer Psychology

The Journal of Consumer Psychology publishes top-quality research articles that contribute both theoretically and empirically to our understanding of the psychology of consumer behavior. The Journal is intended for researchers in consumer psychology, social and cognitive psychology, judgment and decision making, and related disciplines. It is also relevant to professionals in advertising and public relations, marketing and branding, consumer and market research, and public policy. Published by the Society for Consumer Psychology since its founding in 1992, JCP has played a significant role in shaping the content and boundaries of the consumer psychology discipline. Dr. Lauren Block (Lippert Professor of Marketing at the Zicklin School of Business, Baruch College) serves as the current Editor-in-Chief.

About the Society for Consumer Psychology (SCP)

The Society for Consumer Psychology is the premier voice to further the advancement of the discipline of consumer psychology in a global society. Building upon the Society's excellence in mentoring young behavioral scientists, the SCP facilitates the generation and dissemination of intellectual contributions and promotes professional development and research opportunities for its members around the globe. Dr. Tiffany White, Associate Professor of Business Administration and Bruce and Anne Strohm Faculty Fellow at Gies College of Business, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, currently serves as its President.

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JOURNAL

Journal of Consumer Psychology

DOI

10.1002/jcpy.1349 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Meta-analysis

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

People

ARTICLE TITLE

“Inside” versus “outside” trends in consumer research

 Study points out errors in illustrations of one of the most famous scientific experiments

Described by Benjamin Franklin in the mid-eighteenth century, the kite experiment was an important step toward our modern understanding of electricity, but the pictures that popularized this episode are full of inaccuracies

Peer-Reviewed Publication

FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO

 

IMAGE: HAND-COLORED LITHOGRAPH PUBLISHED BY CURRIER & IVES IN 1876. THIS IS PROBABLY THE MOST WIDELY DISTRIBUTED ILLUSTRATION OF THE EXPERIMENT. FRANKLIN IS WRONGLY SHOWN TO BE HOLDING THE STRING IN ONE HAND ABOVE THE POINT TO WHICH THE KEY IS ATTACHED. HAD HE DONE SO, HE WOULD HAVE EARTHED THE KITE, AND THE EXPERIMENT WOULD NOT HAVE WORKED view more 

CREDIT: BEQUEST OF A. S. COLGATE, 1962

Illustrations of scientific experiments play a fundamental role in both science education and the dissemination of scientific knowledge to the general public. Confirming the adage that “a picture is worth a thousand words,” these depictions of famous experiments remain in the minds of those who study them and become definitive versions of the scientific process. Archimedes in the bath discovering the law of buoyancy; Newton refracting sunlight with a prism and defining the principles of modern optics; Mendel cultivating peas and laying the foundations of genetics – these are just a few well-known examples.

Many of these depictions convey false information, either because the experiments never actually happened or because they were performed quite differently. People who try to reproduce them on the basis of what the illustrations depict might not get any results at all or could even face dangerous consequences.

A study supported by FAPESP and conducted by Breno Arsioli Moura, a researcher at the Federal University of the ABC (UFABC) in São Paulo state, Brazil, investigated depictions of one of these famous experiments, in which Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) flew a kite to draw electricity from a thundercloud.

An article on the study is published in the journal Science & Education.

Franklin was one of the leaders of the American Revolution and the first United States Ambassador to France. He was a Deist, a Freemason, and one of the most renowned personifications of the Enlightenment in the eighteenth century. His many interests included religion, philosophy, politics, and moral and social reform, and he was one of the foremost inventors and scientists of his time. “The kite experiment is Franklin’s most famous scientific achievement. In the article I analyze seven illustrations of the event published later on, in the nineteenth century,” Moura told Agência FAPESP.

In fact, he added, the kite experiment was designed to be a simpler version of another experiment Franklin thought up in 1750 and which is now known as the “sentry box” experiment. “A kind of sentry box was to be set up on top of a tower, steeple or hill, and a man would stand inside it on an insulating dais made of wax, with a long, sharply pointed iron rod measuring some 10 meters inserted into it [see the first figure in the gallery at the bottom of this page]. Franklin expected the tip of the rod to ‘draw fire’ from the clouds. If the experimenter brought his knuckles close to the bottom of the rod, he would produce sparks,” Moura said. “It’s important to note two things. The experiment wasn’t to be performed during a storm to take advantage of lightning strikes, and the rod wasn’t to be earthed but anchored by the insulating stand so that all the electricity extracted would be stored in it.”

Franklin’s proposal stayed on paper until a highly similar experiment was performed by French researchers in 1752. Its success drew even more international attention to his work on electricity. “When he heard about the French experiment, Franklin wrote to a correspondent in England that a simpler version of the experiment had been performed in Philadelphia, where he lived. This was in fact the kite experiment,” Moura said.

The kite consisted of a “small cross made of two light strips of cedar, the arms so long as to reach to the four corners of a large thin silk handkerchief when extended”, Franklin wrote. A “very sharp-pointed wire” was tied to the “top of the upper stick of the cross, rising a foot or more above the wood”. The principle was the same as in the sentry box proposal. A key was fastened to the end of a silk ribbon, which in turn was tied to the end of the string (silk is an insulator).

“The experimenter held the apparatus by the silk ribbon so that electricity drawn down ‘silently’ from the clouds by the kite and conveyed along the string was stored in the key. As in the sentry box experiment, the kite was insulated, not earthed. By approaching a finger or knuckle, the experimenter could draw sparks,” Moura explained.

Like other eighteenth-century natural philosophers, Franklin thought of electricity as a fluid built up and then discharged, flowing from one place to another. This fluid could be obtained in the laboratory by rubbing a glass tube with a piece of leather and stored in a Leyden jar, invented in mid-century by Dutch scientists. The general idea behind the sentry box and kite experiments was to show that the fluid could also be drawn from the clouds. Franklin was fascinated by the physics of cloud electrification and other aspects of meteorology.

For example, he thought seawater was full of electric fluid, and that when it evaporated to form storms high above the ocean, it took this fluid with it, so that the clouds were full of electricity.

“In Franklin’s writings, there are no details showing whether he or someone else performed the experiment, but it does appear to have taken place. Another account of the experiment was produced 15 years later, in 1767, in a book by Joseph Priestley entitled The History and Present State of Electricity. Franklin helped Priestley obtain materials for the book and is therefore assumed to have agreed with its contents. Priestley’s account is far more detailed and includes participation in the experiment by Franklin’s son. However, it differs from the original 1752 account on several points,” Moura said.

In his study of the illustrations depicting Franklin’s kite experiment, Moura argues that they were based on Priestley’s account. Many show Franklin with his son as a small boy even though at the time he was actually 21. Some also contain more important errors. “Many show the experiment being performed in the open air even though Franklin specified that the experimenter must be in a ‘door or window, or under some cover, so that the silk ribbon may not be wet’, which would make it conductive. In most cases, the kite is being struck by lightning, or lightning bolts are very near it, although Franklin did not want to draw a lightning strike down upon himself. Most illustrations don’t show the silk ribbon that was meant to insulate the kite. Franklin simply holds the string. If that had been the case, he would have earthed the kite and ruined the experiment. One illustration shows Franklin holding the key near or on the string, which isn’t warranted by any account,” Moura said. 

The illustrations should not be used indiscriminately, especially in science classes, he argued. They embody messages that can be construed in a confusing or wrong manner, both historically and scientifically, if they are not treated critically. As noted at the outset, the images stay in the mind of the viewer and any errors they foster are hard to eradicate.

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JOURNAL

Science & Education

DOI

10.1007/s11191-023-00421-y 

ARTICLE TITLE

Picturing Benjamin Franklin’s Kite Experiment in the Nineteenth Century

 LET'S GET OVER OURSELVES

Humans are unique but not exceptional species of mammal

UC Davis study looks at reproductive inequality in humans compared to other species

Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - DAVIS

In modern society, one parent may take a daughter to ballet class and fix dinner so the other parent can get to exercise class before picking up the son from soccer practice. To an observer, they seem to be cooperating in their very busy, co-parenting, monogamous relationship.

These people may think they are part of an evolved society different from the other mammals that inhabit earth. But their day-to-day behavior and child-rearing habits are not much different than other mammals who hunt, forage for food, and rear and teach their children, researchers suggest.  

“For a long time it has been argued that humans are an exceptional, egalitarian species compared to other mammals,” said Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, professor emerita of anthropology at the University of California, Davis, and corresponding author of a new study. But, she said, this exceptionalism may have been exaggerated.

“Humans appear to resemble mammals that live in monogamous partnerships and to some extent, those classified as cooperative breeders, where breeding individuals have to rely on the help of others to raise their offspring,” she said.

The UC Davis-led study, with more than 100 researchers collaborating from several institutions throughout the world, is the first to look at whether human males are more egalitarian than are males among other mammals, focusing on the numbers of offspring they produce.

The article, “Reproductive inequality in humans and other mammals,” was published this week (May 22) in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Co-authors include researchers from UC Davis, The Santa Fe Institute, the National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, and the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Germany.

The researchers amassed data from 90 human populations comprising 80,223 individuals from many parts of the world — both historical and contemporary. They compared the records for men and women to lifetime data for 45 different nonhuman, free-ranging mammals.

The researchers found that humans are by no means exceptional, merely another unique species of mammal. Furthermore, as first author Cody Ross, former UC Davis graduate student in the Department of Anthropology now at the Max Planck Institute, points out “we can quite successfully model reproductive inequality in humans and nonhumans using the same predictors.”

Egalitarianism in polygynous societies

Somewhat unexpectedly, when focusing specifically on women, the researchers found greater reproductive egalitarianism in societies that allow for polygynous marriage than in those where monogamous marriage prevails. In polygynous systems, in which men take several wives at the same time, women tend to have more equal access to resources, such as land, food and shelter — and parenting help. This is because women, or their parents on their behalf, favor polygynous marriages with wealthy men who have more resources to share.

Researchers observed something else in their work.

“It turns out that monogamous mating (and marriage) can drive significant inequalities among women,” Borgerhoff Mulder said. Monogamy, practiced in agricultural and market economies, can promote large differences in the number of children couples produce, researchers found, resulting from large differences in wealth in such economies.

How humans may differ

The fact men are relatively egalitarian compared to other animals reflects our patterns of child rearing. Human children are heavily dependent on the care and resources provided by both mothers and fathers — a factor that is unusual, but not completely absent — in other mammals, researchers said.

The critical importance of the complementary nature of this care — that that each parent provides different and often non-substitutable resources and care throughout long human childhoods — is why we don’t show the huge reproductive variability seen in some of the great apes, said researcher Paul Hooper, from the University of New Mexico.

To support these inferences, however, anthropologists need more empirical data. “In short, the importance of biparental care is grounded in our model, but needs further testing,” Borgerhoff Mulder said.

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JOURNAL

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI

10.1073/pnas.2220124120 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Data/statistical analysis

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

People

ARTICLE TITLE

Reproductive inequality in humans and other mammals

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

22-May-2023