Science enabling heat and air conditioning for long-term space habitats is almost fully available

Experiment launching to International Space Station aims to investigate how reduced gravity affects condensation

Business Announcement

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

 

IMAGE: A PURDUE UNIVERSITY EXPERIMENT AIMING TO FIND OUT HOW CONDENSATION WORKS IN REDUCED GRAVITY IS ONBOARD NORTHROP GRUMMAN’S 19TH COMMERCIAL RESUPPLY SERVICES MISSION (NG-19) TO THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION FOR NASA. view more 

CREDIT: PHOTO PROVIDED BY NASA/DANIELLE JOHNSON

WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind. – To live on the moon or Mars, humans will need heat and air conditioning that can operate long term in reduced gravity and temperatures hundreds of degrees above or below what we experience on Earth. 

Building these systems requires knowing how reduced gravity affects boiling and condensation, which all heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems use to operate in Earth’s gravity.

A Purdue University experiment launching Aug. 1 on Northrop Grumman’s 19th commercial resupply services mission (NG-19) to the International Space Station for NASA aims to collect data scientists need to answer decades-old questions about how boiling and condensation work in reduced gravity.

“We have developed over a hundred years’ worth of understanding of how heat and cooling systems work in Earth’s gravity, but we haven’t known how they work in weightlessness,” said Issam Mudawar, Purdue’s Betty Ruth and Milton B. Hollander Family Professor of Mechanical Engineering.

The NG-19 spacecraft is expected to launch at 8:31 p.m. on Aug. 1 from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport at NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia and arrive at the space station Aug. 4. A livestream of the launch is available via NASA Live. 

Onboard this flight is a module for conducting the second experiment of a facility called the Flow Boiling and Condensation Experiment (FBCE), which has been collecting data on the space station since August 2021.

Last July, Mudawar and his students finished their first experiment gathering data from a module of FBCE on the space station that measures the effects of reduced gravity on boiling. When the facility’s additional components arrive with the NG-19 spacecraft, the researchers will be able to conduct the second experiment, which will investigate how condensation works in a reduced-gravity environment.

Both experiments’ modules for FBCE will remain in orbit through 2025, allowing the fluid physics community at large to take advantage of this hardware.

“We are ready to literally close the book on the whole science of flow and boiling in reduced gravity,” Mudawar said.

To develop FBCE, Mudawar’s lab worked with NASA’s Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, which engineered and built the flight hardware funded by the agency’s Biological and Physical Sciences Division at NASA Headquarters. The team spent 11 years developing FBCE hardware to fit into the Fluids Integrated Rack on the orbiting laboratory. 

FBCE’s answers on boiling and condensation will not only support exploration on the moon or Mars but also help spacecraft to travel longer distances. The farther missions are from Earth, the more likely that the spacecraft for those missions will need innovative power and propulsion systems, such as ones that are nuclear thermal or electric. Compared to other types of processes that enable heating and cooling in space, boiling and condensation would be much more effective at transferring heat for spacecraft with these systems.

In addition, FBCE data could help enable spacecraft to refuel in orbit by providing scientific understanding of how reduced gravity affects the flow boiling behavior of the cryogenic liquids spacecraft use as propellant. 

FBCE is among NASA’s largest and most complex experiments for fluid physics research. Mudawar’s team is preparing a series of research papers unpacking data the FBCE has collected on the space station, adding to more than 60 papers they have published on reduced gravity and fluid flow since the project’s inception.

“The papers we have published over the duration of this project are really almost like a textbook for how to use boiling and condensation in space,” Mudawar said.

With more than 30,000 citations, Mudawar is one of the most highly cited researchers in the field of heat transfer. Google Scholar ranks him No. 1 in flow boiling, spray cooling, microchannels, and microgravity boiling. He also is the most cited author in the International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer.

For more than a decade, Mudawar and his students have been developing three sets of predictive tools to be validated using FBCE data. One set of tools puts the data into the form of equations that engineers can use to design space systems. Another set identifies fundamental information about fluid physics from the data, and the third set is computational models of the fluid dynamics.

All together, these models would make it possible to predict which equipment designs could operate in lunar and Martian gravity.

“The amount of data coming out of the FBCE is just absolutely enormous, and that’s exactly what we want,” Mudawar said.

Issam Mudawar’s research on heat transfer could enable space habitats to be built in extreme environments like the moon.

CREDIT

Purdue University photo/John Underwood

Sun ‘umbrella’ tethered to asteroid might help mitigate climate change

Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA

 

IMAGE: ARTIST’S RENDITION OF THE PROPOSED SOLAR SHIELD TETHERED TO AN ASTEROID AS A COUNTERWEIGHT. view more 

CREDIT: CREDIT: BROOKS BAYS/UH INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY

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METHOD OF RESEARCH

Observational study

ARTICLE TITLE

Solar Radiation Management with a Tethered Sun Shield

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

31-Jul-2023

New algorithm ensnares its first ‘potentially hazardous’ asteroid

Reports and Proceedings

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON

 

VIDEO: VIDEO SHOWING THE ORBIT OF 2022 SF289 (IN GREEN) RELATIVE TO THE ORBIT OF EARTH (BLUE) AND OTHER PLANETS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM (VENUS IN ORANGE, MARS IN RED). LINK TO ORIGINAL FILE: HTTPS://DRIVE.GOOGLE.COM/FILE/D/1KCSKCXBHMWMFMC_U00JTPY5ZJ0HM5EF4/VIEW?USP=SHARING CREDIT: JOACHIM MOEYENS/UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON/OPENSPACE YOUTUBE NARRATED VIDEO: HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=BSUUWT4UDKG view more 

CREDIT: JOACHIM MOEYENS/UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON/OPENSPACE

Link to Google Drive folder containing images, videos and caption/credit information:

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/19LP7UZbVKkTXSFds6DaKSy1lp014Hw4z?usp=sharing

 

Link to release:

https://www.washington.edu/news/2023/07/31/heliolinc3d/

 

An asteroid discovery algorithm — designed to uncover near-Earth asteroids for the Vera C. Rubin Observatory’s upcoming 10-year survey of the night sky — has identified its first “potentially hazardous” asteroid, a term for space rocks in Earth’s vicinity that scientists like to keep an eye on. The roughly 600-foot-long asteroid, designated 2022 SF289, was discovered during a test drive of the algorithm with the ATLAS survey in Hawaii. Finding 2022 SF289, which poses no risk to Earth for the foreseeable future, confirms that the next-generation algorithm, known as HelioLinc3D, can identify near-Earth asteroids with fewer and more dispersed observations than required by today’s methods.

“By demonstrating the real-world effectiveness of the software that Rubin will use to look for thousands of yet-unknown potentially hazardous asteroids, the discovery of 2022 SF289 makes us all safer,” said Rubin scientist Ari Heinze, the principal developer of HelioLinc3D and a researcher at the University of Washington.

The solar system is home to tens of millions of rocky bodies ranging from small asteroids not larger than a few feet, to dwarf planets the size of our moon. These objects remain from an era over four billion years ago, when the planets in our system formed and took their present-day positions.

Most of these bodies are distant, but a number orbit close to the Earth, and are known as near-Earth objects, or NEOs. The closest of these — those with a trajectory that takes them within about 5 million miles of Earth’s orbit, or about 20 times the distance from Earth to the moon — warrant special attention. Such “potentially hazardous asteroids,” or PHAs, are systematically searched for and monitored to ensure they won’t collide with Earth, a potentially devastating event.

Scientists search for PHAs using specialized telescope systems like the NASA-funded ATLAS survey, run by a team at the University of Hawaii’s Institute for Astronomy. They do so by taking images of parts of the sky at least four times every night. A discovery is made when they notice a point of light moving unambiguously in a straight line over the image series. Scientists have discovered about 2,350 PHAs using this method, but estimate that at least as many more await discovery.

From its peak in the Chilean Andes, the Vera C. Rubin Observatory is set to join the hunt for these objects in early 2025. Funded primarily by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy, Rubin’s observations will dramatically increase the discovery rate of PHAs. Rubin will scan the sky unprecedentedly quickly with its 8.4-meter mirror and massive 3,200-megapixel camera, visiting spots on the sky twice per night rather than the four times needed by present telescopes. But with this novel observing "cadence," researchers need a new type of discovery algorithm to reliably spot space rocks.

Rubin’s solar system software team at the University of Washington’s DiRAC Institute has been working to just develop such codes. Working with Smithsonian senior astrophysicist and Harvard University lecturer Matthew Holman, who in 2018 pioneered a new class of heliocentric asteroid search algorithms, Heinze and Siegfried Eggl, a former University of Washington researcher who is now an assistant professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, developed HelioLinc3D: a code that could find asteroids in Rubin’s dataset. With Rubin still under construction, Heinze and Eggl wanted to test HelioLinc3D to see if it could discover a new asteroid in existing data, one with too few observations to be discovered by today’s conventional algorithms.

John Tonry and Larry Denneau, lead ATLAS astronomers, offered their data for a test. The Rubin team set HelioLinc3D to search through this data and on July 18, 2023 it spotted its first PHA: 2022 SF289, initially imaged by ATLAS on September 19, 2022 at a distance of 13 million miles from Earth.

In retrospect, ATLAS had observed 2022 SF289 three times on four separate nights, but never the requisite four times on one night to be identified as a new NEO. But these are just the occasions where HelioLinc3D excels: It successfully combined fragments of data from all four nights and made the discovery.

“Any survey will have difficulty discovering objects like 2022 SF289 that are near its sensitivity limit, but HelioLinc3D shows that it is possible to recover these faint objects as long as they are visible over several nights,” said Denneau. “This in effect gives us a ‘bigger, better’ telescope.”

Other surveys had also missed 2022 SF289, because it was passing in front of the rich starfields of the Milky Way. But by now knowing where to look, additional observations from Pan-STARRS and Catalina Sky Survey quickly confirmed the discovery. The team used B612 Asteroid Institute’s ADAM platform to recover further unrecognized observations by the NSF-supported Zwicky Transient Facility telescope.

2022 SF289 is classified as an Apollo-type NEO. Its closest approach brings it within 140,000 miles of Earth’s orbit, closer than the moon. Its diameter of 600ft is large enough to be classified as “potentially hazardous.” But despite its proximity, projections indicate that it poses no danger of hitting Earth for the foreseeable future. Its discovery has been announced in the International Astronomical Union’s Minor Planet Electronic Circular MPEC 2023-O26.

Currently, scientists know of 2,350 PHAs but expect there are more than 3,000 yet to be found.

“This is just a small taste of what to expect with the Rubin Observatory in less than two years, when HelioLinc3D will be discovering an object like this every night,” said Rubin scientist Mario Jurić, director of the DiRAC Institute, professor of astronomy at the University of Washington and leader of the team behind HelioLinc3D.  “But more broadly, it’s a preview of the coming era of data-intensive astronomy. From HelioLinc3D to AI-assisted codes, the next decade of discovery will be a story of advancement in algorithms as much as in new, large, telescopes.”

Financial support for Rubin Observatory comes from the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy and private funding raised by the LSST Corporation.

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For more information, contact Heinze at aheinze@uw.edu and Jurić at mjuric@uw.edu.

 

Link to Google Drive folder containing images, videos and caption/credit information:

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/19LP7UZbVKkTXSFds6DaKSy1lp014Hw4z?usp=sharing

 

Link to video showing the orbit of 2022 SF289 relative to the orbit of Earth and other planets in the solar system:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kCsKCxbHmWmFMC_u00JtpY5zJ0HM5EF4/view?usp=sharing

Credit: Joachim Moeyens/University of Washington/OpenSpace

 

Link to narrated video:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xFPFdJCDnGBGhG5pCtevf08CjSevrHYj/view?usp=sharing

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsuUWt4udKg

Credit: Joachim Moeyens/Ari Heinze/Nikolina Horvat/University of Washington/OpenSpace

 

Additional resources:

• Photos of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory
• Videos of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory

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METHOD OF RESEARCH

Observational study

Image showing the orbit of 2022 SF289 (green) at its closest approach to Earth (orbit in blue). Orbits of Venus and Mars are shown in orange and red, respectively. Credit: Joachim Moeyens/University of Washington/OpenSpace

CREDIT

Joachim Moeyens/University of Washington/OpenSpace

Discovery images from the ATLAS survey, with 2022 SF289 visible in the red boxes. Credit: ATLAS/University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy/NASA

CREDIT

ATLAS/University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy/NASA

Image showing the orbit of 2022 SF289 (green) at its closest approach to Earth (orbit in blue). Orbits of Venus and Mars are shown in orange and red, respectively. Credit: Joachim Moeyens/University of Washington/OpenSpace

CREDIT

Joachim Moeyens/University of Washington/OpenSpace

2nd video showing 2022 SF289 o [VIDEO] |

For the first time bioelectronic medicine researchers at the Feinstein Institutes restore feeling and lasting movement in man living with quadriplegia

Using brain implants, artificial intelligence and novel stimulation electrodes, a double neural bypass technology restores a man’s sense of touch and movement after a 2020 diving accident

THE FEINSTEIN INSTITUTES FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH AT NORTHWELL HEALTH

 

VIDEO: USING BRAIN IMPLANTS, AI, AND NOVEL STIMULATION TECHNOLOGY, RESEARCHERS COMPLETE THE FIRST 'DOUBLE NEURAL BYPASS' view more 

CREDIT: THE FEINSTEIN INSTITUTES FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH AT NORTHWELL HEALTH

MANHASSET, NY – In a first-of-its-kind clinical trial, bioelectronic medicine researchers, engineers and surgeons at Northwell Health’s The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research have successfully implanted microchips into the brain of a man living with paralysis, and have developed artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to re-link his brain to his body and spinal cord. This double neural bypass forms an electronic bridge that allows information to flow once again between the man’s paralyzed body and brain to restore movement and sensations in his hand with lasting gains in his arm and wrist outside of the laboratory. The research team unveiled the trial participant’s groundbreaking progress four months after a 15-hour open-brain surgery that took place on March 9 at North Shore University Hospital (NSUH).

“This is the first time the brain, body and spinal cord have been linked together electronically in a paralyzed human to restore lasting movement and sensation,” said Chad Bouton, professor in the Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine at the Feinstein Institutes, vice president of advanced engineering at Northwell Health, developer of the technology and principal investigator of the clinical trial. “When the study participant thinks about moving his arm or hand, we ‘supercharge’ his spinal cord and stimulate his brain and muscles to help rebuild connections, provide sensory feedback, and promote recovery. This type of thought-driven therapy is a game-changer. Our goal is to use this technology one day to give people living with paralysis the ability to live fuller, more independent lives.”

Paralyzed from the chest down, Keith Thomas, 45, of Massapequa, NY, is the first human to use the technology. During the height of the pandemic, on July 18, 2020, a diving accident caused Mr. Thomas to suffer injury at the C4 and C5 level of the vertebrae in his spine, leaving him unable to move and feel from the chest down. Alone and isolated in the hospital for more than six months, Mr. Thomas found new hope by participating in Prof. Bouton’s clinical trial and is grateful to be a part of something so historic and much larger than himself.

“There was a time that I didn’t know if I was even going to live, or if I wanted to, frankly. And now, I can feel the touch of someone holding my hand. It’s overwhelming,” said Mr. Thomas. “The only thing I want to do is to help others. That’s always been the thing I’m best at. If this can help someone even more than it’s helped me somewhere down the line, it’s all worth it.”

Over a hundred million people worldwide live with some form of movement impairment or paralysis. This clinical trial aims to restore lasting physical movement – outside of the research lab – and re-establish the sense of touch.

Feinstein Institutes’ researchers and clinicians, including Santosh Chandrasekaran, PhD and Adam Stein, MD, chair of  physical medicine and rehabilitation at Northwell Health, spent months mapping Mr. Thomas’ brain using functional MRIs to help pinpoint the areas responsible for both arm movement and for the sensation of touch in his hand. Armed with that information, surgeons performed a grueling 15-hour surgery at NSUH, during parts of which the study participant was awake and giving surgeons real-time feedback. As they probed portions of the surface of his brain, Mr. Thomas would tell them what sensations he was feeling in his hands.

“Because we had Keith’s images, and he was talking to us during parts of his surgery, we knew exactly where to place the brain implants,” said Ashesh Mehta, MD, PhD, professor at the Feinstein Institutes’ Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, director Northwell’s Laboratory for Human Brain Mapping and the surgeon who performed the brain implant. “We inserted two chips in the area responsible for movement and three more in the part of the brain responsible for touch and feeling in the fingers.”

Back in the lab, through two ports protruding from Mr. Thomas’ head, he connects to a computer that uses AI to read, interpret and translate his thoughts into action, known as thought-driven therapy and the foundation of the double neural bypass approach.

The bypass starts with Mr. Thomas’ intentions (ie. he thinks about squeezing his hand), which sends electrical signals from his brain implant to a computer. The computer then sends signals to highly flexible, non-invasive electrode patches that are placed over his spine and hand muscles located in his forearm to stimulate and promote function and recovery. Tiny sensors at his fingertips and palm send touch and pressure information back to the sensory area of his brain to restore sensation. This two-arm electronic bridge forms the novel double neural bypass aimed at restoring both movement and the sense of touch. In the lab, Mr. Thomas can now move his arms at will and feel his sister's touch as she holds his hand in support. This is the first time he has felt anything in the three years since his accident.

Remarkably, researchers say Mr. Thomas is already starting to see some natural recovery from his injuries thanks to this new approach, which could reverse some of the damage for good. His arm strength has more than doubled since enrolling in the study and he is beginning to experience new sensations in his forearm and wrist, even when the system is off.

Previous research by Prof. Bouton, and later, by other groups, used a single neural bypass to help people move paralyzed limbs again with their thoughts. In those cases, doctors implanted one or more microchips in the brain that bypassed the spinal cord injury altogether and used stimulators to activate target muscles. However, that approach only worked while participants were hooked up to computers, often only available in laboratories, and did not restore movement and feeling in the actual limb while promoting plasticity for long-lasting natural recovery.

The hope is that the brain, body and spinal cord will relearn how to communicate, and new pathways will be forged at the injury site thanks to the double neural bypass, similar to how a kidney can regenerate to overcome trauma or disease.

“Millions of people live with paralysis and loss of feeling, with limited options available to improve their condition, “ said  Kevin J. Tracey, MD, president and CEO of the Feinstein Institutes and Karches Family Distinguished Chair in Medical Research. “Prof. Bouton and his team are committed to advancing new bioelectronic technologies and open new clinical paths to restore movement and sensation.” 

To download videos and photos of Mr. Thomas in the lab, in surgery and including sound bites from Prof. Bouton, Dr. Mehta and Mr. Thomas, click here.

The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research is the global scientific home of bioelectronic medicine, which combines molecular medicine, neuroscience and biomedical engineering. At the Feinstein Institutes, medical researchers use modern technology to develop new device-based therapies to treat disease and injury. 

Built on years of research in molecular mechanisms of disease and the link between the nervous and immune systems, our researchers discover neural targets that can be activated or inhibited with neuromodulation devices, like vagus nerve implants, to control the body’s immune response and inflammation. If inflammation is successfully controlled, diseases – such as arthritis, pulmonary hypertension, Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel diseases, diabetes, cancer and autoimmune diseases – can be treated more effectively. Beyond inflammation, using novel brain-computer interfaces, our researchers developed techniques to bypass injuries of the nervous system so that people living with paralysis can regain sensation and use their limbs. By producing bioelectronic medicine knowledge, disease and injury could one day be treated with our own nerves without costly and potentially harmful pharmaceuticals.

Keith Thomas, who lives with paralysis, poses with the research team at Northwell Health’s Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research that worked with him for months to restore lasting movement and feeling in his arm and hand. The first-of-its-kind ‘double neural bypass’ system uses brain implants and artificial intelligence to allow signals to and from Thomas’ brain to bypass the site of his injury.

Feinstein Institutes’ bioelectronic medicine researchers hold a 3-D model of the skull and brain of a man with quadriplegia just prior to a historic surgery at Northwell Health’s North Shore University Hospital. Doctors and scientists used the model to help identify where to place five tiny computer chips in the brain to help restore not only lasting movement in the paralyzed man’s arm and hand, but also the sense of touch.

CREDIT

The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health

About the Feinstein Institutes 

The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research is the home of the research institutes of Northwell Health, the largest health care provider and private employer in New York State. Encompassing 50 research labs, 3,000 clinical research studies and 5,000 researchers and staff, the Feinstein Institutes raises the standard of medical innovation through its five institutes of behavioral science, bioelectronic medicine, cancer, health system science, and molecular medicine. We make breakthroughs in genetics, oncology, brain research, mental health, autoimmunity, and are the global scientific leader in bioelectronic medicine – a new field of science that has the potential to revolutionize medicine. For more information about how we produce knowledge to cure disease, visit http://feinstein.northwell.edu and follow us on LinkedIn. 

 

 

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METHOD OF RESEARCH

Case study

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

People

 

UK scientists pledge to address future of semiconductors

Semiconductors have become vital to world manufacturing and are used in all mobiles and computers

Business Announcement

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON

 

IMAGE: SEMICONDUCTORS ARE USED IN ALL MOBILES AND COMPUTERS, ALONGSIDE HEALTHCARE, TRANSPORT AND CLEAN ENERGY view more 

CREDIT: UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON

The future of semiconductors – which are used to power billions of electrical items worldwide – will be driven by UK scientists who have allied with big tech businesses to train a new generation of skilled workers.

Experts from the University of Southampton have joined the launch of the new Semiconductor Education Alliance which intends to address global shortages of electronic device designers and upskill the existing workforce.

Semiconductors have become vital to world manufacturing businesses and are used in all mobiles and computers, alongside healthcare, transport and for clean energy technology.

The new Alliance will see Southampton’s School of Electronics and Computer Science partner with leading firms including Arm, Cadence, Synopsys, ST, Arduino, Taiwan’s TSRI, the All India Council for Technical Education, alongside the universities of Cambridge and Cornell.

Professor Geoff Merrett, from the University of Southampton, said: “We have collaborated with individual partners over many years, but uniting as a global Alliance gives a shared focus in addressing the design skill challenge.

“Southampton will lead on developing two important global communities of practise among the academic community. The first to improve delivery of skills in electronic design and the second in using state-of-art design to improve academia’s ability to improve research outcomes.”

The University of Southampton helped pioneer the creation of electronics more than 60 years ago – and was among the first developers of the semiconductor technology.

Professor Mark Spearing, Vice-President Research and Enterprise at the University of Southampton, said: “The Alliance’s goals of creating global communities of practice, promoting the sharing of knowledge and developing the skills we need to build a better, more sustainable, and inclusive world are goals we share in common, and we look forward to addressing these shared challenges.”

Developing skills and talent is one of the three key initiatives identified by the UK government’s new semiconductor strategy – alongside new research and better infrastructure – which it said the industry has recognised as barriers to progress.

The new Alliance intends to address these challenges by bringing together industry and academic experts, including Southampton, to upskill the industry by improving STEM education, apprenticeships, and industry-led learning.

Gary Campbell, Executive Vice President of Central Engineering at Arm, said: "The Semiconductor Education Alliance is bringing together key stakeholders across industry, academia and government to address the growing challenges of both finding talent and upskilling the existing workforce.

“With one of the oldest dedicated departments in Electronics, and more than 60 years as a nationally recognised centre in semiconductors, the University of Southampton is a partner that brings significant academic strength to the alliance.”

Read about Southampton’s School of Electronics and Computer Science and its pioneering work in semiconductor development at www.arm.ecs.soton.ac.uk.

Or find out more about the Semiconductor Education Alliance at www.arm.com/resources/education.

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METHOD OF RESEARCH

News article

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

People