CATASTROPHISM

Ancient Destructions explained - Immanuel Velikovsky and the Electric Universe

Last Updated on Wed, 05 Oct 2022 | Ancient History

 Climate Policy Watcher
Alternative Energy (current)

Let me introduce you to Immanuel Velikovsky a man who caused incredible controversy in his time. In the 1950’s he wrote a book called “Worlds in Collision”, which had as its main theme the cataclysmic destruction on Earth by planets and comets in the Solar System. He believed mythology and legend should be interpreted literally.

This included the malignant forces attributed to Baal/Jupiter, father of the gods. He earned the wrath of the scientific world. Yet most of his Predictions made in 1960 were absolutely proved by NASA. Jupiter did emanate radio waves and was an electromagnetic body. The surface of Venus was 800 degrees centigrade not the same as Earth. He was right. Conventional science was badly wrong. He claimed the solar system is unstable. Both the Moon and Mars have been ravaged by celestial bodies. Part of his theory was that Venus was once a comet expelled from Jupiter.

Immanuel Velikovsky sought proof of the unstable solar system from many sources. Mythology had bones of truth! Hesiod the ancient Greek philosopher portrayed this in his ancient book ‘Theogeny’ where, for instance, he sites Venus being ejected from Jupiter. Homer in his book the ‘Iliad’ describes the destructive war between the planets as the major factor governing the destruction of Troy in the Trojan wars. Immanuel Velikovsky in Worlds in Collision proposed that many myths and traditions of ancient peoples and cultures are based on actual events: worldwide global catastrophes of a celestial origin actually had profound effects on the lives, beliefs and writings of early mankind.



Professor Emilio Spendicato recently commented:
“Worlds in Collision is a book of wars in the celestial sphere that took place in historical times. In these wars the planet earth participated too. The historical-cosmological story of this book is based on the evidence of historical texts of many people around the globe, on classical literature, on epics of the northern races, on sacred books of the peoples of the Orient and Occident, on traditions and folklore of primitive peoples, on old astronomical inscriptions and charts, on archaeological finds, and also on geological and paleontological material.”

After reaching the number 1 spot in the best-sellers list, Velikovsky’s Worlds in Collision was banned from a number of academic institutions, and created an unprecedented scientific debacle that became known as The Velikovsky Affair. In 1956 Velikovsky wrote a sequel “Earth in Upheaval” to present conclusive geological evidence of terrestrial catastrophism.

“I have excluded from [these pages] all references to ancient literature, traditions, and folklore; and this I have done with intent, so that careless critics cannot decry the entire work as “tales and legends”. Stones and bones are the only witness.”

However for forty years these highly controversial theories remained an anathema to the academic world. Then in June 1994 an event occurred that radically changed scientific thought and gave credibility to Velikovsky’s theories. Myth and legend, once dismissed, had to be re-examined. What was this catastrophic event?

In June 1994 a rogue comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 approached Jupiter. Observers on Earth soon realized that it was on a collision course. But what happened next was totally unexpected. Without warning it split into twenty three large pieces. Then one by one these pieces plummeted into Jupiter, the largest planet in the solar system. It tore huge craters into this massive planet; the size of each crater was four times the size of earth these craters persisted for months afterwards on the unstable surface of Jupiter. Simultaneously a gaseous cloud was released that went on to envelope the surface of the planet. This toxic cloud persisted for months.

For the first time modern man had witnessed a comet collide with a planet! What was thought to be stable solar system, was now a place where the unexpected could happen. Could this have occurred on Earth? Had mankind actually witnessed such an event? Could it happen to Earth in the future? No one could now deny any of these possibilities. Perhaps Baal, alias Jupiter, does have an effect on Earth. The proof is not final, but no longer is it a wild heretical theory based on fantasy. Velikovsky could be taken seriously.

Earth In Upheaval Velikovsky : Immanuel Velikovsky : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

Worlds in Collision : Immanuel Velikovsky : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

Xena Versus Pluto

Will the newly discovered planet like body called Xena displace Pluto....scientists gather to discuss this weighty matter.....Experts meet to decide Pluto fate

In fact they have no 'definition' of what a planet is..... New find further muddles definition of 'planet'


and Pluto was predicted to exist before it was found....sort of like what some folks call magick or presdigitation...

Planet Killers (August 24, 2005).

In 1930 the discovery of Pluto was regarded as a great achievement, for the effort to find Pluto was spurred by theoretical predictions of a ninth planet. But Pluto is embarrassingly small, too small to be the predicted ninth planet. Now we are finding more and more Pluto-sized objects beyond the orbit of Neptune. We should take the hint, remove Pluto from the list of planets in the Solar System, and simply consider it as one of the largest planetoids in the Kuiper Belt.

Brian Marsden
It's time we admitted that accepting Pluto as the ninth planet was a big mistake. The announcement from the Lowell observatory in 1930 that a distant new planet had been found in accordance with the prediction by the observatory's founder was a brilliant exercise in public relations. Little heed was paid to critics who soon pointed out that the object was much smaller than Percival Lowell had claimed and that there was no way he could have made a meaningful prediction.

But Velikovsky predicted a tenth planet and it has been speculated about since the 1980's. Apollonius.Net - Speculations On "Planet X"

'Real' scientists like Lowell dismissed Velikovsky's theories about Venus and Pluto and its origins and about a tenth planet. Yet Lowell's own predictions were also flawed. Something Velikovsky sceptics overlook.

When Velikovsky published Worlds in Collision, he became the victim of most vehement and scurrilous persecution. To all of us plebes who tread streets of concrete, it doesn't make a damn bit of difference how the Solar System came to be in the shape it is in during our mayfly lives. One story is as good as another as long as it stops the kids from asking `How come?' when you want to put them to bed.

Academic Freedom, Free Speech, and Harlow Shapley (February 23, 2005).

Harlow Shapley was one of the leading astronomers of the early 20th century. In 1950, he was at the center of astronomy's most infamous episodes, when he and the astronomy community attempted to suppress the publication of Immanuel Velikovsky's Worlds in Collision. This episode is a nice illustration of the restrictiveness of academic freedom as compared to free speech, and it is a warning on how not to engage the public over bad science.

Velikovsky's contributions were cosmic catastrophism as well as the heresy that the universe was electro-magnetic, that plasma and electro-magnetic energy was as important, if not more important, than mass and gravity. It was a theory that open minded scientists took seriously, such as my physics prof at the University of Lethbridge. Velikovsky was given an honorary degree from the U of L. Which itself elicited more controversy.

The controversy has had many striking facets. One has been the large participation of the public. It continues to increase. Velikovsky has managed to talk to people about mythology, archaeology, astronomy, and geology, without doing injustice to those disciplines, in an amazing and unprecedented manner. Socrates, Aristotle, Galileo, Freud, and Einstein - to name a few thinkers who were implicated in 'crowd phenomena' - were not public figures in the sense here taken. His public - a well-behaved, educated, well-intentioned and diversified aggregate - has supported Velikovsky on every possible occasion. That he was a foreigner with a Russian accent, a psychiatrist, unequivocably a Jew, denounced by some of the most respected scientists of America and Britain, unbending in his person and in his allegiance to science and in refusing every opening for support from demagogic or religious quarters: these facts hardly disturbed the favourable reception granted him by a large public.
THE VELIKOVSKY AFFAIR
SCIENTISM VERSUS SCIENCE
Alfred de Grazia
January 1978

These pictures of the surface of the planet Pluto were released by NASA March 7. The pictures, taken from the Hubble Space Telescope with the European Space Agency's Faint Object Camera, were made in June and July of 1994 and show that Pluto is an unusually complex object with more large-scale contrast than any other planet except Earth. The two smaller inset pictures at top are actual images from Hubble. (REUTERS/Handout)


Also See:

Horus Set

Lagrange 5

Desert Moon

Climate Change...On Jupiter

Is God A Cosmonaut

Wow

The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress

Icky Icke

Science or Tourism

The New Space Race for the Red Planet

Mysterious Explosion

The Morning Star

You Are Here

Happy Birthday Mom

Mutualist Economics of SETI

Find blog posts, photos, events and more off-site about:
Astronomy, astrophysics, space, Pluto, Xena, planets, Velikovsky, tenthplanet, PlanetX

Immanuel Velikovsky books - Worlds in Collision (1950), Earth in Upheaval (1955), Stargazers and Gravediggers (1983)

by

 

Immanuel Velikovsky  

https://archive.org/details/vlkvsky/page/n1/mode/2up

Immanuel Velikovsky: Reconsidered. 
An Inquiry Unit Into Velikovsky's Revision of Ancient History.
by ERIC
ERIC ED084215
Publication date 1973-10
Language English
https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED084215/mode/2up

The ideas and theories of Immanuel Velikovsky are introduced to social studies teachers and a nine-week minicourse designed to investigate his theories is reported. The contradictions and inconsistencies that Velikovsky found between the events as recorded in original records of the ancient Middle East and the chronological timetable of this historical period as it is presently constructed, form the basis of this inquiry unit for high school students. Four general course objectives listed and discussed are: to familiarize students with the basic works and theories of Velikovsky; to examine some of his theories in light of historical, scientific, cultural, and religious evidence and cources; to review the chronology of ancient history as presently constructed and compare it with the revisions suggested by Velikovsky; and to review the reaction of scientific and literary critics to his published works and theories. Through use of both the expository and inquiry modes of learning, the unit emphasizes the students' efforts to identify and articulate the inconsistencies which present themselves, and to make decisions to reconcile these discrepancies. Learning activities and instructional materials are suggested; materials distributed in class are reproduced. (KSM)

Astronomers Are Uncovering the Magnetic Soul of the Universe

Researchers are discovering that magnetic fields permeate much of the cosmos. If these fields date back to the Big Bang, they could solve a cosmological mystery.

VELIKOVSKY WAS RIGHT 
IT'S AN ELECTROMAGNETIC UNIVERSE

Hidden magnetic field lines stretch millions of light years across the universe.
ILLUSTRATION: PAULINE VOSS/QUANTA MAGAZINE

ANYTIME ASTRONOMERS FIGURE out a new way of looking for magnetic fields in ever more remote regions of the cosmos, inexplicably, they find them.

These force fields—the same entities that emanate from fridge magnets—surround Earth, the sun, and all galaxies. Twenty years ago, astronomers started to detect magnetism permeating entire galaxy clusters, including the space between one galaxy and the next. Invisible field lines swoop through intergalactic space like the grooves of a fingerprint.

Last year, astronomers finally managed to examine a far sparser region of space—the expanse between galaxy clusters. There, they discovered the largest magnetic field yet: 10 million light-years of magnetized space spanning the entire length of this “filament” of the cosmic web. A second magnetized filament has already been spotted elsewhere in the cosmos by means of the same techniques. “We are just looking at the tip of the iceberg, probably,” said Federica Govoni of the National Institute for Astrophysics in Cagliari, Italy, who led the first detection.

The question is: Where did these enormous magnetic fields come from?

“It clearly cannot be related to the activity of single galaxies or single explosions or, I don’t know, winds from supernovae,” said Franco Vazza, an astrophysicist at the University of Bologna who makes state-of-the-art computer simulations of cosmic magnetic fields. “This goes much beyond that.”


One possibility is that cosmic magnetism is primordial, tracing all the way back to the birth of the universe. In that case, weak magnetism should exist everywhere, even in the “voids” of the cosmic web—the very darkest, emptiest regions of the universe. The omnipresent magnetism would have seeded the stronger fields that blossomed in galaxies and clusters.

The cosmic web, shown here in a computer simulation, is the large-scale structure of the universe. Dense regions are filled with galaxies and galaxy clusters. Thin filaments connect these clumps. Voids are nearly empty regions of space.ILLUSTRATION: SPRINGEL & OTHERS/VIRGO CONSORTIUM

Primordial magnetism might also help resolve another cosmological conundrum known as the Hubble tension

The problem at the heart of the Hubble tension is that the universe seems to be expanding significantly faster than expected based on its known ingredients. In a paper posted online in April and under review with Physical Review Letters, the cosmologists Karsten Jedamzik and Levon Pogosian argue that weak magnetic fields in the early universe would lead to the faster cosmic expansion rate seen today.

Primordial magnetism relieves the Hubble tension so simply that Jedamzik and Pogosian’s paper has drawn swift attention. “This is an excellent paper and idea,” said Marc Kamionkowski, a theoretical cosmologist at Johns Hopkins University who has proposed other solutions to the Hubble tension.

Kamionko

Meanwhile, astrophysicists kept collecting data. The weight of evidence has led most of them to suspect that magnetism is indeed everywhere.
The Magnetic Soul of the Universe

In the year 1600, the English scientist William Gilbert’s studies of lodestones—naturally magnetized rocks that people had been fashioning into compasses for thousands of years—led him to opine that their magnetic force “imitates a soul.” He correctly surmised that Earth itself is a “great magnet,” and that lodestones “look toward the poles of the Earth.”

Magnetic fields arise anytime electric charge flows. Earth’s field, for instance, emanates from its inner “dynamo,” the current of liquid iron churning in its core. The fields of fridge magnets and lodestones come from electrons spinning around their constituent atoms.

Cosmological simulations illustrate two possible explanations for how magnetic fields came to permeate galaxy clusters. At left, the fields grow from uniform “seed” fields that filled the cosmos in the moments after the Big Bang. At right, astrophysical processes such as star formation and the flow of matter into supermassive black holes create magnetized winds that spill out from galaxies.

However, once a “seed” magnetic field arises from charged particles in motion, it can become bigger and stronger by aligning weaker fields with it. Magnetism “is a little bit like a living organism,” said Torsten Enßlin, a theoretical astrophysicist at the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Garching, Germany, “because magnetic fields tap into every free energy source they can hold onto and grow. They can spread and affect other areas with their presence, where they grow as well.”

Ruth Durrer, a theoretical cosmologist at the University of Geneva, explained that magnetism is the only force apart from gravity that can shape the large-scale structure of the cosmos, because only magnetism and gravity can “reach out to you” across vast distances. Electricity, by contrast, is local and short-lived, since the positive and negative charge in any region will neutralize overall. But you can’t cancel out magnetic fields; they tend to add up and survive.

Yet for all their power, these force fields keep low profiles. They are immaterial, perceptible only when acting upon other things. “You can’t just take a picture of a magnetic field; it doesn’t work like that,” said Reinout van Weeren, an astronomer at Leiden University who was involved in the recent detections of magnetized filaments.

In their paper last year, van Weeren and 28 coauthors inferred the presence of a magnetic field in the filament between galaxy clusters Abell 399 and Abell 401 from the way the field redirects high-speed electrons and other charged particles passing through it. As their paths twist in the field, these charged particles release faint “synchrotron radiation.”

The synchrotron signal is strongest at low radio frequencies, making it ripe for detection by LOFAR, an array of 20,000 low-frequency radio antennas spread across Europe.

The team actually gathered data from the filament back in 2014 during a single eight-hour stretch, but the data sat waiting as the radio astronomy community spent years figuring out how to improve the calibration of LOFAR’s measurements. Earth’s atmosphere refracts radio waves that pass through it, so LOFAR views the cosmos as if from the bottom of a swimming pool. The researchers solved the problem by tracking the wobble of “beacons” in the sky—radio emitters with precisely known locations—and correcting for this wobble to deblur all the data. When they applied the deblurring algorithm to data from the filament, they saw the glow of synchrotron emissions right away.
 
LOFAR consists of 20,000 individual radio antennas spread across Europe.
PHOTOGRAPH: ASTRON

The filament looks magnetized throughout, not just near the galaxy clusters that are moving toward each other from either end. The researchers hope that a 50-hour data set they’re analyzing now will reveal more detail. Additional observations have recently uncovered magnetic fields extending throughout a second filament. Researchers plan to publish this work soon.

The presence of enormous magnetic fields in at least these two filaments provides important new information. “It has spurred quite some activity,” van Weeren said, “because now we know that magnetic fields are relatively strong.”
A Light Through the Voids

If these magnetic fields arose in the infant universe, the question becomes: how? “People have been thinking about this problem for a long time,” said Tanmay Vachaspati of Arizona State University.

In 1991, Vachaspati proposed that magnetic fields might have arisen during the electroweak phase transition—the moment, a split second after the Big Bang, when the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces became distinct. Others have suggested that magnetism materialized microseconds later, when protons formed. Or soon after that: The late astrophysicist Ted Harrison argued in the earliest primordial magnetogenesis theory in 1973 that the turbulent plasma of protons and electrons might have spun up the first magnetic fields. Still others have proposed that space became magnetized before all this, during cosmic inflation—the explosive expansion of space that purportedly jump-started the Big Bang itself. It’s also possible that it didn’t happen until the growth of structures a billion years later.

The way to test theories of magnetogenesis is to study the pattern of magnetic fields in the most pristine patches of intergalactic space, such as the quiet parts of filaments and the even emptier voids. Certain details—such as whether the field lines are smooth, helical, or “curved every which way, like a ball of yarn or something” (per Vachaspati), and how the pattern changes in different places and on different scales—carry rich information that can be compared to theory and simulations. For example, if the magnetic fields arose during the electroweak phase transition, as Vachaspati proposed, then the resulting field lines should be helical, “like a corkscrew,” he said.

The hitch is that it’s difficult to detect force fields that have nothing to push on.

One method, pioneered by the English scientist Michael Faraday back in 1845, detects a magnetic field from the way it rotates the polarization direction of light passing through it. The amount of “Faraday rotation” depends on the strength of the magnetic field and the frequency of the light. So by measuring the polarization at different frequencies, you can infer the strength of magnetism along the line of sight. “If you do it from different places, you can make a 3D map,” said Enßlin.

ILLUSTRATION: SAMUEL VELASCO/QUANTA MAGAZINE

Researchers have started to make rough Faraday rotation measurements using LOFAR, but the telescope has trouble picking out the extremely faint signal. Valentina Vacca, an astronomer and a colleague of Govoni’s at the National Institute for Astrophysics, devised an algorithm a few years ago for teasing out subtle Faraday rotation signals statistically, by stacking together many measurements of empty places. “In principle, this can be used for voids,” Vacca said.

But the Faraday technique will really take off when the next-generation radio telescope, a gargantuan international project called the Square Kilometer Array, starts up in 2027. “SKA should produce a fantastic Faraday grid,” Enßlin said.

For now, the only evidence of magnetism in the voids is what observers don’t see when they look at objects called blazars located behind voids.

Blazars are bright beams of gamma rays and other energetic light and matter powered by supermassive black holes. As the gamma rays travel through space, they sometimes collide with other passing photons, morphing into an electron and a positron as a result. These particles then collide with other photons, turning them into low-energy gamma rays.

But if the blazar’s light passes through a magnetized void, the lower-energy gamma rays will appear to be missing, reasoned Andrii Neronov and Ievgen Vovk of the Geneva Observatory in 2010. The magnetic field will deflect the electrons and positrons out of the line of sight. When they create lower-energy gamma rays, those gamma rays won’t be pointed at us.

ILLUSTRATION: SAMUEL VELASCO/QUANTA MAGAZINE

Indeed, when Neronov and Vovk analyzed data from a suitably located blazar, they saw its high-energy gamma rays, but not the low-energy gamma-ray signal. “It’s the absence of a signal that is a signal,” Vachaspati said.

A nonsignal is hardly a smoking gun, and alternative explanations for the missing gamma rays have been suggested. However, follow-up observations have increasingly pointed to Neronov and Vovk’s hypothesis that voids are magnetized. “It’s the majority view,” Durrer said. Most convincingly, in 2015, one team overlaid many measurements of blazars behind voids and managed to tease out a faint halo of low-energy gamma rays around the blazars. The effect is exactly what would be expected if the particles were being scattered by faint magnetic fields—measuring only about a millionth of a trillionth as strong as a fridge magnet’s.

Cosmology’s Biggest Mystery

Strikingly, this exact amount of primordial magnetism may be just what’s needed to resolve the Hubble tension—the problem of the universe’s curiously fast expansion.

That’s what Pogosian realized when he saw recent computer simulations by Karsten Jedamzik of the University of Montpellier in France and a collaborator. The researchers added weak magnetic fields to a simulated, plasma-filled young universe and found that protons and electrons in the plasma flew along the magnetic field lines and accumulated in the regions of weakest field strength. This clumping effect made the protons and electrons combine into hydrogen—an early phase change known as recombination—earlier than they would have otherwise.

Pogosian, reading Jedamzik’s paper, saw that this could address the Hubble tension. Cosmologists calculate how fast space should be expanding today by observing ancient light emitted during recombination. The light shows a young universe studded with blobs that formed from sound waves sloshing around in the primordial plasma. If recombination happened earlier than supposed due to the clumping effect of magnetic fields, then sound waves couldn’t have propagated as far beforehand, and the resulting blobs would be smaller. That means the blobs we see in the sky from the time of recombination must be closer to us than researchers supposed. The light coming from the blobs must have traveled a shorter distance to reach us, meaning the light must have been traversing faster-expanding space. “It’s like trying to run on an expanding surface; you cover less distance,” Pogosian said.

The upshot is that smaller blobs mean a higher inferred cosmic expansion rate—bringing the inferred rate much closer to measurements of how fast supernovas and other astronomical objects actually seem to be flying apart.

“I thought, wow,” Pogosian said, “this could be pointing us to [magnetic fields’] actual presence. So I wrote Karsten immediately.” The two got together in Montpellier in February, just before the lockdown. Their calculations indicated that, indeed, the amount of primordial magnetism needed to address the Hubble tension also agrees with the blazar observations and the estimated size of initial fields needed to grow the enormous magnetic fields spanning galaxy clusters and filaments. “So it all sort of comes together,” Pogosian said, “if this turns out to be right.”

Original story reprinted with permission from Quanta Magazine, an editorially independent publication of the Simons Foundation whose mission is to enhance public understanding of science by covering research developments and trends in mathematics and the physical and life sciences.

Correction: 7-6-2020 6:15 PM EST: An earlier version of this article stated that gamma rays from blazars can turn into electrons and positrons after striking microwaves. In fact, the change can happen when gamma rays strike many different kinds of photons. The text and the accompanying graphic have been changed.

https://www.wired.com/story/astronomers-are-uncovering-the-magnetic-soul-of-the-universe/#intcid=recommendations_wired-right-rail_7e137b89-15db-4e0b-b89f-5c34ac0fb506_virality-uplift-1

"The Pseudo-Science Wars: Immanuel Velikovsky and the ...

https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu › sociology_articles

by C Bader - ‎2014

Immanuel Velikovsky, a Russian catastrophist who published Worlds in Collision in 1950, ignited a national controversy when he argued that Jupiter ejected ...

Velikovsky - Stanford University

www-leland.stanford.edu › ~meehan › donnelly › velikov

More than a decade has now passed since Velikovsky's death, and there may be some among you who do not know of his work. Velikovsky was a Russian ...

Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky - His scientific work, catastrophes ...

julia-white.com › velikovsky › work

Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky, one of the great scientists since Galileo Galilei, Biography, Vita, Books, catastrophism, history of the Earth, Geology.

HITLERS HIGH PRIESTESS 
SAVITRI DEVI AND HER SOLAR 
A fascist fan boy collection of her works with the introduction being Nicholas Goodridge Clarke's excellent biography. He uses former German Canadian Anti Semite propagandist Ernst Zundel as a source as does the fan boy who created this collection. Zundel himself published some of the work here

Do I really have to give a Trigger Warning

I first came across Devi in an obscure basement used bookstore in Vancouver in the eighties and picked up her book on her Solar Religion especially when I saw she linked her Hindu Nationalism to Hitlers Star and called him a Man God. She was not unlike any other European adopting India as the truth the way and the Light of the East or Asia or of the Secret Chiefs, not unlike Madame Blavatsky, Anne Besant or that British plumber
Lama Lobsang Rampa of Tibet, was none other than Cyril Henry Hoskin, a native of Plympton, Devonshire....

And of course that is why I research this stuff I am a Heresiologist, google it. 

https://archive.org/details/SavitriDeviCollectionHinduOccultNaziHitlerPriestess/page/n1/mode/2up

IN HER OWN PRESCIENT WAY SHE PREDICTED OR DID SHE EVOKE THE CULT OF MODI, AND HINDU NATIONALISM WITH HER BOOK A WARNING TO HINDU'S

Part of her research and then focus on solar deities was on Akhnaton the Egyptian Pharoh who introduced monotheism into Egypt in particular the worship of the Sun God Ra as his father making him the first son of god.

Velikovsky another heretic has his own interpretation of this Akhnaton myth which he wrote after Devi's privately published work, which lay in obscurity. 




Oedipus and Akhnaton

(1960) is Velikovsky’s fourth book, and second in the series following Ages in Chaos. Velikovsky explains that he:
“… read Freud’s last book, Moses and Monotheism, and was prompted to read more about Akhnaton, the real hero of that book. Soon I was struck by some close parallels between this Egyptian king and the legendary Oedipus. A few months later I found myself in the libraries of the New World, among many large volumes containing the records of excavations in Thebes and el-Amarna. This study carried me into the larger field of Egyptian history and to the concept of Ages in Chaos – a reconstruction of twelve hundred years of ancient history, twelve years of toil. ..”
“… it properly follows Ages in Chaos, Volume 1, which covered the time from the great upheaval that closed the Middle Kingdom in Egypt to the time of Pharaoh Akhnaton. The present short book tells his story and that of the tragic events at the end of the Eighteenth Dynasty. In its wake, another volume of Ages in Chaos, too long postponed, will be concluded, bringing my historical reconstruction to the advent of Alexander.”[1]