Wednesday, June 09, 2021

PERMANENT ARMS ECONOMY
GAO urges DOD to update weapon programs cost oversight

While F-35 procurements have brought down the Pentagon's overall cost of weapons systems development, a GAO report says the overall cost of these programs increased in the last year. Photo courtesy of the Department of Defense

June 8 (UPI) -- The U.S . Government Accountability Office in a report published Tuesday urged the Pentagon to update its oversight approach on it's costliest weapons programs to improve weapon system acquisition.

The GAO made the recommendation in its 19th annual report on the Department of Defense weapon programs, which it is obligated to conduct under federal law.

The report found that many weapon programs have acquisition approaches that could result in cost and schedule challenges that have led to the DOD weapon system acquisition being placed on the High-Risk List for more than two decades.

GAO outlines cost growth issues in a wide range of weapons programs, with specific focus on the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter -- noted as the Pentagon's current costliest program -- and that it's costs have gone down since the agency's previous report because of procurement reductions.

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The DOD now has six acquisition "pathways" designed to account for the type of weapon system, including major capability acquisition and middle-tier acquisition pathways used by the programs GAO reviewed, and timeframe its needed, but more options are needed, according to the GAO report.

"In particular, DOD has yet to develop an overarching data collection and reporting strategy for programs transitioning between acquisition pathways or conducting multiple efforts using the same pathway to deliver the intended capability," the report stated.

"The lack of strategy not only limits DOD's visibility into these programs but also hinders the quality of its congressional reporting and makes the full cost and schedule for the eventual weapon system more difficult to ascertain," GAO said in a summary of the report.

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The GAO added in the report that the DOD plans to invest over $1.79 trillion in its costliest weapon programs, but not all costs are reported.

The report carries a recommendation for multiple reporting capabilities in order to provide more information on each individual program effort, overall planned costs and a schedule for delivery of the program's expected capability.

Primarily, major defense acquisition program costs are reported, but the DOD is increasingly using the middle-tier pathway to acquire weapons programs. This acquisition tier does not, however, include potential investments beyond the current cost or cover classified programs.

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The F-35 program, the Pentagon's largest, reported a procurement cost decrease of $23.9 billion in fiscal year 2020, "primarily due to lower prime and subcontractor labor rates," the report noted.

Earlier this year, however, the GAO reported that a Pentagon project to continuously modernize the F-35 has seen about $2 billion in cost growth since 2019.

And while F-35 procurement reductions led to an overall weapons program portfolio cost decrease since GAO's last annual report, delivery and test delays and poor system performance led to a growth in costs in the last year, the report said.

RELATED GAO report finds spiraling costs in F-35 modernization program

Meanwhile, the DOD continues to expand its MTA programs, which the GAO could not assess due to inconsistent cost reporting.

The GAO added many weapon programs failed to attain knowledge that could limit cost growth and deliver weapon systems faster, and "they inconsistently implemented leading practices," including "conducting certain types of cybersecurity assessments during development."

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Survey of nearby universe reveals surprising diversity of stellar nurseries

For the PHANGS census, researchers surveyed more than 100,000 stellar nurseries located in 90 different galaxies throughout the nearby universe. Photo by ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/PHANGS, S. Dagnello (NRAO)

June 8 (UPI) -- Stellar nurseries in the nearby universe come in a surprising variety of shapes and sizes, according to a new cosmic survey.

Every galaxy's stars are formed from dense clouds of gas and dust called mollecular clouds, or stellar nurseries. Previously, astronomers thought stellar nurseries were largely the same across the cosmos.

For the latest census, called the PHANGS project, scientists used the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, or the ALAM telescope, located in Chile, to image 100,000 stellar nurseries in 90 different galaxies, all positioned within the nearby universe.

The results of the PHANGS survey, published Tuesday in the journal Astrophysical Journal Supplement, showed the appearance and behavior of stellar nurseries varies from place to place.

"This is the first time that we have ever taken millimeter-wave images of many nearby galaxies that have the same sharpness and quality as optical pictures," lead author Adam Leroy said in a press release.

"And while optical pictures show us light from stars, these ground-breaking new images show us the molecular clouds that form those stars," said Leroy, an associate professor of astronomy at Ohio State University.

Leroy and his colleagues likened the diversity of stellar nurseries to the differences between different cities and regions across the United States.

Though people, houses and neighborhoods share many similarities across the country, they also take on unique characteristics in different cities, states and regions.

"To understand how stars form, we need to link the birth of a single star back to its place in the universe," said study co-author Eva Schinnerer. "It's like linking a person to their home, neighborhood, city, and region."

"If a galaxy represents a city, then the neighborhood is the spiral arm, the house the star-forming unit, and nearby galaxies are neighboring cities in the region," Schinnerer said, an astronomer at the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy and principal investigator on the PHANGS project. "These observations have taught us that the 'neighborhood' has small but pronounced effects on where and how many stars are born."

The survey results showed that characteristics of different stellar nurseries -- their molecular gas properties and star formation rates -- depended on where in a galaxy they were located.

Stellar nurseries in galaxy disks were different than stellar nurseries in stellar bars, as were stellar nurseries in spiral arms and galaxy centers.

PHANG images showed molecular clouds in the centers of galaxies were generally bigger, denser and more turbulent than those located in bars and arms.

The survey findings also showed the position of a nursery within a galaxy seems to influence how quickly the star formation process depletes a cloud's supply of gas and dust.

"By mapping different types of galaxies and the diverse range of environments that exist within galaxies, we are tracing the whole range of conditions under which star-forming clouds of gas live in the present-day universe," said co-author Guillermo Blanc.

"This allows us to measure the impact that many different variables have on the way star formation happens," said Blanc, an astronomer at the Carnegie Institution for Science.

Though astronomers have previously used ALMA to study stellar nurseries, previous surveys have focused on stellar clouds within single galaxies or parts of galaxies.

The new atlas contains 90 of the best maps ever made, according to study co-author Erik Rosolowsky, who said they reveal where the next generation of stars is going to form.

"The PHANGS project is a new form of cosmic cartography that allows us to see the diversity of galaxies in a new light, literally," said Rosolowsky, an associate professor of physics at the University of Alberta.

"We are finally seeing the diversity of star-forming gas across many galaxies and are able to understand how they are changing over time. It was impossible to make these detailed maps before ALMA," he said.

New spacecraft will use lasers to transmit video, data in seconds

An illustration depicts the Laser Interconnect and Networking Communication System (LINCS) satellites built for launch in 2021 by San Diego-based General Atomics. Image courtesy of General Atomics

ORLANDO, Fla., June 9 (UPI) -- New space missions being launched this summer will attempt to revolutionize space communications by using laser beams to quickly transmit large amounts of data, including high-definition video from the moon.

Two missions by the U.S. government will test such lasers, which use invisible, infrared light beams

NASA's Laser Communications Relay Demonstration will explore the best ways to beam information to the Earth from orbit using lasers. And a separate demonstration for the Department of Defense, known as LINCS, will focus on beaming laser communications between two small satellites.

Also, NASA's Orion spacecraft being prepared for launch later this year on an uncrewed lunar mission will use lasers on future missions to send high-definition video of the moon back to Earth.

The main goal for NASA's laser demonstration spacecraft is to determine how Earth's atmosphere, especially clouds, influences laser links to the surface, David Israel, NASA architect for exploration and space communications, said in an interview.

The lasers will allow "a whole day's worth of video or observation data to just be blasted down in one quick pass," Israel said.

Israel worked on a new $310 million mission. Scheduled for launch this summer, the spacecraft consists of receivers and a laser transmitter and is no bigger than a king-sized mattress, according to NASA.

Launch provider ULA postponed a June 23 target date to evaluate an issue with the rocket's engines and hasn't yet set a new date.

The relay demonstration satellite will orbit the Earth for years, eventually testing the transmission of large amounts of data from the International Space Station to ground stations in Hawaii and New Mexico, Israel said.

If clouds are too thick at the intended ground station, laser transmitters could be adjusted to find other receivers, he said.

"We have models and predictions, but we don't have much in the way of actual data to really characterize how bad the effects of weather will be," Israel said. "We will measure the impact of weather so we can better predict good transmission conditions."

The light beams of infrared lasers travel no faster than radio waves, but lasers can pack 10 to 100 times more data into a relatively quick beam. Such density would allow transmission of maps for the entire surface of Mars in about nine days, compared to nine months for radio waves, NASA said.

A NASA laser experiment satellite, the Laser Communications Relay Demonstration, or LCRD, is prepared for launch at the agency's Maryland-based Goddard Space Flight Center. Photo courtesy of NASA

Laser communications will aid a new era of spaceflight for private companies, such as SpaceX and Blue Origin, said Debra Emmons, general manager of communications technologies and engineering at the non-profit, California-based Aerospace Corp., a think tank for the U.S. defense department.

"The ability to communicate and operate interchangeably between space assets will be critical ... as we set sights to the moon and beyond," Emmons said in an email.

"The sheer distances require laser-based communication -- not for speed, but for smaller size, weight, and power of optical terminal payloads compared to larger radio frequency [equipment]."

Laser communication is more secure than radio transmission due to the tighter, narrow beam of data, Emmons said.

"The chances of intercepting a laser beam are much smaller," she said. "One has to be in the path of a laser beam to intercept any data, whereas radio waves scatter, and therefore can be intercepted more easily."

The study of such lasers is expanding rapidly, Peter Delfyett, professor of physics, optics and photonics at the University of Central Florida, said in an interview.

"We're talking about massive amounts of information to be transmitted quickly, within a few seconds or minutes," Delfyett said.

He compared laser communications to fiber-optics on the ground, without the use of fiber.

Infrared lasers carry no significant risk to people in most circumstances and would not be visible unless someone was wearing infrared goggles, Delfyett said.

The public may witness the improvements in communication, thanks to lasers, when NASA sends Artemis missions to the moon, NASA's Israel said.

"When that first flyby of the moon happens and high-definition video is streaming back, that'll be coming through an optical [laser] link," he said.

An illustration depicts infrared lasers beaming data to a ground station from space at speeds many times faster that radio waves. Image courtesy of NASA

Study: Death rates from chronic conditions, 'deaths of despair' rising in rural U.S.

By Steven Reinberg, HealthDay News

In rural America, more people die from chronic health conditions and substance abuse than in suburbs and cities, and the gap is widening.

Researchers report in a new study that the difference in rural and urban death rates tripled over the past 20 years mostly due to deaths among middle-aged white men and women

"We looked at all-cause death, and found that instead of the difference in this disparity getting better over time, as you might expect as our economy progresses and our health system improves, we've actually seen that differences really multiplied," said lead researcher Dr. Haider Warraich, a cardiologist at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston and the VA Boston Healthcare System.

This gap is partly due to access to care, but other factors also contribute, he said.

In terms of access, rural areas have seen a wave of hospital closures driven largely by economics, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, Warraich said.

"But it's hard to disconnect health from other factors in our societies," he said. "I think it's linked to the overall economic outlook of rural America as well, and also, health behaviors that contribute to poor health, such as poor nutrition, lack of exercise, smoking, substance use, etc.

In rural areas, death from conditions like heart and lung diseases as well as so-called "deaths of despair" from drugs, alcohol and suicide have risen significantly, and are likely to continue doing so, Warraich said.

This is a huge problem, he said, noting that 60 million Americans live in rural areas.

"It's hard to divorce health from the overall economy," Warraich said. "But I think one thing that we really need to do is re-imagine rural health care, really think about what are the things that make an effective rural health care system -- and it might not be just simply hospitals."

Bolstering a lack of high-quality primary and preventive care is essential, he said.

Warraich predicted that health care trends in rural America are likely to spread to suburban and urban areas.

"A lot of what we're seeing already in our society, especially with regard to the challenges of rural America, are a consequence of this public health crisis," he said.

"I think, often times, there's a feeling that what happens in these areas stays there, and it's not a problem for the rest of the country. That might become harder to ignore as the crisis evolves and transforms into something that might be even greater," Warraich said.

Bill Finerfrock, executive director of the National Association of Rural Health Clinics in Alexandria, Va., said that unfortunately, the findings are not surprising.

"They only serve to reinforce the long-held understanding that there are ongoing and pervasive health disparities between urban and rural residents," he said.

Finerfrock, who was not part of the study, said while it cited no cause for the stark differences in death rates, the opioid crisis is probably a factor -- especially in rising death rates among rural Americans between 25 and 64 years of age.

He warned that the loss of health care clinics as well as hospitals over the last 10 years may make these disparities even worse in the years ahead.

For the study, Warraich and his colleagues used federal government health data for 1999 through 2019.

They found that age-adjusted death rates dropped in both rural and urban areas over that period. But the gap widened dramatically as death rates rose among white rural residents between 25 and 64.

Over the study period, rural death rates increased 12% for that group. Although death rates dropped among rural Black residents, they still had a higher death rate than all other groups in both rural and urban areas, researchers noted.

Nationwide, the racial difference in death rates was cut in half over the period.

The research was published this week in the Journal of the American Medical Association.

Mark Holmes, director of the North Carolina Rural Health Research and Policy Analysis Center in Chapel Hill, also reviewed the findings.

"This study adds to existing evidence by showing how individual populations contribute -- the fact that, for example, mortality among rural whites is increasing. The higher mortality from COVID-19 in rural areas is yet another example," he said.

Breaking down the rural trends, as the authors do, can provide better understanding of causes, Holmes added.

More information

Learn more about disparities in rural health care at the Rural Health Information Hub.

U.N. : Southern Myanmar faces exodus, 'mass deaths' with military in control

A demonstrator walks near a barricade during an opposition protest against the military coup in Yangon, Myaar, on March 27. File Photo by EPA-

June 9 (UPI) -- The United Nations says about 100,000 people in Myanmar's Kayah State have fled because of deteriorating security and the humanitarian situation in the country, which has now been under military control for more than four months.

The global body says civilians living in the southern Myanmar border state, adjacent to Thailand, have been targeted by indiscriminate attacks by security forces, which has led to severe displacement.Officials said those fleeing are in need of food, water, shelter, fuel and access to healthcare. The United Nations said it's been able to help those seeking safe shelter and persons who decide to stay and wait out the violence.

"Many of them are currently seeking safety in host communities and forests across Kayah and southern parts of neighboring Shan State," the United Nations in Myanmar said in a statement Tuesday.

"This crisis could push people across international borders seeking safety, as already seen in other parts of the country."

The military junta staged a coup on Feb. 1 and forcefully removed Myanmar's civilian leaders from power, arguing that parliamentary elections last fall were illegitimate. The military has since charged leaders, including head of state Aung San Suu Kyi, with crimes and physically cracked down on opposition demonstrators in streets nationwide.

The United Nations in Myanmar also blamed security forces for delaying humanitarian supplies in critical areas.

Tom Andrews, U.N. special rapporteur for Myanmar, warned on Tuesday that the military's suppressive tactics are threatening the lives of thousands of people in Kayah and Karenni states.

"Let me blunt. Mass deaths from starvation, disease, and exposure, on a scale we have not yet seen since the February 1 coup, could occur in Kayah State absent immediate action," he said in a statement.

"Any pressure or leverage U.N. member states can put on the junta must now be exerted so that junta leader Min Aung Hlaing will immediately ... open access roads and allow lifesaving aid to reach those in need, and stop terrorizing the population by ceasing the aerial bombardment, shelling and shooting of civilians."

UN report: Aquaculture linked with harmful algal blooms

Researchers say that rising seafood demand and coastal development may be linked to an increase in more harmful algal blooms, such as the one pictured in the Baltic Sea. Photo by European Space Agency

June 8 (UPI) -- New analysis of thousands of harmful algae blooms, or HABs, has revealed links between increases in the damage caused by algae blooms and human activities, including aquaculture development.

The international study, organized and funded by UNESCO's Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, featured several dozen scientists from all over the world. Scientists analyzed the timing and extent of more than 9,500 HABs over the last 33 years.

The analysis -- published Tuesday in the journal Communications and Earth and Environment -- revealed strong links between algae blooms and increased stress on marine resources, undermining the notion that global warming and rising ocean temperatures are the primary driver of harmful algae blooms.

"There has been a widely-stated contention that HABs worldwide are increasing in distribution, frequency or intensity, so a quantitative global assessment is long overdue," lead author Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff, a professor at the University of Tasmania's Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, said in a press release.

By amassing data on thousands of HABs, researchers were able to establish a baseline with which to compare future changes in the frequency, origins and extent of harmful algae blooms.

Records from a pair of databases, the Harmful Algae Event Database and the Biodiversity Information System, showed HABs are increasing in the Caribbean, South America, Mediterranean and North Asia.

Harmful algae blooms are occurring slightly less frequently, however, along the West Coast of the United States and along the coasts of Australia and New Zealand.

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Almost half of all the analyzed HABs yielded seafood toxins, while approximately 7 percent resulted in mass plant and animals deaths.

Researchers had to work hard to standardize the HAB records from different parts of the world. HAB monitoring efforts are more robust, for example, in places where aquaculture development has dramatically increased.

Even when accounting for this, researchers found strong links between aquaculture development and harmful algae events.

While scientists suspect increases in nutrient pollution from aquaculture activity can help explain increases in HAB events, they suggest more analysis is necessary to confirm the link.

Given that algal blooms serve as a direct threat to both human health and the health of marine ecosystems, it's imperative that scientists work out the connections between aquaculture and HABs.

"Overexploitation acts as a natural multiplier of the effects of HABs, leading to an increase in impacts independent of an actual trend in HABs," said co-author Adriana Zingone, researcher at Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn in Italy.

Unlike previous studies, which have suggested HABs are increasing exponentially in all parts of the world, the latest findings suggest more nuanced trends.

Still, the scientists suggest it is imperative that marine researchers and policy makers improve their ability to forecast the threats posed by HABs.

"As the human population continues to increase in tandem with resource demands, HABs will predictably constitute a serious threat in terms of seafood safety and security, a hindrance to recreational uses of the sea, and a problem for the tourism industry," said study co-author Henrik Oksfeldt Enevoldsen.

"Occurrences of harmful species over time and their human impacts can be expected to change locally, regionally and globally alongside the effects that climate, hydrography and human pressure impose on the coastal environment," said Enevoldsen, a researcher at the University of Copenhagen.

Rio de Janeiro's Christ statue: 'Thou shalt not bribe'

RIO DE JANEIRO (AP) — After years of Brazilians being battered by revelations of bribery and corruption, Rio de Janeiro’s huge Christ the Redeemer statue is trying to set a moral example -- by introducing its own compliance program.

Administrators of the 125-foot-tall figure overlooking the “Marvelous City” announced a program Tuesday to bring more transparency to operations of the flagship tourism destination. Almost 2 million people visited in 2019, the year before the pandemic, and pay relatively hefty admission fees.

The Rio branch of the international accounting firm KPMG has signed an agreement with the administration of the Sanctuary of Christ the Redeemer to ensure operations are aboveboard.

“With this partnership, Christ the Redeemer becomes an important milestone for establishing ethical relations, committed to values," Rev. Omar Raposo, rector of the sanctuary, said at the base of the statue.

The program will train managers to better flag and address suspicious activity and to establish an anonymous hotline for anyone seeking to submit claims or complaints.

While the Christ statue has come to symbolize Brazil for many people, Rio de Janeiro state has become emblematic of Brazilian corruption. All governors elected between 1998 and 2014 have been jailed at different points over corruption allegations or convictions. One of them, Sérgio Cabral, was sentenced to a total of more than 300 years in prison for corruption, money laundering and other crimes.

More recently, Wilson Witzel, a former judge who won the 2018 gubernatorial election with his law-and-order platform, was impeached in April for allegedly taking part in a bribery scheme related to fraudulent contracts for COVID-19 field hospitals. He remains under investigation and has denied any wrongdoing.

The case was part of operation “Car Wash,” an anti-corruption task force that targeted the nation’s political and business elite. Its investigations turned up kickbacks related to contracts awarded by state-run companies, particularly Rio-based oil giant Petrobras, and for some World Cup arenas, including renovation of Rio's Maracana stadium where the final was played.

The team of prosecutors, whose work began in 2014, was recently disbanded, but has had a lasting impact on business as usual, said Guilherme Donegá, a Brazilian anti-corruption expert based in Washington.

“Very few traditional Brazilian companies had compliance programs,” Donegá told The Associated Press by phone. "With ‘Car Wash,’ Brazil’s private sector started paying attention to the issue of corruption.”

There's room for improvement. Brazil ranked 94th of 180 countries in the monitoring group Transparency International's most-recent global ranking on the perception of corruption.

“Our Christ the Redeemer, so special, great symbol of our country, opens its arms to innovations,” the rector said.

Diane Jeantet, The Associated Press

BLUE HYDROGEN NOT GREEN

Canada, Alberta sign deal for $1.3B hydrogen plant in Edmonton

The governments say they're working with Air Products Canada to build the $1.3-billon plant, which would produce the clean-burning fuel from natural gas.

© Provided by The Canadian Press

EDMONTON — The federal and Alberta governments are signing an agreement that could lead to a plant to produce hydrogen built near Edmonton.

They say the plant would produce hydrogen-fuelled electricity and liquid hydrogen for transportation and could be running by 2024.

Hydrogen releases no carbon when it burns.

Using hydrogen instead of fossil fuels is thought to be a significant way to reduce Canada's greenhouse gas emissions.

Air Products Canada has been in business since 1997 and operates three hydrogen facilities in Alberta and one in Ontario, as well as pipeline networks in both provinces.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published June 9, 2021.

The Canadian Press

GREENWASHING

A group of the largest producers in Canada's oilsands have announced a joint strategy to reach net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050

© THE CANADIAN PRESS/Jason Franson Suncor's base plant with upgraders in the oil sands in Fort McMurray Alta, on Monday June 13, 2017.

The companies include Canadian Natural Resources Ltd., Cenovus Energy Inc., Imperial Oil Ltd, MEG Energy Corp., and Suncor Energy Inc.

Read more: Natural gas straddle plant designed to reduce oilsands emissions with cleaner fuel

A large part of the strategy includes building a carbon sequestration facility in Cold Lake, Alta. The group says the facility would be available for other industries to use as well.

The companies also plan to pilot emerging carbon reduction technologies around oilsands operations, such as direct air capture, which uses a mechanical system to extract carbon dioxide out of the air.

Video: Clean energy summit aims to ignite growth of new technology in Alberta

The companies say the project will need significant investments and was made possible because of support programs from the federal and Alberta governments.

Read more: Alberta eases security payment burden for oilsands companies

The group compared their plan to the Longship project in Norway, a multi-billion dollar project that includes a cross-border carbon dioxide storage and transportation facility that will be open to multiple industries and is slated to open by 2024.

Study: Rideshare services reduce drunk-driving convictions, injuries from crashes

By Brian P. Dunleavy
HEALTH NEWS
JUNE 9, 2021

Rideshare services such as Uber can help reduce injuries from motor vehicle accidents by discouraging drunk driving, a new study has found. File Photo by Will Oliver/EPA-EFE

June 9 (UPI) -- The availability of rideshare services such as Uber and Lyft in Houston reduced the number of convictions for impaired driving in the city by 24% during a six-year period, a study published Wednesday by JAMA Surgery found.

Over the same period, the city saw a similar drop in the number of injuries from motor vehicle crashes, the data showed.

ACCIDENTS ARE PREVENTABLE INCIDENTS
The increased availability of these rideshare services could help discourage people from driving while impaired -- on either drugs or alcohol -- and thus lower the rate of injuries from automobile accidents, the researchers said.

The findings are likely applicable to other cities and towns nationally, they said.

RELATED Study: As pot rules relax, more U.S. teens driving while stoned

"Rideshares are a convenient and reliable way to get home after going out," study co-author Dr. Christopher Conner told UPI in an email.

"This is a vital piece of the discussion when we discuss what services rideshares offer and what we are willing to pay for them," said Conner, a neurosurgery resident at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.

Accidents, including motor vehicle crashes, cause more than 170,000 deaths in the United States each year, a figure that trails only heart disease and cancer, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

RELATED CDC: 93K Americans die from alcohol-related causes each year

About one-third of all motor vehicle crashes nationally involve at least one driver under the influence of alcohol, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates.

Such accidents are associated with more severe injuries than those involving unimpaired drivers, Conner and his colleagues said.

As many as 33% of customers of services such as Uber and Lyft use them to avoid driving while impaired, based on data from Mothers Against Drunk Driving.

RELATED Teen traffic deaths decline as states enact distracted driving laws

For this study, Conner and his colleagues analyzed data on more than 23,000 motor vehicle crash injuries, nearly 94,000 impaired driving convictions and more than 24 million Uber rides in Houston between 2007 and 2019.

Between the introduction of Uber in Houston in February 2014 and the end of 2018, injuries from motor vehicle crashes decreased by 24% during peak periods on Friday and Saturday nights, the data showed.

From January 2014 through the end of 2019, which coincided with the availability of Uber, convictions for impaired driving in the city also fell by 24%.

"Rideshare services are an effective means to decrease alcohol-associated motor vehicle crashes and drunk-driving convictions," Conner said.

"This finding is important as car accidents are a leading cause of death and disability in the U.S., and it has been challenging to combat this epidemic," he said.