University of Houston professor working to heal homelessness, fix broken aid industry

Dr. David Buck’s passion for helping underserved populations inspired by encounter with Mother Teresa

Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON

While volunteering at an Indian orphanage in 1984, Dr. David Buck found his passion for helping those most in need during an encounter with the greatest humanitarian in human history – Mother Teresa. That unforgettable experience put him on a decades-long path to reshaping how communities care for the underserved.

“Mother Teresa asked us ‘Who among you wants to change the world?’” recalled Buck. “Internally I was screaming ‘Me, I do!’”

But Buck, now a professor and associate dean for community health at the University of Houston Tilman J. Fertitta Family College of Medicine, didn’t raise his hand.

“She said ‘For all of you who want to do that, there’s the door. Our task is much greater. Our task is to love one person at a time,’” he said. “So, I came back to the U.S. and knew I wanted to make a difference here at home.”

Buck recently reflected on his nearly 40 years of tackling the homelessness epidemic, repairing a fragmented aid industry, and challenging the status quo in medicine in a first-person account published in the Journal of Social Distress and Homelessness.

Early in his career, just after returning from that life-changing experience with Mother Teresa, Buck volunteered with Houston Catholic Worker House where he learned the biggest problem facing the homeless was access to health care. Not long after, he established two free health clinics and a dental clinic, but soon realized the root problem wasn’t just access. Instead, it was a lack of integration of all the services they needed.

“There was no system of care, from primary care to subspecialty care, health care to housing, food, even identification cards to transportation. Homelessness is like a prison of these catastrophic failures at every level. Education, employment, the judicial system. It goes on and on,” said Buck, noting that there are hundreds of non-profits but no financial incentives for one service industry to work with others like housing, transportation or employment.

Recognizing what he calls a “profound lack of leadership,” Buck founded Healthcare for the Homeless Houston in 1999 to promote health, hope and dignity for those affected by homelessness through accessible and comprehensive quality care. His vision was to provide pathways for moving beyond the cycle of homelessness through integrated care and collaborative partnerships and eliminate those obstructive service silos.

“You have to go to the place that does housing, but you don’t have transportation,” he said. “You have to get I.D., but that’s a different Texas agency. You have psychiatry here, but not at your primary care doctor, and then you have to go somewhere else for your meds. It’s this endless cycle.”

To further the mission, Buck founded another non-profit, the Patient Care Intervention Center (PCIC), and partnered with United Way, among others, to build a coordinated health safety-net where stakeholders share and integrate social and medical data to help make better decisions.

In the journal article, Buck suggests three strategies that need to be adopted across the health care system to more effectively treat homeless individuals and improve health outcomes:

• Challenge funders at all levels

Philanthropic institutions, the private sector, local, national, and international public grant agencies must implement financing strategies that incentivize and reward collaboration among service organizations.

• Resist the temptation to add new non-profits

Further proliferation of non-profit organizations will only serve to further fragment care. Instead, regardless of whether the financial incentives are there or not, reach across the aisle and build meaningful coalitions with existing players.

• Change starts from within

Reform professional culture to reward practices that are proven to improve key outcomes.

When asked how it’s possible to build a primary care system that is responsive to the needs of the homeless, Buck suggested providing care based on values rather than problems. It’s a strategy based on cognitive behavioral therapy that can lead to health behavior changes.

“Imagine your typical doctor’s appointment: “Hi Mr. Patient, nice to see you today for your hypertension, obesity, substance use, your mental illness, oh and did I mention your obesity?” As I go on with that statement, you become less and less motivated for the behavior change that could improve your health. Now compare that to a values-based approach. Who and what is most important to you? And then you derive goals from that,” he said in the journal interview with article authors Nicholas Peoples and Mary Fang, both medical students at Baylor College of Medicine.

Buck said challenging the status quo is what brought him into academic administration. The Fertitta Family College of Medicine was founded in 2019 on a distinct social mission to improve health and health care in underserved urban and rural communities where poor health outcomes are often more prevalent. Buck is part of the team educating medical students on how to provide compassionate, high-value care (high quality at reasonable cost), with a focus on primary care and other needed physician specialties.

In September, Fertitta Family College of Medicine students for the first time will join students from Baylor and UT medical schools in working at the HOMES (Houston Outreach Medicine, Education and Social Services) Clinic at Healthcare for the Homeless, one of the first student-run medical clinics in the country and the only one in Houston, and the first one at a Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC).

“We know what’s wrong, and now we have the tools to fix it,” he said.

His vision goes back to that day nearly 40 years ago when Mother Teresa gave him the inspiration for what has become his life’s work. But that work is far from finished, and now he’s hoping that inspiration is passed along to his students.

“We need the next generation of doctors to implement new approaches to improve the quality of care, and that’s part of our focus at UH.”

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JOURNAL

Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless

DOI

10.1080/10530789.2022.2080794 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Commentary/editorial

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

People

ARTICLE TITLE

Healing the homelessness, fixing a broken aid industry, and challenging the status quo: perspectives of a physician-activist

Attitudes toward mandatory COVID-19 vaccination in Germany

DEUTSCHES AERZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL

COLOGNE. It has become obvious that sufficiently high immunity to COVID-19 cannot be achieved in Germany through voluntary vaccination alone. On this background, Thomas Rieger and Carsten Schröder from the German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin, together with Christoph Schmidt-Petri from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, investigated the acceptance of a policy of general mandatory vaccination against COVID-19. The scientists also investigated the questions of which population groups are supportive of such a measure, which ones are opposed, and what their reasons are, respectively (Rieger T, Schmidt-Petri C, Schröder C: Attitudes toward mandatory COVID-19 vaccination in Germany—a representative analysis of data from the Socio-Economic Panel for the year 2021. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2022; 119: 335–41).

The authors used for their analysis representative data from the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). The SOEP consists of a random sample from the population resident in Germany, whose members participate in annual surveys. Because of the far-reaching consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, the SOEP 2021 was enhanced by including a new COVID-19 survey module. In the time period from January through December 2021, 17,132 participants were interviewed regarding their attitudes regarding a policy of general mandatory vaccination against COVID-19. Furthermore, data were collected on participants’ sociodemographic characteristics, health, political attitudes, and trust in the legal and political systems. The authors used univariate, bivariate, and multivariate statistical analyses to evaluate these data.

They found that a slight majority of survey participants were supportive of mandatory general vaccination against COVID-19. The primary reason given was the attitude that otherwise, not enough people would undergo vaccination. The most important reason given by those opposed to mandatory vaccination was the desire for individual freedom of choice. The group of supporters were older, fewer of them had received tertiary education, they were less healthy, tended to have no children, had centrist political orientations, and had more trust in politics. These differences were, however, not terribly pronounced compared with the group of opponents of mandatory vaccination. The biggest difference actually consisted in the fact that notably more supporters were vaccinated against COVID-19 than opponents (90% versus 60%).

In the authors’ view, future analyses should investigate the question of how attitudes towards mandatory COVID-19 vaccination change over time and can be influenced. In this context, in addition to whether or not mandatory vaccination is introduced in Germany, it is likely to play a role how this would be implemented in detail.

https://www.aerzteblatt.de/pdf.asp?id=224864

Bruin biophysicist’s research pushes forward development of cultured meat

CNSI member Amy Rowat advances technology toward tasty new alternative protein offerings

Peer-Reviewed Publication

CALIFORNIA NANOSYSTEMS INSTITUTE

 

IMAGE: IN DEVELOPMENT—A CULTURED MEAT “MINI-BURGER” view more 

CREDIT: IMAGE COURTESY: JEANNIE BARBER-CHOI/UCLA

After earning her undergraduate degree, Amy Rowat found herself at a fork in the road. Should she follow her love of science to graduate school for physics, or her passion for cooking to culinary school?

At the time, academia won out. But over the long term, she’s answered the “science or food” question her own way: Why not both?

Now an associate professor of integrative biology and physiology and the holder of UCLA’s Marcie H. Rothman Presidential Chair in Food Studies, Rowat has spiced up both her pedagogy and her research with her gastronomic interests. She is founding director of Science and Food, a campus-based organization that promotes knowledge of science through food and food through science. And in recent years, her research in mechanical biology — exploring how physical forces affect cells — has included studies into cultured meat that may help to eventually add labmade steaks to the grocer’s shelves.

She views that scientific endeavor, aided by the tailwind of private philanthropy, federal research grants and her membership in the California NanoSystems Institute at UCLA, as an aspect of a broader research mission.

“Very broadly, our work is driven by the desire to advance both human and planetary health,” Rowat said. “When I realized there was a gap in the field of alternative proteins, my skillset and the expertise of my lab in biophysics, engineering, cell biology and mechanical biology seemed like a strong fit.”

She points to one of many deleterious effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, disruptions to the supply chain sometimes rendering household staples hard to find, as an example of why expanding the menu of protein-rich foods would benefit society.

“Having other methods to produce animal protein can help increase the resilience of our food system,” she said.

Although there are a number of problems to be solved along the way, cultured meat has the potential to cause less greenhouse gas emission, reduce antibiotic use and occupy less land pound-for-pound than traditional meat from livestock.

“I see cultured meat as a complement to other solutions, such as regenerative agriculture,” Rowat said. “An important aspect is simply to have these alternative protein sources out there.”

Cultured chicken nuggets are already obtainable in Singapore. With similar products working their way through U.S. regulatory processes, Rowat predicts that cultured meat may be available for sale stateside in the next year and a half. Of course, it remains to be seen whether it will find widespread adoption, as plant-based meat alternatives have, or occupy a niche such as feeding people living in extreme environments.

The ability to grow cells in labs is nothing new. However, the cost and the challenges involved with production for consumption at consumer scale have been substantial obstacles. In her research, Rowat is looking for methods that add efficiency to the processes behind cultured meat.

A study she led appearing in the August 2022 edition of the journal Biomaterials signals a step forward for the effort.

Rowat and her colleagues take on a fundamental limitation, that animal cells require some sort of scaffold to grow on if they’re going to develop and function properly. But the petri dish won’t do the trick at industrial scale. Rather, the instrument for the job is a large vat called a bioreactor. To date, cultured meat has been grown on tiny beads, called microcarriers, made of inedible polymers. They must later be separated from the cells, increasing cost and cutting into efficiency.

In the paper, the UCLA team presents a process for making edible microcarriers from gelatin and a food-grade enzyme. Because muscle stem cells have been shown to grow more readily on grooved surfaces — similar to the texture of skeletal muscle — the researchers also describe a technique for patterning their microcarriers. In a proof-of-concept experiment, they cultured cow muscle cells, harvested them into a patty and cooked it with olive oil until browned.

Two resources connected to the CNSI played important roles in the study.

The team made their grooved microcarriers at the UCLA NanoLab, a cleanroom facility for the fabrication of devices that reach down into the scale of billionths of a meter. To measure the mechanical properties of the microcarriers, and confirm the 3D shapes of the grooved ones, the scientists used instruments at the Nano and Pico Characterization Laboratory, a CNSI Technology Center.

The study also benefited from private support, through the Good Food Institute as well as the Noble Family Innovation Fund, a CNSI resource that backs research with potential to launch knowledge-driven commercial enterprises and benefit society.

That philanthropic assistance has borne fruit in more ways than one. Seed funding led to progress that helped attract major grants from the National Science Foundation and the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture. And the Noble Fund award is backing experiments at another CNSI Technology Center, the Molecular Screening Shared Resource, which allows scientists to quickly test large libraries of molecules.

Rowat has previously worked with the MSSR on investigations toward fighting cancer; for her cultured meat investigations, the facility will enable her to screen a collection of food ingredients for the ability to aid in growing fat cells. This is the key to another ambition of Rowat’s: to create the capacity for a sumptuous cut of cultured steak shot through with flecks of fat.

“The holy grail in this work is to develop a piece of meat that is more spatially patterned, like a filet mignon, and marbled with fat,” she said. “Fat is really important for mouthfeel, for texture, for flavor and for nutrition.

“That’s the next frontier we’re working on now, and we’re grateful for the Noble Family Innovation Fund support. We’re excited for the next level of findings, which we think will make cultured meat more delicious and healthful.”

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JOURNAL

Biomaterials

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Experimental study

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

Not applicable

ARTICLE TITLE

Emulsion-templated microparticles with tunable stiffness and topology: Applications as edible microcarriers for cultured meat

UCLA scientists bring cultured meat closer to your kitchen table

The research team led by Amy Rowat is working to overcome several challenges to mass produce cultured meat

Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - LOS ANGELES

Researchers at UCLA have created an edible particle that helps make lab-grown meat, known as cultured meat, with more natural muscle-like texture using a process that could be scaled up for mass production.

Led by Amy Rowat, who holds UCLA’s Marcie H. Rothman Presidential Chair of Food Studies, the researchers have invented edible particles called microcarriers with customized structures and textures that help precursor muscle cells grow quickly and form muscle-like tissues. Edible microcarriers could reduce the expense, time, and waste required to produce cultured meat with a texture that appeals to consumers. The results are published in the journal Biomaterials.

“Animal cells that can be coaxed to form tissues similar to meats could offer a protein source to a world facing food insecurity caused by threats ranging from epidemics to natural disasters,” said Rowat, who is an associate professor of integrative biology and physiology at the UCLA College. “Cultured meat products are not yet on the market in the US and strategies to enable mass production are still emerging.”

Mass production of cultured meat will involve surmounting several challenges. Current methods can produce a cultured steak that mimics the structure of T-bone, but not at the volume needed for food production. In an animal’s body, the muscle cells most commonly eaten as food grow on a structure called the extracellular matrix, which determines the shape of the mature tissue. Animal tissue can be grown in a lab using scaffolds made from collagen, soy protein or another material to replace the extracellular matrix. This process, necessary to produce whole tissues resembling steaks or chops, is labor intensive and takes weeks, making it hard to scale up for industrial production. It takes about 100 billion muscle cells to produce a single kilogram, or 2.2 pounds, of cultured meat.

Growing larger volumes of cultured meat at a faster pace involves making a paste or slurry of cells in a container called a bioreactor. Unfortunately, without a stiff substrate, meat grown this way lacks the muscle-like structure and therefore, texture and consistency, of what people are used to eating.

Current types of microcarriers can be used to provide a scaffold for cells to attach to, and to organize suspension-grown tissues, but they’re inedible and must be removed from the meat before consumption.

UCLA’s microcarriers can be eaten along with the cultured meat they help grow. The structure and texture of microcarriers could be tuned to speed up the growth of muscle tissue and to optimize meat texture, Rowat said. The edible microcarriers also supported growth of bovine muscle cells and yielded beef that browned nicely when cooked.

Rowat and her UCLA lab of students and postdoctoral scholars Sam Norris, Stephanie Kawecki, Ashton Davis and Kathleen Chen, adapted established water-in-oil emulsion techniques to produce edible particles. They used food ingredients including gelatin and transglutaminase, an enzyme that occurs naturally in meat and mass-produced by bacteria for use as a binding agent in many food products. This helped them create microcarriers of varying stiffness and stabilize the gelatin. To customize the microcarrier surface texture for cell attachment and growth, they devised a way to emboss grooves onto the particles.

The group seeded the microcarriers with mouse precursor muscle cells for an initial test run. They compared the embossed microcarriers to ones with a smooth surface. As a control, they seeded conventional inedible microcarriers with the same type of cells in a separate flask of growth medium. After eight days the cells had formed small clumps. There was no significant difference in the size of clumps on embossed and smooth microcarriers, although cells on the embossed carriers had an initially faster growth spurt.

“We were excited to see a trend toward quicker growth of muscle cells cultured on the grooved microcarriers,” said Kawecki, the study’s co-author who is one of Rowat’s doctoral students. “Any time reduction of cell culture time can significantly reduce the cost of cultured meat production, especially when these processes are brought to scale.”

The internal structure of the tissue grown on edible microcarriers looked more like natural muscle tissue than that grown on inedible carriers, suggesting that the edible microcarriers encouraged more natural growth. Norris, who is a postdoctoral scholar, was surprised to find that cells and microcarriers spontaneously combined to form microtissues that contained a significant amount of myotubes, which are precursors to muscle fibers.

Next, they seeded fresh edible microcarriers with bovine cells and achieved similar results.

“The fact that we can grow large amounts of protein-rich muscle tissue in a stirred bioreactor is a major step in upscaling the production of true cultured meat,” Norris said.

To harvest the tissues, a centrifuge separated the cell clumps from the growth medium. They were rinsed to remove traces of growth medium, compressed into a disc two centimeters, or about 3/4 inch, in diameter, and cooked in a frying pan with olive oil. The cooked patty had the rough, brown surface texture and overall appearance of a tiny hamburger patty.

The researchers said that the microcarrier manufacturing process could be used to produce large amounts of meat quickly and cheaply. Meat of different textures could be produced by manipulating microcarrier stiffness and texture.

The edible microcarriers don’t have to be made with gelatin. Plant-based gels, such as agar-agar or animal-free gelatin, could be used, Rowat said.

The study was supported by the United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture; the Good Food Institute; the New Harvest Foundation; the National Science Foundation Innovations at the Nexus of Food, Energy, and Water Systems; a National Science Foundation Boosting Research Ideas for Transformative and Equitable Advances in Engineering Fellow Award; and the UCLA California NanoSystems Institute and the Noble Family Innovation Fund.

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JOURNAL

Biomaterials

After climate-linked disasters, some US animal shelters experience a spike in dog and cat numbers for up to a year

Peer-Reviewed Publication

PLOS

 

IMAGE: BURNED TREES IN FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA, U.S.A. view more 

CREDIT: HEIDI E. BROWN, CC-BY 4.0 (HTTPS://CREATIVECOMMONS.ORG/LICENSES/BY/4.0/)

After climate-linked disasters, some US animal shelters experience a spike in dog and cat numbers for up to a year

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Article URL: https://journals.plos.org/climate/article?id=10.1371/journal.pclm.0000066

Article Title: Disaster event effects on cat and dog populations within United States animal care facility services: A cross sectional study

Author Countries: U.S.A.

Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.

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JOURNAL

PLOS Climate

DOI

10.1371/journal.pclm.0000066 

ARTICLE TITLE

Disaster event effects on cat and dog populations within United States animal care facility services: A cross sectional study

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

17-Aug-2022

“Nutri-Score” label may counter misleading sugar claims on groceries

Consumer survey supports the use of Nutri-Score labeling to help boost public health

Peer-Reviewed Publication

PLOS

 

IMAGE: PRODUCT EXAMPLES WITH THE THREE SWEET CLAIM VARIATIONS AND THE NUTRI-SCORE. view more 

CREDIT: JÜRKENBECK ET AL., 2022, PLOS ONE, CC-BY 4.0 (HTTPS://CREATIVECOMMONS.ORG/LICENSES/BY/4.0/)

A new analysis suggests that the Nutri-Score—a label indicating the overall nutritional quality of a food product—can counteract the misleading effects of sugar claims. Kristin Jürkenbeck and colleagues of the University of Göttingent, Germany, present these findings in the open-access journal PLOS ONE on August 17, 2022.

High consumption of sugar has been linked to an increased risk of becoming overweight and other health issues. Some companies therefore label products with claims about sugar content, such as “without added sugar” or “less sweet.” However, consumers may interpret such claims to mean that a food product is healthier than it really is.

Another type of label, the Nutri-Score, is increasingly being used in European countries to inform consumers of the overall nutritional quality of food products. Previous research shows that the Nutri-Score can indeed guide consumers to make healthier food purchases.

Now, Jürkenbeck and colleagues have examined how the Nutri-Score might interact with sugar-content labels. In October 2020, they conducted an online survey of 1,103 German participants. The survey asked participants for their perceptions after being presented with images of the packaging of three hypothetical products—instant cappuccino, chocolate muesli, and an oat drink—with different combinations of sugar claims and Nutri-Score labels.

Statistical analysis of the survey results suggests that, when a Nutri-Score was not present, claims about reduced sugar did indeed mislead participants into believing that hypothetical products were healthier than they actually were. However, the presence of a Nutri-Score counteracted those effects, reducing misconceptions about the healthiness of less nutritional foods.

On the basis of these findings, the researchers call for restricted use of sugar content claims and similar labels, and mandatory use of the Nutri-Score by companies that do make such claims. They also call for future research to evaluate the effects of the Nutri-Score for additional food categories and in the context of other advertising claims that could mislead consumers about food healthiness.

The authors add: “Nutrition or taste claims about sugar on the front of packages can improve the health perception of foods with poor health images.”

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In your coverage please use this URL to provide access to the freely available article in PLOS ONE: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0272220

Citation: Jürkenbeck K, Mehlhose C, Zühlsdorf A (2022) The influence of the Nutri-Score on the perceived healthiness of foods labelled with a nutrition claim of sugar. PLoS ONE 17(8): e0272220. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272220

Author Countries: Germany

Funding: This research was funded by the Federation of German Consumer Organizations (Verbraucherzentrale Bundesverband (vzbv). For publication we acknowledge support by the German Research Foundation and the Open Access Publication Funds of the University of Goettingen. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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JOURNAL

PLoS ONE

DOI

10.1371/journal.pone.0272220 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Survey

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

Not applicable

ARTICLE TITLE

The influence of the Nutri-Score on the perceived healthiness of foods labelled with a nutrition claim of sugar

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

17-Aug-2022

To grow food on Mars, researchers find that alfalfa plants can fertilize the natural soil and marine cyanobacteria can desalinate the high salt water

Peer-Reviewed Publication

PLOS

 

IMAGE: GROWTH OF RADISH PLANTS IN ALFALFA TREATED BASALTIC REGOLITH SIMULANT SOIL USING FRESH WATER (LEFT), UNFILTERED (MIDDLE) OR FILTERED (RIGHT) BIODESALINATED WATER. view more 

CREDIT: KASIVISWANATHAN ET AL., 2022, PLOS ONE, CC-BY 4.0 (HTTPS://CREATIVECOMMONS.ORG/LICENSES/BY/4.0/)

To grow food on Mars, researchers find that alfalfa plants can fertilize the natural soil and marine cyanobacteria can desalinate the high salt water

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Article URL:  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0272209

Article Title: Farming on Mars: Treatment of basaltic regolith soil and briny water simulants sustains plant growth

Author Countries: U.S.A.

Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.
 

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JOURNAL

PLoS ONE

DOI

10.1371/journal.pone.0272209 

ARTICLE TITLE

Farming on Mars: Treatment of basaltic regolith soil and briny water simulants sustains plant growth

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

17-Aug-2022

Isolation may affect horses' health too: Housing them alone appears to stress and hamper their immune system

Peer-Reviewed Publication

PLOS

 

IMAGE: TWO HORSES IN GERMANY. view more 

CREDIT: IBRAHIM RIFATH, UNSPLASH, CC0 (HTTPS://CREATIVECOMMONS.ORG/PUBLICDOMAIN/ZERO/1.0/)

Isolation may affect horses' health too: housing them alone appears to stress and hamper their immune system

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Article URL:  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0272445

Article Title: Single housing but not changes in group composition causes stress-related immunomodulations in horses

Author Countries: Germany

Funding: The study was funded by the Ministry of Food, Rural Affairs and Consumer Protection of the State of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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JOURNAL

PLoS ONE

DOI

10.1371/journal.pone.0272445 

ARTICLE TITLE

Single housing but not changes in group composition causes stress-related immunomodulations in horses

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

17-Aug-2022

Study fails to show that dogs or wolves can form reputations of humans

The animals didn’t learn to approach a “generous” human over a “selfish human” for food after direct or indirect interactions

Peer-Reviewed Publication

PLOS

 

IMAGE: PACK-LIVING DOGS WITH ANIMAL TRAINER AT THE WOLF SCIENCE CENTER view more 

CREDIT: ROOOBERT BAYER AT WOLFSCIENCECENTER, CC-BY 4.0 (HTTPS://CREATIVECOMMONS.ORG/LICENSES/BY/4.0/)

A small study did not find evidence that wolves or dogs could form reputations of humans as “generous” or “selfish” with food, after direct or indirect interactions. Hoi-Lam Jim and colleagues at the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria, present the findings in the open-access journal PLOS ONE on August 17, 2022.

Among animals that live in groups, forming reputations of individuals can play an important role in cooperation. Because dogs can cooperate with humans, some researchers have hypothesized that dogs can form reputations of individual humans by observing humans’ interactions with a third party. However, research on the topic has produced mixed findings. Additionally, if dogs indeed have this ability, it is unclear whether it evolved during domestication or was already present in their wolf ancestors.

To help clarify, Jim and colleagues conducted a study with nine wolves and six dogs at the Wolf Science Center in Austria. Each test animal observed interactions between two humans and a dog, in which the “generous” human fed the dog and the “selfish” human withheld food. Afterwards, the test animal demonstrated whether they had formed reputations of the humans by choosing which of the two humans to approach. A second phase tested whether each animal formed reputations after interacting directly with humans who either fed them or withheld food.

Statistical analysis of the results suggested that neither the dogs nor the wolves formed reputations of the humans after either indirect observation or direct interaction. Thus, the findings do not support the idea that dogs and wolves are able to form reputations.

However, the wolves did pay more attention to the generous human when observing interactions with a dog. Furthermore, two wolves and three dogs did show preference for the generous human after the combined experience of both indirect observation and direct interaction.

The researchers call for further research on the topic, perhaps involving a larger number of dogs and wolves, and with thoughtful consideration of context. For instance, it may be that some animals are more likely to form reputations in stressful or dangerous situations, although those are not possible to test experimentally for ethical reasons.

The authors add: “Overall, neither dogs nor wolves distinguished between a generous or selfish human after indirect or direct experience. However, wolves showed more attention toward the generous person during the observation phase, and some dogs and wolves did prefer the generous person when looking at indirect and direct experiences combined.”

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In your coverage please use this URL to provide access to the freely available article in PLOS ONE: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0271590

Citation: Jim H-L, Plohovich M, Marshall-Pescini S, Range F (2022) Wolves and dogs fail to form reputations of humans after indirect and direct experience in a food-giving situation. PLoS ONE 17(8): e0271590. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271590

Author Countries: Austria

Funding: HLJ and FR were funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF): W1262-B29 (www.fwf.ac.at). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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JOURNAL

PLoS ONE

DOI

10.1371/journal.pone.0271590 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Experimental study

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

Animals

ARTICLE TITLE

Wolves and dogs fail to form reputations of humans after indirect and direct experience in a food-giving situation

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

17-Aug-2022

South America might have been settled over 18,000 years ago, with evidence of a genetic bottleneck around 12,800 years ago, per Y chromosome genomic analysis

Peer-Reviewed Publication

PLOS

 

IMAGE: COLORED CIRCLES REPRESENT GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION AND SUB-LINEAGE MEMBERSHIP AS SHOWN IN THE INSET TREE. DIVERGENCE TIMES ESTIMATED IN THIS STUDY ARE REPRESENTED IN ITALICS, IN KYA, AND WITH A 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL BETWEEN PARENTHESES (FOR MORE DETAILS SEE METHODS). THE SIZE OF THE CIRCLES IS RELATED TO THE NUMBER OF SUBJECTS AND IS SPECIFIED WITH THE "N" IN THE BOX TO THE RIGHT. INDIVIDUALS WITH MEXICAN ANCESTRY FROM LOS ANGELES HAVE BEEN ARBITRARILY REPRESENTED IN CITY OF MEXICO. view more 

CREDIT: PAZ SEPÚLVEDA ET AL., 2022, PLOS ONE, CC-BY 4.0 (HTTPS://CREATIVECOMMONS.ORG/LICENSES/BY/4.0/)

South America might have been settled over 18,000 years ago, with evidence of a genetic bottleneck around 12,800 years ago, per Y chromosome genomic analysis

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Article URL:  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0271971

Article Title: Human Y chromosome sequences from Q Haplogroup reveal a South American settlement pre-18,000 years ago and a profound genomic impact during the Younger Dryas

Author Countries: Argentina

Funding: MM was supported by funding from the Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICET; http://www.conicet.gov.ar/?lan=en); the PICT2014 #0396, Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (http://www.agencia.mincyt.gob.ar/); and the Fundación Bunge y Born (https://www.fundacionbyb.org/), Argentina. GB was supported by funding from the PIP2013-2015 #325 of the Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICET; http://www.conicet.gov.ar/?lan=en); and the PICT 2013-2015 #424 of the Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (http://www.agencia.mincyt.gob.ar/), Argentina. CMB was supported by funding from the PIP CONICET 2010 N°1 of the Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICET; http://www.conicet.gov.ar/?lan=en); the PICT 2005 #16-32450; PICT 2008 #715; PICT 2013 #1611; PICT 2015 #2167; and PICT 2017 #27 of the Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (http://www.agencia.mincyt.gob.ar/), Argentina. PBPS, ACM, EJS, JJZ, MC, MS, DRG, EA and ELAG was supported by funding from the Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICET; http://www.conicet.gov.ar/?lan=en); PBPS, DRG, and EA was supported by funding from the Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (http://www.agencia.mincyt.gob.ar/), Argentina. CS and MRS was supported by funding from the Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (www.cic.gba.gob.ar), Argentina. JED was supported by funding from the Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Argentina (www.unju.edu.ar). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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JOURNAL

PLoS ONE

DOI

10.1371/journal.pone.0271971 

ARTICLE TITLE

Human Y chromosome sequences from Q Haplogroup reveal a South American settlement pre-18,000 years ago and a profound genomic impact during the Younger Dryas

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

17-Aug-2022