CUNY research team unlocks secrets of mysterious 62-million-year-old mammal
New findings illuminate ancient species and its evolutionary connections to modern-day humans
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New Findings Illuminate Ancient Species and its Evolutionary Connections to Modern-Day Humans
view moreCredit: Illustration by Andrey Atuchin
New York, March 11, 2025 — Brooklyn College/CUNY Graduate Center Associate Professor of Anthropology Stephen Chester and a team of researchers have uncovered fascinating new details about Mixodectes pungens, a long-mysterious mammal that roamed North America in the early Paleocene—just after the extinction of the dinosaurs.
For over 140 years, Mixodectes has puzzled paleontologists, with much of what was known limited to fragments of fossilized teeth and jaws. But a groundbreaking new study, led by noted paleontologist Chester, has revealed the most complete skeleton of the species ever found. This discovery sheds light on the mammal’s anatomy, lifestyle, and—perhaps most surprisingly—its proximity to humans and other primates on the evolutionary tree.
The study—for which Chester is the lead author—was published on March 11 in the journal Scientific Reports.
First described by legendary paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope in 1883, Mixodectes pungens was a small mammal that lived around 62 million years ago. The new research shows that these creatures weighed roughly three pounds as adults, lived in trees, and primarily ate leaves. Even more striking, the study reveals that Mixodectes was a close evolutionary cousin to humans, as well as other modern primates and flying lemurs — an exciting new link to our distant past.
“This fossil skeleton provides new evidence concerning how placental mammals diversified ecologically following the extinction of the dinosaurs,” said Chester, who is also doctoral faculty at the CUNY Graduate Center. “Characteristics such as a larger body mass and an increased reliance on leaves allowed Mixodectes to thrive in the same trees likely shared with other early primate relatives.”
Co-author of the study and Yale University anthropologist Eric Sargis added: “A 62-million-year-old skeleton of this quality and completeness offers novel insights into mixodectids, including a much clearer picture of their evolutionary relationships. Our findings show that they are close relatives of primates and colugos — flying lemurs native to Southeast Asia — making them fairly close relatives of humans.”
The newly revealed Mixodectes skeleton is more than just a remarkable fossil — it’s a window into a pivotal moment in mammalian evolution, offering scientists invaluable clues about the origins of some of today’s most fascinating species, including us. And it is just one of many fossils that Chester and his students — including co-author Jordan Crowell, a lecturer at Brooklyn College and Ph.D. candidate at the CUNY Graduate Center — have been studying to understand our evolutionary history.
The skeleton was discovered in New Mexico’s San Juan Basin by co-author Thomas Williamson, curator of paleontology at the New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science, under a permit from the federal Bureau of Land Management. This rare find includes a partial skull, ribs, vertebral column, and both forelimbs and hind limbs, giving the team crucial insights into how this ancient mammal lived.
At a weight of just 2.9 pounds, Mixodectes was relatively large for a tree-dwelling mammal of its time. The structure of its limbs and claws suggests it was adept at clinging to tree trunks and branches, and its molars, evolved to break down plant material, show it primarily ate leaves.
Interestingly, Mixodectes was much larger than another small, tree-dwelling mammal — Torrejonia wilsoni — found at the same fossil locality. While Mixodectes had a more leafy diet, Torrejonia primarily ate fruit, hinting at a distinct ecological role for Mixodectes among its contemporaries.
In terms of evolutionary placement, two independent cladistic analyses were conducted to determine Mixodectes' relationships. The findings confirm that Mixodectes belongs to the group known as primatomorphans — a group that includes living primates and colugos.
Other co-authors include Mary Silcox of the University of Toronto Scarborough and Jonathan Bloch of the Florida Museum of Natural History at the University of Florida.
New Findings Illuminate Ancient Species and its Evolutionary Connections to Modern-Day Humans
Credit
Photo by Stephen Chester
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Journal
Scientific Reports
Subject of Research
Animals
Article Title
New remarkably complete skeleton of Mixodectes reveals arboreality in a large Paleocene primatomorphan mammal following the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction
Article Publication Date
11-Mar-2025
A 62-million-year-old skeleton sheds light on an enigmatic mammal
New Haven, Conn. — For more than 140 years, Mixodectes pungens, a species of small mammal that inhabited western North America in the early Paleocene, was a mystery. What little was known about them had been mostly gleaned from analyzing fossilized teeth and jawbone fragments.
But a new study of the most complete skeleton of the species known to exist has answered many questions about the enigmatic critter — first described in 1883 by famed paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope — providing a better understanding of its anatomy, behavior, diet, and position in the Tree of Life.
The study, co-authored by Yale anthropologist Eric Sargis, demonstrates that the mature adult Mixodectes weighed about 3 pounds, dwelled in trees, and largely dined on leaves. It also shows that these arboreal mammals — an extinct family known as mixodectids — and humans occupy relatively close branches on the evolutionary tree.
“A 62-million-year-old skeleton of this quality and completeness offers novel insights into mixodectids, including a much clearer picture of their evolutionary relationships,” said Sargis, professor of anthropology in Yale’s Faculty of Arts and Sciences, curator of vertebrate paleontology and mammalogy at Yale Peabody Museum, and the director of the Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies. “Our findings show that they are close relatives of primates and colugos — flying lemurs native to Southeast Asia — making them fairly close relatives of humans.”
The study was published on March 11 in the journal Scientific Reports. Stephen Chester, associate professor of anthropology at Brooklyn College, City University of New York, is its lead author.
The skeleton was collected in New Mexico’s San Juan Basin by co-author Thomas Williamson, curator of paleontology at the New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science, under a permit from the federal Bureau of Land Management. It includes a partial skull with teeth, spinal column, rib cage, forelimbs, and hind limbs.
The researchers determined that the skeleton belonged to a mature adult that weighed about 1.3 kilograms, or 2.9 pounds. The anatomy of the animal’s limbs and claws indicate that it was arboreal and capable of vertically clinging to tree trunks and branches. Its molar teeth had crests to break down abrasive material, suggesting it was omnivorous and primarily ate leaves, the study showed.
“This fossil skeleton provides new evidence concerning how placental mammals diversified ecologically following the extinction of the dinosaurs,” said Chester, a curatorial affiliate of vertebrate paleontology at the Yale Peabody Museum. “Characteristics such as a larger body mass and an increased reliance on leaves allowed Mixodectes to thrive in the same trees likely shared with other early primate relatives.”
Mixodectes was quite large for a tree-dwelling mammal in North America during the early Paleocene — the geological epoch that followed the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event that killed off non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago, the researchers noted.
For example, the Mixodectes skeleton is significantly larger than a partial skeleton of Torrejonia wilsoni, a small arboreal mammal from an extinct group of primates called plesiadapiforms, that was discovered alongside it. While Mixodectes subsisted on leaves, Torrejonia’s diet mostly consisted of fruit. These distinctions in size and diet suggest that mixodectids occupied a unique ecological niche in the early Paleocene that distinguished them from their tree-dwelling contemporaries, the researchers said.
Two phylogenetic analyses performed to clarify the species’ evolutionary relationships confirmed that mixodectids were euarchontans, a group of mammals that consists of treeshrews, primates, and colugos. While one analysis supported that they were archaic primates, the other did not. However, the latter analysis verified that mixodectids are primatomorphans, a group within Euarchonta composed of primates and colugos, but not treeshrews, Sargis explained.
“While the study doesn’t entirely resolve the debate over where mixodectids belong on the evolutionary tree, it significantly narrows it,” he said.
The paper’s co-authors are Jordan Crowell of The Graduate Center at the City University of New York, Mary Silcox of the University of Toronto Scarborough, and Jonathan Bloch of the Florida Museum of Natural History at the University of Florida.
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Journal
Scientific Reports
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