UPDATE
High-status ancient Spanish tomb held 'Ivory Lady'BBC
Fri, July 7, 2023
The highest status individual in ancient Iberian copper age society was a woman, not a man as previously believed, according to a new study.
A treasure-packed tomb outside Seville dating back to around 2,850 BC was thought to belong to a young man between 17 and 25 years old.
But a new technique shows the remains are of a woman, say researchers.
They have named her "Ivory Lady". She was buried with ivory tusks, ostrich eggshell, and a rock crystal dagger.
Marta Cintas‑Peña, an associate professor of prehistory at the University of Seville, along with her colleagues, detected Ivory Lady's sex using a new technique that identifies chromosomal information in tooth enamel.
The research team says that the new procedure is highly reliable even with poorly preserved human skeletons and that this novel method is also much cheaper that DNA testing.
Leonardo García Sanjuán, a professor of prehistory at the University of Seville, said the riches in the tomb at the copper age settlement of Valencina de la Concepción were incomparable with those found in others at the time.
"When we compare the Ivory Lady to these people, she stands head and shoulder above all of them," he said. "So we do not hesitate to say that she was the most socially prominent person of her time and this is of course remarkable because it is a female."
Archaeologists say that as well as containing a high number of valuable goods, the grave was also a rare example of a single occupancy burial, another sign that it belonged to someone of very high status.
Marta Cintas‑Peña and colleagues detail their work in the journal Scientific Reports.
Lavish tomb in ancient Spain belonged to a woman, not a man, new research shows
Thu, July 6, 2023
WASHINGTON (AP) — When archaeologists first discovered the 5,000-year-old ornate tomb in Spain, they assumed it was for a man. It held a rock crystal dagger, ivory tusks and other lavish items. But now they’ve determined the remains are those of a woman, and all it took was two teeth.
The researchers used a new method of determining sex that analyzes tooth enamel. This technique, developed about five years ago, is more reliable than analyzing skeletal remains in poor condition, according to their study published Thursday in the journal Scientific Reports.
Most details about the life of the “Ivory Lady,” as researchers dubbed her, remain a mystery but there are some clues.
“She was buried alone in a tomb with very special artifacts,” said Leonardo Garcia Sanjuan, a co-author and archaeologist at the University of Seville in Spain. “That shows that she was a special person.”
The tomb is located a few miles west of Seville, near Spain's southern coast, and was excavated in 2008. Archaeologists thought it contained a young man based on an examination of the poorly preserved bones and the fact that several precious items found in the tomb — including ostrich eggshells and amber along with the tusks and dagger — indicated that the individual held a high social status.
The new technique detects differences in the chemistry of tooth enamel between males and females and can be used even when full DNA is not available.
“This research provides one more piece of evidence questioning old historical narratives," said Alison Beach, an historian at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland, who was not involved in the study. It shows that "it’s not exclusively true that men have always been the most revered or held the most authority.”
Marta Cintas-Pena, a co-author and archaeologist at the University of Seville, maintains a database of Copper Age burials found at 21 different archaeological sites on the Iberian Peninsula, which includes Spain and Portugal. It currently has records for 1,723 individuals.
“The Ivory Lady’s burial stands out, head and shoulders, above everyone else — there is absolutely no known male or female burial that compares to hers,” said Garcia Sanjuan.
For around 250 years after the Ivory Lady's burial, newer graves were built around hers — but always with a 100-foot (30-meter) buffer zone, he said. And around 80 years after her death, people reentered her tomb and placed additional votive objects inside, including the crystal dagger.
Researchers know little about the social or political structure of the society that she belonged to — which was roughly contemporaneous with the rise of the pharaohs in Egypt’s Nile River Valley and with the construction of the first planned city on the banks of the Euphrates in Mesopotamia.
Katharina Rebay-Salisbury, a co-author and archaeologist at the University of Vienna in Austria, suspects the same misidentification might be true at other ancient tombs where researchers assumed, “Oh, this is a rich and prominent person, it must be a male.”
Recently other researchers determined through DNA analysis that a decorated Viking warrior buried in Sweden was a woman, upending prior assumptions.
“If we go back and test, we will get a few more surprises,” Rebay-Salisbury said.
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Follow Christina Larson on Twitter at @larsonchristina
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The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Science and Educational Media Group. The AP is solely responsible for all content.
Christina Larson, The Associated Press
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