Functional extinction of Florida’s reef-building corals follwing the 2023 marine heatwave
Summary author: Walter Beckwith
The record-breaking 2023 marine heatwave has killed nearly all of Florida’s critically endangered Acropora coral colonies, marking the species’ functional extinction in Florida’s Coral Reef (FCR), researchers report. The findings sound a dire warning for the future of coral ecosystems in our rapidly warming oceans. The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme climate events, such as marine heat waves, are severely undermining the health, structure, and resilience of ecosystems worldwide. Coral reefs, among the most heat-sensitive marine environments, have suffered decades of mass bleaching and mortality due to rising ocean temperatures. Here, Derek Manzello and colleagues evaluated the effects of the 2023 marine heatwave on Florida’s critically endangered reef-building Acropora palmata (elkhorn) and Acropora cervicornis (staghorn) corals. According to Manzello et al., during the unprecedented event, Florida’s Coral Reef (FCR) experienced the highest ocean temperatures ever recorded in the region, peaking at 32.3 degrees Celsius in July 2023. As this heatwave persisted, the authors tracked the health of 52,356 wild and restored Acropora coral colonies across the ~560-kilometer length of FCR. They found that by March 2024, between 97.8 and 100% of A. palmata and A. cervicornis coral colonies in the Florida Keys and Dry Tortugas had died due to prolonged and extreme thermal stress. Coral mortality was lower (37.9%) in the northerly reaches of the FCR, likely due to the cooler ocean waters off southeast Florida. Manzello et al. argue that the 2023 marine heatwave marked the functional extinction of Caribbean Acropora species in Florida, ending a reef-building legacy in the region that has occurred over the last 250,000 to 500,000 years. The findings may also portend the onset of a Caribbean-wide extinction of these thermally sensitive species. “Aggressive interventions, such as introduction of heat-tolerant genotypes and genetic diversity from outside Florida, as well as algal symbiont manipulation, might be the only means to maintain any Acropora populations in Florida,” write the authors.
Journal
Science
Article Title
Heat-driven functional extinction of Caribbean Acropora corals from Florida’s Coral Reef
Article Publication Date
23-Oct-2025
New study documents functional extinction of two critically endangered coral species following record heatwave in Florida
Catastrophic loss of Florida’s staghorn and elkhorn corals highlights accelerating climate pressures for reefs worldwide
Shedd Aquarium
image:
Coral bleaching on Acropora corals from Florida’s Coral Reef
view moreCredit: ©Shedd Aquarium/Gavin Wright
A new research paper published in Science reports the functional extinction of Acropora corals from Florida’s Coral Reef. Scientists documented catastrophic mortality of these critically endangered corals following a record-setting marine heatwave in 2023 that marked the ninth mass bleaching event for the region. Both Acropora coral species — staghorn (Acropora cervicornis) and elkhorn (Acropora palmata) — are important reef-builders in Florida and the Caribbean and have been a major focus of recent coral restoration efforts.
Led by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Coral Reef Watch and Chicago’s Shedd Aquarium, the study involved 47 authors representing 22 institutions that contributed data detailing the coral die-off. While some individual elkhorn and staghorn corals remain, their numbers are now so low that they can no longer fulfill their vital roles in the ecosystem—providing habitat for marine life and helping protect coastlines. This collapse of ecological function marks what scientists call a functional extinction, a stage that often precedes global extinction or the complete disappearance of species.
While most other coral species in Florida did not suffer losses as extreme as the more heat-sensitive Acropora, the loss of these species deals a devastating blow to the ecosystem and stands as a stark warning for the future of coral reefs worldwide.
“We’re running out of time,” said Dr. Ross Cunning, research biologist at Shedd Aquarium and co–first author of the study. “Extreme heatwaves are increasing in frequency and severity due to climate change, and without immediate, ambitious actions to slow ocean warming and boost coral resilience, we risk the extinction of even more corals from reefs in Florida and around the world.”
The study documents that the temperatures reached during the 2023 heatwave were the highest ever recorded on Florida’s Coral Reef in over 150 years, and that the heat stress persisted for 2–3 months. Heat exposure levels were 2.2 to 4 times greater than in any previous year on record.
As the heatwave and mass bleaching event unfolded, the team of researchers conducted diver surveys to track more than 52,000 colonies of staghorn and elkhorn coral across 391 sites. In the Florida Keys and Dry Tortugas (almost 70 miles west of Key West), mortality rates reached a staggering 98–100%. Mortality rates were lower offshore in southeast Florida, at around 38%, reflecting cooler temperatures in the region.
These two species of coral were already in decline due to decades of disease, poor water quality, previous bleaching events and other human-driven stressors, but the 2023 marine heatwave accelerated the near-total collapse of staghorn and elkhorn corals on the reefs in this region. The population is unlikely to rebound without conservation interventions because of low numbers, continued warming, and additional stressors.
What Happens Next
Scientists have already established living repositories to safeguard remaining Acropora in aquarium facilities on land and in offshore coral nurseries and have rescued more of the survivors of the 2023 heatwave to bolster these collections. Under expert care, corals in these “gene banks” can continue to grow, supporting further research and restoration efforts for the species. Yet, the authors caution that the success of restoration will ultimately depend on the return time and severity of future bleaching events.
To secure a future for these species, restoration efforts must also incorporate new, adaptive interventions. Introducing resilient genetic diversity from outside Florida or manipulating the types of symbiotic algae that help corals tolerate heat may be the only means to maintain any Acropora populations in Florida.
Ultimately, the study underscores that ocean warming from climate change is now surpassing the thermal limits of entire populations of corals. Alongside bold, science-based actions to enhance coral resilience, urgent global action to slow climate change is essential to prevent the collapse of these critical reef ecosystems.
The research paper is available at: www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx7825
How to Help
Shedd Aquarium offers opportunities to come closer to corals – even 800 miles from the nearest ocean – with its Wonder of Water and Wild Reef exhibits. By visiting the aquarium, guests' admission or membership helps support continued conservation efforts, including the aquarium’s coral research. Guests can go a step further by funding futures for corals with a one-time or recurring donation.
Alongside lifestyle changes and advocating for climate action, another way the public can safeguard animals like elkhorn and staghorn corals is to advocate for the continued strength of the Endangered Species Act by sending a customizable template letter to lawmakers. For more information about Shedd’s research on climate-resilient corals for the future of reefs, visit the aquarium’s website.
BACKGROUND ON CORALS: These tiny animals are the building blocks of coral reefs, colorful structures which support 25% of ocean life. In addition to supporting marine life, coral provides food and income for hundreds of millions of people. Corals produce our sandy white beaches and protect our shores from up to 90 percent of potentially damaging waves and flooding. The benefits that coral reefs provide us are estimated to be worth $10 trillion per year globally.
Journal
Science
Subject of Research
Animals
Article Title
Heat-driven functional extinction of Caribbean Acropora corals from Florida’s Coral Reef
Article Publication Date
23-Oct-2025
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