Trafficking in Human Beings in the Domestic Work Sector

 Demand in the Context of Trafficking in Human Beings in the Domestic Work Sector in France

 Florence Levy

Summary

 The fight against trafficking in human beings (THB) is now part of the French political agenda. Yet the priority is given to the fight against sexual exploitation while labour exploitation is still regarded as a minor phenomenon. The particular issue of exploitation in domestic work has not been considered on its own even if France has been condemned twice by the European Court of Human Rights for failing to protect victims in two cases of exploitation in domestic work. Since then, the law has been amended, and we have to wait until we can assess the effectivity of this new legal framework. 
The issue of demand remains a blind spot in terms of how THB is understood.The public declarations of government’s commitment to the fight against THB provide a contrast with the low number of convictions actually brought down by the courts. The research highlights the difficulties faced by labor inspectorates and legal actors in establishing cases of THB in domestic work. This is linked with the characteristic of this work sector, but also with confusions in the understanding of what is THB,what are the victims and perpetrators profiles and the tensions between the fight against illegal immigration and the mission to protect victims of THB.

Demand in the Context of Trafficking in Human Beings in the Domestic Work Sector  in Italy

Letizia Palumbo

Summary

 While both the topics of domestic work (DW) and trafficking human beings (THB) have received increased attention in scholarship, there is very limited research on the nexus of these two issues in Italy, i.e. on cases of THB in the DW sector. This paper investigates the forms of severe exploitation and THB in DW in Italy and examines the factors affecting the demand-side in this sector. Moreover, it analyses the gaps in current legal and political responses.The paper highlights that domestic workers frequently experience several forms of exploitation and maltreatment, which go from the violation of the fundamental protection provided by the contract to severe abuse and trafficking. The hidden nature of DW renders the identification of cases of THB extremely difficult. The paper reveals that while economic motivations are the main factor influencing the demand for cheap and exploitable workers in DW, other aspects, such as political, legal, social and cultural factors,also play a crucial role in affecting the demand-side. Moreover, this study points out that Italian legal and political responses to THB and severe exploitation have proven inadequate in preventing these phenomena and in protecting the rights of the victims. By highlighting the need to adopt a comprehensive approach to THB, the paper proposes a set of recommendations in regard to political and legal responses,also addressing the demand-side

Human Trafficking in Hotels: An 'Invisible' Threat for a Vulnerable Industry
International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2018
Alexandros Paraskevas
Maureen Brookes

Purpose: 
To identify and analyse the hotel sector's vulnerabilities that human traffickers exploit in order to use hotels as conduits for trafficking in human beings (THB). Design/methodology/approach: Using the MAVUS framework of sector vulnerability analysis, the study adopted a qualitative approach employing environmental scanning and semi-structured key stakeholder interviews in three European countries: UK, Finland and Romania. Findings: The study identifies the types of THB occurring within the industry and the specific macro-, meso-and micro-level factors that increase hotel vulnerability to trafficking for sexual exploitation, labour exploitation or both. Research limitations/implications: Given the sensitivity of the topic the number of interviewees is limited as is the generalisability of the findings. Practical implications: The framework developed serves as a practical tool for independent or chain-affiliated hotels to use to assess their vulnerability to human trafficking for both sexual and labour exploitation. Social implications: The framework will assist hotel professionals to assess their vulnerability to human trafficking and identify specific and proactive measures to combat this crime within their business. Originality/value: This is the first study to empirically explore human trafficking in the hotel sector and to apply an integrated theoretical lens to examine macro-, meso-and micro-level sector vulnerabilities to a crime. It contributes to our understanding of why hotels are vulnerable to human trafficking for both sexual and labour exploitation.

Issue: 3
Volume: 30
Page Numbers: 1996-2014
Publication Date: 2018
Publication Name: International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management

Analyzing the Business Model of Trafficking 
in Human Beings to Better Prevent the Crime

Alexis Aronowitz

1.0

Utrecht University
Faculty Member

Visiting professor at universities in Germany and the United States,

teaching a course on Human Trafficking: An International Perspective. 

Independent consultant on projects involving human trafficking.

MALCOLM MCLAREN MADAME BUTTERFLY

Living in a new city: Jewish criminality in late 19th century Odessa - myth and reality

Haim Sperber

Changing ideologies of artisanal “productivisation”:ORT in late imperial Russia

https://www.academia.edu/3262111/Changing_ideologies_of_artisanal_productivisation_ORT_in_late_imperial_Russia

Gennady Estraikh*

Skirball Department of Hebrew and Judaic Studies, New York University, New York, USA

The Society for the Promotion of Artisanal and Agricultural Work among the Jews in Russia (ORT) was established in St Petersburg in 1880. In its post-1921 form,as the World ORT Union, the organisation, with its headquarters in London, still operates in scores of countries throughout the world. This article analyses the ideological changes in ORT’s craftsmen-related programmes during the first decades of its history: from the initial careful attempts to use qualified artisan labour as one of the ways to adapt the Jewish population to the economic, social and political conditions of the Russian empire, to later Jewish nation-building projects that incorporated elements of economic autonomy.
Founded by maskilic intellectuals and entrepreneurs, from the 1900s ORT was gradually taken over by more radical activists. Some of them, including its future chairman Leon Bramson(1869–1941) and its leading economist Boris Brutskus (1874–1938), came from the Petersburg apparatus of the Jewish Colonization Association, which competed with ORT in all domains of philanthropic activities. Materials of two ORT conferences, in 1914 and 1916, help us understand the changes in the organisation's attitudes to vocational education and various forms of cooperatives and employment bureaux. Special attention is paid to ORT’s role during World War I.

In imperial Russia, centralised Jewish philanthropic projects became possible onlyin the last decades of the nineteenth century, following Tsar Alexander II’s edict of March 1859, which allowed Jewish merchants of the first guild to settle outside thePale of Jewish Settlement and, inadvertently, facilitated the appearance of a St-Petersburg-based Jewish national elite. From the 1860s onward, the Russian capital housed a few Jewish-owned banks, including the bank of the Gintsburgs. This enlightened, Westernised family and their circle (the “Gintsburg Circle,” to borrow John Klier’s term) of financiers and intellectuals played a central role in the Peters- burg Jewish community and, to a considerable degree, in the whole of Russian Jewish life.

While Petersburg’s Jewish notables often internalised antisemitism by accepting the negative stereotypes that defined a dweller of the Pale as inferior, many members of the Gintsburg Circle were also sincerely perturbed about the economic predicament of the Pale

Keywords:

Artisans; Nikolai Bakst; Leon Bramson; Boris Brutskus; cooperatives;employment; Jacob Lestschinsky; Jewish Colonization Association; ORT; philanthropy; productivisation; vocational education

PROCURING AND TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN IN THE LATE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Turcica , 2018

Kezban Acar
There have been many studies on prostitution and procuring in different periods and places in the Ottoman Empire, and its legal aspects in the Islamic and Ottoman Law. Although these studies give valuable and insightful information on the legal status of procuring in şeriat and kanuns, and although by their distinct and sometimes similar approaches toward procuring and procurers as well as by providing examples of procuring and prostitution in Istanbul and different towns and cities in the Empire such as Aleppo, Kastamonu, Balıkesir, Damascus, Antep (Ayntab), and Crete, they contribute greatly to the understanding of sex crimes and trafficking in the Empire, almost none of them refers to the international extent of procuring and trafficking in women in the late Ottoman Empire.
Some studies by Edward J. Bristow and Rıfat Bali deal specifically with trade in women in the Ottoman Empire. Covering a time period from 1870 to 1939 and a large area from Europe to Asia and America and utilizing mainly German sources, Bristow opens a window to trade in women in the Ottoman Empire and contributes greatly to our understanding of trade in white women from Europe to the Ottoman Empire, especially to Istanbul and from Istanbul to Africa and Asia.
Examples from Ottoman archival documents can complete the picture. Such is the aim of the present paper, based on an examination of documents from different archive collections – Imperial Edicts (Hatt-ı Humayuns), Ministry of Interior Records (Dahiliye Nezareti Fonu), Ministry of Foreign Affairs Records (Hariciye Nezareti Fonu), Police Records (Zaptiye Nezareti Fonu), Cevdet Records (Cevdet Fonu) – all preserved in the Ottoman Archives of the Prime Ministry (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri/BOA) in Istanbul, and on a review of the correspondence between high-level officials and institutions, such as the Ministry of Interior and Foreign Affairs, the Chamber of Deputies, the Ministry of Sects, the Orthodox-Greek Patriarchate, the Chief Rabbinate, the Police Department, governors, and prosecutors in the same archives.

Volume: 48
Page Numbers: 271-299
Publication Date: 2018
Publication Name: Turcica

Ottoman and Islamic Societies: Were They ‘Slave Societies

Ehud R. Toledano, “Ottoman and Islamic Societies: Were They ‘Slave Societies’?,”

in Noel Lenski and Catherine M. Cameron (eds.), What Is A Slave Society?, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018, 360-382

Ehud R. Toledano

History of Slavery
Abolition of Slavery
Slavery in the Muslim World
Comparative Slavery in the Early Modern Atlantic World
Slave Societies

https://www.academia.edu/4900070/Ehud_R._Toledano_
As_If_Silent_and_Absent_Bonds_of_Enslavement_in_the_Islamic_Middle_East_
New_Haven_CT_and_London_Yale_University_Press_2007

https://www.academia.edu/17548254/Ehud_R._Toledano_
The_Ottoman_Slave_Trade_and_Its_Suppression_1840-1890_
Princeton_Princeton_University_Press_1982_
selected_for_the_distinguished_backlist_of_Princeton_Legacy_Library
_and_republished_in_new_format_2014_

Michael Ferguson and Ehud R. Toledano, “Ottoman Slavery and Abolition in the Nineteenth-Century,” in David Eltis, Stanley L. Engerman, David Richardson, and Seymour Drescher (eds.), The Cambridge World History of Slavery, Vol. 4 (1804-present), Cambridge University Press, 2016, 197-225

Participation of slaves in Byzantine economic activities (10th - 11th centuries): 

Some legal aspects. // 

Workshop: Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c. 1000-1900: 

Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection between Orthodox Christianity and Islam, 

University of Leiden 30-31 May 2017

D. Penna

CONFERENCE PROGRAM 16 PAGES 

In Byzantine law –as in Roman law– slaves were used to expand the economic activities of their owners. Slaves had no legal personality. That is why legal constructions were used to allow slaves to take part in business and economic activities. I will attempt in this paper to highlight some of the legal aspects that concern the participation of slaves in economic activity in Byzantium. Starting point will be the Book of the Eparch which dates from 911/912.

SLAVE TRADE IN THE EARLY MODERN CRIMEA FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CHRISTIAN,MUSLIM, AND JEWISH SOURCES.

MIKHAIL KIZILOV

Oxford University

The  fires are burning behind the river—

The Tatars are dividing their captives.

Our village is burnt 

And our property plundered.

Old mother is sabred 

And my dear is taken into captivity.

(a Ukrainian folk-song)

Abstract

The Crimea, a peninsula on the border between the Christian West and the Muslim East, was a place where merchants from all over the Black Sea region, East and West Mediterranean, Anatolia, Turkey, Russia, and West European countries came to buy, sell, and exchange their goods. In this trade “live merchandise”—reluctant travelers, seized by the Tatars during their raids to adjacent countries—was one of the main objects to be negotiated. Numerous published and archival sources (accounts of European and Ottoman travelers, letters and memoirs of captives, Turkish defters [registers], Russian and Ottoman chronicles to mention some of them) composed by Muslim, Christian, and Jewish authors provide not only a detailed account of the slave trade in the region in the Early Modern times, but also a discussion of some moral implications related to this sort of commercial activity. While most of the authors expressed their disapproval of the Tatar predatory raids and cruel treatment of the captives, none of them, it seems, objected to the existence of the slave trade per se, considering it just another offshoot of the international trade. Another issue often discussed in the sources was the problem of the slaves’ conversion.


Slaves, Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards:
The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captives in the Crimean Khanate
Mikhail Kizilov
Merton College, Oxford
Abstract
The Crimea, a peninsula lying in the Northern part of the Black Sea,has been inhabited since ancient times by representatives of various ethnic groups and confessions. Trade in slaves and captives was one of the most important (if not the most important) sources of income of the Crimean Khanate in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. The role which was played by the Jewish population in this process has still not been properly investigated. Nevertheless, written documents contain frequent references to the involvement of the Jewish population (both Karaite and Rabbanite) in the trade in slaves and prisoners of war carried out by the Crimean Khanate in the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries. Despite their fragmentary character, the sources allow us to attempt to restore a general view of the problem and to come to essential conclusions regarding the role and importance of the Jewish population in the Crimean slave trade.

“Desperation, Hopelessness, and Suicide: An Initial Consideration of Self-Murder by Slaves in Seventeenth-Century Crimean Society”, 
Turkish Historical Review, vol. 9 (2018): 198-211.
Fırat  Yaşa
Suicide, a new issue in Crimean social history research, has not been dealt with in terms of the status of free persons and slaves. It is difficult to find reliable and detailed primary source about slaves' private lives and their expectations apart from some cases which focus on slaves as merchandise to be bought and sold, and examples of their release and escape. However, the Crimean Shari'a court records, which recently became available, provide researchers with such information on slaves as well as some incidental information on many topics such as their living conditions, their hopes for release, and reasons for their suicide. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of society on slave suicides by examining the Shari'a court records of the Crimean Khanate from 1650 to 1675.

“Reports of Dominican Missionaries as a Source of Information about the Slave Trade in the Ottoman and Tatar Crimea in the 1660s.” 

In Osmanlı Devletinde Kölelik: Ticaret–Esaret–Yaşam. 

Eds. Zübeyde Güneş Yağcı, Fırat Yaşa, and Dilek İnan. Istanbul, 2017, 103-116.

Mikhail Kizilov

The accounts and letters of the Dominicans analyzed in this article provide wealth of data regarding the slave trade in the Kefe province and the Crimean Khanate in the 1660s. Especially important is the fact that the friars themselves spent a long time in the area as slaves. Therefore, they provide us with unique and first-hand perspective regarding the position of the “live merchandise” in the Crimea.

BOOK PDF ILLUSTRATED

Images of the gypsies in the collection of the Museum of Art in Cluj

 / Imagini ale țiganilor în colecția Muzeului de Artă din Cluj

Ioana Filipescu

CARMEN AND HER RELATIVES