It’s possible that I shall make an ass of myself. But in that case one can always get out of it with a little dialectic. I have, of course, so worded my proposition as to be right either way (K.Marx, Letter to F.Engels on the Indian Mutiny)
Clearing mangroves to stop estuaries getting clogged with mud actually makes the problem worse, new research shows.
The study focussed on New Zealand, where widespread deforestation and farming was begun by European settlers in the late 19th Century increasing the amount of sediment in rivers.
Over many years, this has caused mud to build up in estuaries – providing habitat for mangroves to expand.
Mangroves have been cut down in some parts of New Zealand, with the aim of reducing mud build-up and exposing the mud to currents and tides that can wash it out to sea.
But the study found this doesn’t work.
“We were surprised to find that mangrove removal increases muddification of estuaries,” said lead author Dr Danghan Xie, from Boston University.
“Mangroves create relatively deep, fast-flowing channels that allow sediment to flow out to sea. Mangroves also trap mud efficiently near river channels, leaving less to settle elsewhere.
“When you remove mangroves, sediment can reach parts of estuaries that previously received very little. Overall, mangrove removal causes estuaries to trap more mud, not less.”
Mangroves are made up of salt-tolerant coastal trees and shrubs.
While mangroves are under threat in many parts of the world due to human activity, the expansion of muddy mangrove habitats in once-sandy New Zealand estuaries is often unwelcome.
The study used a “bio-morphodynamic model” – a computer simulation that takes account of factors including tides, currents, sediment patterns and mangrove growth in New Zealand estuaries.
The findings show that coastal management of muddification probably won’t work.
“We need to look into a bigger picture,” said Dr Barend van Maanen, from the University of Exeter.
“Our findings show mangroves are a symptom of a wider problem – not the cause.
“Rather than focusing on mangrove removal at the coast, the solution is more sustainable land use upstream.
“By reducing the amount of sediment going into rivers, we can safeguard sandy ecosystems and eliminate the pressure for expensive – and possibly counter-productive – management downstream.”
The research team included the universities of Exeter, Utrecht, Boston, Leuven, Waikato, Auckland and the Waikato Regional Council.
Mangrove removal exacerbates estuarine infilling through landscape-scale bio-morphodynamic feedbacks
Sand and dust storm frequency increasing in many world regions, UN warns
Two billion tons of sand and dust, equal in weight to 350 Great Pyramids of Giza, enter the atmosphere every year; UNCCD experts attribute over 25% of the problem to human activities; Wreaks havoc from Northern and Central Asia to sub-Saharan Africa
UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION (UNCCD)
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“THE SIGHT OF ROLLING DARK CLOUDS OF SAND AND DUST ENGULFING EVERYTHING IN THEIR PATH AND TURNING DAY INTO NIGHT IS ONE OF NATURE’S MOST INTIMIDATING SPECTACLES. IT IS A COSTLY PHENOMENON THAT WREAKS HAVOC EVERYWHERE FROM NORTHERN AND CENTRAL ASIA TO SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA.” IBRAHIM THIAW, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, UNCCD
Sand and dust storms are an under-appreciated problem now “dramatically” more frequent in some places worldwide, with at least 25% of the phenomenon attributed to human activities, according to the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD).
Accompanied by policy recommendations, the warning comes as a five-day meeting takes place in Samarkand, Uzbekistan to take stock of global progress in the Convention's implementation. The UNCCD is one of three Conventions originated at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. The other two address climate change (UNFCCC) and biodiversity (UN CBD).
The meeting, 13-17 November (www.unccd.int/cric21), includes a high-level session on 15 November hosted by the Government of Uzbekistan on ways to address the impacts of sand and dust storms on global agriculture, industry, transportation , water and air quality, and human health.
Says Ibrahim Thiaw, UNCCD's Executive Secretary: “The sight of rolling dark clouds of sand and dust engulfing everything in their path and turning day into night is one of nature's most intimidating spectacles. “It is a costly phenomenon that wreaks havoc everywhere from Northern and Central Asia to sub-Saharan Africa.”
“Sand and dust storms present a formidable challenge to achieving sustainable development. However, just as sand and dust storms are exacerbated by human activities, they can also be reduced through human actions,” adds Thiaw.
While sand and dust storms (SDS) are a regionally common and seasonal natural phenomenon, the problem is exacerbated by poor land and water management, droughts, and climate change, according to UNCCD experts.
And fluctuations in their intensity, magnitude, or duration “can make SDS unpredictable and dangerous.”
With impacts far beyond the source regions, an estimated 2 billion tons of sand and dust now enters the atmosphere every year, an amount equal in weight to 350 Great Pyramids of Giza.
In some areas, desert dust doubled in the last century.
“Sand and dust storms (SDS) have become increasingly frequent and severe having substantial transboundary impacts, affecting various aspects of the environment, climate, health, agriculture, livelihoods and the socioeconomic well-being of individuals. The accumulation of impacts from sand and dust storms can be significant,” says Feras Ziadat, Technical Officer at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), Chair of the UN Coalition on Combating Sand and Dust Storms.
“In source areas, they damage crops, affect livestock, and strip topsoil. In depositional areas atmospheric dust, especially in combination with local industrial pollution, can cause or worsen human health problems such as respiratory diseases. Communications, power generation, transportation, and supply chains can also be disrupted by low visibility and dust-induced mechanical failures. The United Nations Coalition on Combating Sand and Dust Storms, chaired by FAO, was created in 2019 to lead global efforts to address SDS.”
In their Sand and Dust Storms Compendium ( https://bit.ly/3slJ6mE ) and accompanying SDS Toolbox ( https://bit.ly/3QSPWcI ), the UNCCD, FAO and partners offer guidance on approaches and methodologies for collecting and assessing SDS data, monitoring and early warning, impact mitigation and preparedness, and source mapping and anthropogenic source mitigation at sub-national, national, regional and global levels.
The SDS discussion forms part of the agenda of this year's meeting in Uzbekistan of the UNCCD's Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention (CRIC 21) and global progress in delivering the Convention's strategic objectives. It marks the first time since its establishment that UNCCD has agreed to one of its most significant meetings in Central Asia.
The meeting comes at a critical juncture, as recent statistics published via UNCCD's new data dashboard ( https://data.unccd.int/ ) shows the world now losing nearly 1 million square kilometers of healthy and productive land every year – some 4.2 million square kilometers between 2015-2019, or roughly the combined area of five Central Asian nations: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
During the meeting (at 18:00 local time / 13:00 GMT, Tuesday 14 November) UNCCD and FAO experts will launch three reports:
Other items on the CRIC 21 agenda include promoting sustainable land management, ensuring fair land rights for women, and tackling droughts and wildfires exacerbated by climate change and environmental degradation.
In source areas, sand and dust storms damage crops, affect livestock, and strip topsoil. In depositional areas atmospheric dust, especially in combination with local industrial pollution, can cause or worsen human health problems such as respiratory diseases. Communications, power generation, transportation, and supply chains can also be disrupted by low visibility and dust-induced mechanical failures.
CREDIT
UNCCD
Background: Sand and dust storms
Sand and dust storms (SDS) are known by many local names: the sirocco, haboob, yellow dust, white storms, or the harmattan.
While SDS can fertilize both land and marine ecosystems, they also present a range of hazards to human health, livelihoods and the environment.
SDS events typically originate in low-latitude drylands and sub-humid areas where vegetation cover is sparse or absent.
They can also occur in other environments, including agricultural and high-latitude areas in humid regions, when specific wind and atmospheric conditions coincide. SDS events can have substantial transboundary impacts, over thousands of kilometers. Unified and coherent global and regional policy responses are needed, especially to address source mitigation, early warning systems, and monitoring.
SDS often have significant economic impacts: for example, they cost the oil sector in Kuwait an estimated US$ 190 million annually, while a single SDS event in 2009 resulted in damage estimated at US$ 229 - 243 million in Australia.
The major global sources of mineral dust are in the northern hemisphere across North Africa, the Middle East and East Asia. In the southern hemisphere, Australia, South America and Southern Africa are the main dust sources.
More than 80% of Central Asia is covered by deserts and steppes which, coupled with climate change and lasting droughts, represent a major natural source of sand and dust storms.
The dried-up Aral Sea is a major source of SDS, emitting more than 100 million tons of dust and poisonous salts every year, impacting the health not just of the people living in the vicinity, but far beyond and generating annual losses of US$ 44 million.
Recognition of SDS as a disaster risk appears to be high in North-East Asia, parts of West Asia and North America but less prominent elsewhere.
Low recognition of SDS as a disaster risk is likely due to the lack (in many cases) of significant immediate direct human fatalities or injuries from individual SDS events, and limited consolidated documentation on their long-term health, economic or other impacts.
Major global sources of mineral dust are in the northern hemisphere across North Africa, the Middle East and East Asia. In the southern hemisphere, Australia, South America and Southern Africa are the main dust sources.
More than 80% of Central Asia is covered by deserts and steppes which, coupled with climate change and lasting droughts, represent a major natural source of sand and dust storms.
The dried-up Aral Sea is a major source of SDS, emitting more than 100 million tons of dust and poisonous salts every year, impacting the health not just of the people living in the vicinity, but far beyond and generating annual losses of US$ 44 million.
CREDIT
UNCCD/UNEP/FAO
SDS and health
SDS can be life-threatening for individuals with adverse health conditions.
Fine dust particles are carried to high tropospheric levels (up to a few kilometers high) where winds can transport them over long distances.
The health implications of SDS have been under increased research for decades, with most studies conducted in East Asia, Europe and the Middle East. There has been a lack of studies in West Africa.
A particular focus of this research has been SDS modification of air pollution.
The cause-and-effect between sand and dust in the atmosphere and health outcomes remains unclear and requires more extensive study. What can be said is that at-risk members of a population, especially those with pre-existing cardiopulmonary issues, including childhood asthma, may have a higher mortality or morbidity rate during a dust storm.
SDS can also impose major costs on the agricultural sector through crop destruction or reduced yield, animal death or lower yields of milk or meat, and damage to infrastructure.
For annual crops, losses are due to burial of seedlings or crops under sand deposits, loss of plant tissue and reduced photosynthetic activity as a result of sandblasting. This can lead to complete crop loss in a region or reduced yield.
There may also be a longer-term effect on some perennial crops due to tree or crop damage (such as lucerne/alfalfa crowns being damaged).
On a positive note, SDS dust can contain soil nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, as well as organic carbon. Some places benefit from this nutrient deposition on land, and mineral and nutrient deposition on water, particularly ocean bodies. When deposited, these can provide nutrients to downwind crop or pasture areas. These limited benefits, however, are far outweighed by the harms done.
Globally, the main large dust sources are dried lakes; Local sources include glacial outwash plains, volcanic ash zones and recently plowed fields.
The multi-faceted, cross-sectoral and transnational impacts of SDS directly affect 11 of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals yet global recognition of SDS as a hazard is generally low due in part to the complexity and seasonally cumulative impact of SDS, coupled with limited data .
Insufficient information and impact assessments hinder effective decision-making and planning to effectively address SDS sources and impacts.
UNCCD helps governments create policies to promote the scaling-up of sustainable land management practices and to find and use the latest science to develop and implement effective mitigation policies.
Working with The Regional Environmental Center for Central Asia , ( https://bit.ly/46aAhKq ) UNCCD assists countries vulnerable to drought and sand and dust storms in Central Asia to develop and implement risk reduction strategies at national and regional level. UNCCD encourages countries to adopt a comprehensive risk reduction strategy with monitoring and early warning systems to improve preparedness and resilience to these environmental disasters.
Among the measures most needed are
A multi-sector approach bolstered by information-sharing, short- and long-term interventions, engaging multiple stakeholders, and raising awareness of SDS.
Land restoration, using soil and water management practices to protect soils and increase vegetative cover, which have been shown to significantly reduce the extent and vulnerability of source areas, and reduce the intensity of typical SDS events.
Early warning and monitoring, building on up-to-date risk knowledge, and forecasting, with all stakeholders (including at-risk populations) participating to ensure that warnings are provided in a timely and targeted manner
Impact mitigation, through preparedness to reduce vulnerability, increase resilience, and enables a timely, effective response to SDS events
The UNCCD is an international agreement on good land stewardship. It helps people, communities and countries create wealth, grow economies and secure enough food, clean water and energy by ensuring land users an enabling environment for sustainable land management. Through partnerships, the Convention’s 197 parties set up robust systems to manage drought promptly and effectively. Good land stewardship based on sound policy and science helps integrate and accelerate achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, builds resilience to climate change and prevents biodiversity loss.
The UNCCD Secretariat led the creation of the SDS Compendium document in collaboration with the UNCCD Science-Policy Interface (SPI), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), UN Women, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), the UN Development Programme (UNDP), the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), and external experts and partners.
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METHOD OF RESEARCH
Systematic review
Evolution of drought and flood events on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and key issues for response
The journal Science China Earth Sciences recently published online the research conducted by Professor Yan Denghua, Professor Qin Tianling, and Dr. Lu Jie from the China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research. The research team emphasized the strategic importance of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to China's long-term water and ecological security. However, they also pointed out that extreme droughts and floods alternate in this region, and ecosystem instability has become increasingly prominent. Additionally, new forms of flood disasters, such as those caused by glacial lake dam breaks, ice melting, and snow melting, have intensified.
Facing the requirements of disaster prevention under the new situation of drought and flood on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and in response to the current problems of unclear driving mechanisms for drought and flood disasters on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, insufficient integration of multi-source data, low accuracy of forecasting and early warning, and weak targeting of risk prevention and control measures, the research team proposed a method for identifying the evolution law and encounter characteristics of drought and flood from the perspective of water resources system, improved the coupled numerical simulation and knowledge mining model for drought and flood prediction and early warning, and constructed a technical framework for identifying the risk blocking points and adaptive regulation based on disaster chain, providing technical support for improving the prevention and control of flood and drought disasters, water resources protection, ecological restoration, and climate change response in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and downstream areas.
See the article:
Lu J, Xu S, Qin T, He X, Yan D, Zhang C, Abebe S A. 2023. Evolution of drought and flood events on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and key issues for response. Science China Earth Sciences, 66(11): 2514–2529, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-022-1168-0
Research and development path of drought and flood prediction and early warning in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Research and development path of drought and flood risk prevention and emergency response in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
In the geological past, several groups of crocodiles evolved towards a morphology adapted to marine life. However, the extent of these adaptations and their evolutionary trajectories remained unknown. An exhaustive study of their morphology by a scientific team from the Evolution & Diversity Dynamics Lab (EDDyLab) at the University of Liège has now shed light on the evolutionary mechanisms at work, thanks to three-dimensional reconstructions.
Contrary to what its few current species might suggest, the crocodile group was highly diversified in the past, with herbivorous, arboreal, and even totally marine species. Thalattosuchians and dyrosaurs, two crocodile species, colonised the marine environment independently in the geological past. “These two groups of crocodiles are also very interesting to study because they managed to survive major biological crises", explains Isaure Scavezzoni, a doctoral student at the Evolution & Diversity Dynamics Lab and principal author of the study. Thalattosuchians survived the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition (145 million years ago) and dyrosaurs the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous (66 million years ago)". However, the extent and diversity of these animals' adaptations to marine life are still very poorly understood because their body anatomy has been relatively little studied. We do not know the evolutionary trajectories underlying these evolutionary successes. Are they similar or did these groups take different routes to marine life? Researchers at the University of Liège's EDDyLab have attempted to answer this question using 3D modelling.
“The scale of the task involved in answering these questions is immense", explains Valentin Fischer, palaeontologist and director of the EDDyLab. We have carried out hundreds of scans and high-definition 3D reconstructions of the limb, shoulder and pelvis bones of a wide range of species of thalattosuchians, dyrosaurs and even modern crocodiles”. These data enabled the team to analyse the evolutionary trajectories of these two species in order to detect possible convergences, i.e. cases of independent evolution of similar morphologies. To do this, several dozen reference points were placed on each bone; the resulting 3D coordinates were then compared between species and tested in a phylogenetic framework, i.e. taking into account the kinship links between the species analysed.
"Our results show that thalattosuchians and dyrosaurids differ greatly from each other in their adaptations and functional capacities, but that they also diverge greatly from present-day crocodiles," says Isaure Scavezzoni. This work reveals not only the (previously underestimated) potential of the fossil crocodile skeleton as a source of phylogenetic characters, but also that these groups differed profoundly from present-day crocodiles in the way they moved and swam. The incorporation of postcranial anatomy therefore seems crucial to fully assess the ecology, disparity, and relationships of crocodylomorphs.
EACH WEDGE CONSISTS OF DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTIONS OF ELECTRODE-ELECTROLYTE INTERFACES TO CONTRIBUTE TO A PRACTICAL DESIGN OVERHAUL OF LITHIUM METAL ELECTRODES
The use of lithium metal as the anode for batteries is one of the smarter options with better energy density than other materials. However, the interface between the electrode and electrolyte has quite a few issues that can be addressed for a safer and more functional outcome in the future.
The researchers are keen on replacing the graphite anode with lithium metal anode to construct a battery system with higher energy density. However, the Li metal anode is unstable and readily reacting with electrolyte to form a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI). Unfortunately, the natural SEI is brittle and fragile, resulting in poor lifespan and performance. Here, researchers have looked into a substitute for nature SEI, which could effectively mitigate the side reactions within the battery system. The answer is ASEI: artificial solid electrolyte interphase. ASEI corrects some of the issues plaguing the bare lithium metal anode to make a safer, more reliable, and even more powerful source of power that can be used with more confidence in electric vehicles and other similar applications.
“Battery technologies have been revolutionizing our lifestyle and are closely related to everyone’s life. To realize a truly carbon-free economy, batteries with better performance are required to replace current Li-ion batteries” said Yanyan Wang, author and researcher of the study.
Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are such a candidate. However, the anode, lithium metal, is reactive with electrolyte and a passivation layer, called a solid-electrolyte interphase, forms on the surface of lithium metal during battery operation. Another issue of lithium metal anode is so called “dendrite growth”, appearing during battery charging. Dendrites look like tree-branch structures that cause internal damage to the battery, leading to short-circuiting, poor performance, and potential safety hazards. These weaknesses altogether reduce the practicality of LMBs and pose some challenges that must be addressed.
The review introduced some strategies that can be employed to create a more effective and safer lithium metal anode. To improve upon the lithium metal anode, researchers found it is necessary to homogenize the distribution of lithium ions, which can help reduce the deposits on negatively charged areas of the batteries. This, in turn, will reduce the dendrite formation which can prevent premature decay and short-circuiting. Additionally, creating an easier way for the lithium ions to diffuse while also ensuring the layers are electrically insulated can help retain the integrity of the structure, both physically and chemically, during battery cycling. Most importantly, reducing the strain between the interface of the electrode and electrolyte can ensure proper connectivity between the layers, which is an essential part of the functionality of the battery.
The strategies that appear to have the most potential are polymeric ASEI layers and inorganic-organic hybrid ASEI layers. The polymeric layers have sufficient adjustability in their design with the strength and elasticity being easily adjustable. Polymeric layers also have similar functional groups as electrolytes which makes them extremely compatible; this compatibility is one of the major areas other components lack. Inorganic-organic hybrid layers are best for their reduction in layer thickness and marked improvement over the distribution of components within the layers, which improves the overall performance of the battery.
The future of the ASEI layers is bright but calls for some improvements. Researchers mainly would like to see improvement in the adhesion of the ASEI layers on the surface of the metal, which overall improves the function and longevity of the battery. Additional areas that require some attention are stability in the structure and chemistry within the layers, as well as minimizing the thickness of the layers to improve the energy density of the metal electrodes. Once these issues are worked out, the road ahead for an improved lithium metal battery should be well-paved.
Yanyan Wang, Mingnan Li, Fuhua Yang, Jianfeng Mao, and Zaiping Guo from the School of Engineering and Advanced Materials at the University of Adelaide contributed to this research.
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CREDIT: ANTONIO MARTÍN-ALCÁNTARA, JOSÉ LUIS ARANDA-HIDALGO , ALBERTO JIMÉNEZ-SOLANO , ANTONIO J. SARSA-RUBIO
The University of Cordoba proposes and analyses the operation of an energy storage system based on a cylindrical tank immersed in water that is capable of storing and releasing energy in response to the market
Clean energy, based on renewable sources such as sunlight and wind, stands as the way forward towards a more inhabitable and sustainable world. A hurdle to this, however, is that renewables do not always produce energy when it is needed, and finding storage that is clean and with sufficient capacity is indispensable. Faced with the environmental impact of the extraction and recycling of the materials needed to build conventional batteries, which are often scarce, the research community is looking for alternatives.
Among these alternatives, an innovation has emerged, the result of a collaborative effort between the University of Cordoba's departments of Electrical and Automatic Engineering, Mechanics, and Physics. This device, developed by researchers Antonio Martín Alcántara, José Luis Aranda Hidalgo, Alberto Jiménez Solano and Antonio Sarsa Rubio, allows energy to be stored and released at the ideal time, using a cylindrical tank immersed in water. The system takes advantage of hydrostatic pressure (the weight of the liquid column on a surface) to compress air and subsequently expand it, in a turbine, delivering that stored energy.
The system, which could be submerged in a reservoir, for example, "consists of a cylindrical tube with a disc that divides it into two chambers: an upper one with water, and a lower one with air," explained Antonio Martín. "Initially (with the system loaded), the disc is up and the cylinder is full of air. Then that disc goes down and the water occupies the top of the cylinder, in turn compressing the air to a very high pressure due to the weight of the water," he continued. This is the energy release phase, since that compressed air comes out of a hole in the bottom of the cylinder and drives a turbine generating the energy.
To recharge the tube's storage a motor would be used, for example, to raise the disc so that the air would reoccupy the entire cylinder. "The device has been designed to store energy during periods of low prices and for recovery during peak ones," explained José Luis Aranda Hidalgo, who registered the invention inspired by this study as Utility Model (ES-1291145-Y)
The name given to the system is iOWC, as it revisits the existing Oscillating Water Column (OWC), but in reverse. This system, the OWC, is a simple mechanism used to extract energy from ocean waves through a cylinder in which the volume of water is below and its level rises with the ocean waves, thereby generating energy. This new inverted application, the iOWC, stands as an energy storage alternative.
At the Physics level, researchers Alberto Jiménez Solano and Antonio Sarsa Rubio have contributed to this theoretical feasibility analysis through conservation equations, which made it possible to define the practical dimensions necessary for the system's design and future implementation.
The results obtained by the team allow us to know how the system would respond, identifying the appropriate design conditions for its operation taking into account the aspect ratio (that between the width and height of the cylinder) and the size of the air outlet hole to achieve the necessary energy and power, reducing the oscillations that could occur in the cylinder's disc due to pressure. To mitigate these oscillations the researchers also propose a damping system.
With the development and theoretical formulation of this device's design progress is made towards a clean alternative for energy storage that would also make possible the charging and discharging of energy in response to market situations.
Reference
Martín-Alcántara, A., Aranda-Hidalgo, J. L., Jiménez-Solano, A., Sarsa-Rubio, A. (2023). Analysis and design of an inverted oscillating water column for energy storage under choked flow conditions. Energy, 285, 0360-5442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.129356
