New study sheds light on lily toxicity in cats; outpatient treatment may be viable option

Results challenge long-held assumption that hospitalization is always necessary for lily-exposed cats

American Veterinary Medical Association

 

(SCHAUMBURG, Illinois) October 17, 2024—A study published recently in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (JAVMA) has revealed new insights into the treatment of cats exposed to toxic lilies, offering hope for pet owners facing this common household hazard.

The study (“Prevalence of acute kidney injury and outcome in cats treated as inpatients versus outpatients following lily exposure”), conducted at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, investigated the outcomes of 112 cats treated for lily exposure, comparing cats treated as inpatients with intravenous fluids to those managed as outpatients with subcutaneous fluids.

Contrary to previous beliefs, the study found no significant difference in the prevalence of acute kidney injury (AKI) between inpatient (46.9%) and outpatient (43.8%) groups. This challenges the long-held assumption that hospitalization with intravenous fluids is always necessary for lily-exposed cats and marks a significant step forward in understanding and managing lily toxicity in cats, potentially expanding treatment options and improving outcomes for feline patients.

"Our findings suggest that outpatient management may be a viable option for some cats exposed to lilies," says Dr. Erica Reineke, professor of emergency and critical care, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, and one of the authors of the study. "This could be particularly relevant for pet owners with financial limitations, lack of access to 24-hour veterinary facilities or other cat specific factors.”

The researchers caution that their findings should not be interpreted as definitive treatment recommendations. Larger, controlled studies are needed to establish evidence-based guidelines for managing lily toxicity in cats.

Dr. Reineke added that the study also revealed a higher overall prevalence of AKI in both groups compared to previous reports. However, many cats with AKI showed improvement or stabilization of their condition, and the overall survival rate was excellent.

While inpatient cats had a 100% survival rate compared to an 87.5% survival rate for outpatient cats, this difference--though statistically significant--suggests that outpatient treatment can still lead to favorable outcomes in many cases.

Dr. Reineke emphasized that “it's crucial for cat owners to understand that all parts of the lily plant are toxic to cats. Prompt veterinary attention is essential, regardless of the treatment approach.”

For cat owners, the study underscores the importance of lily awareness and quick action in case of exposure. It also offers hope that, with proper veterinary guidance, various treatment options may be available depending on individual circumstances.

For more information, contact Michael San Filippo, AVMA senior media relations manager, at 847-732-6194 (cell/text) or msanfilippo@avma.org.

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About the AVMA

Serving more than 105,000 member veterinarians, the AVMA is the nation's leading representative of the veterinary profession, dedicated to improving the health and wellbeing of animals, humans and the environment. Founded in 1863 and with members in every U.S. state and territory and more than 60 countries, the AVMA is one of the largest veterinary medical organizations in the world.

 

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Journal

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

DOI

10.2460/javma.24.05.0355 

Method of Research

Observational study

Subject of Research

Animals

Article Title

Prevalence of acute kidney injury and outcome in cats treated as inpatients versus outpatients following lily exposure

Article Publication Date

16-Oct-2024

 

Nonnative plants are a major force behind global insect invasions, new study finds

American Institute of Biological Sciences

In an article in the journal BioScience, an international team of researchers led by Dr. Cleo Bertelsmeier from the University of Lausanne, Switzerland, argue that the global spread of nonnative plants is a key factor driving the growing number of insect invasions worldwide. The research challenges traditional assumptions about the principal causes of nonnative insect invasions.

The authors note that when nonnative plants become established in new regions, they create ecological niches that permit the establishment of insect species from the plants' native ranges, which can produce further cascading effects: "Plant invasions facilitate insect invasions directly by providing ecological niches for arriving insect herbivores, and indirectly by favoring the establishment of insect predators and parasitoids," resulting in a cascade of effects described as an "invasional meltdown."

Bertelsmeier and colleagues synthesize multiple lines of evidence to analyze insect invasions, finding that global flows of invasive plants are more tightly linked to insect invasions than are other factors, such as global trade or propagule pressure. "Macroecological analyses support the hypothesis that nonnative plant richness is a major determinant of nonnative insect richness," they say.

These findings have important implications for biosecurity and invasive species management, fields in which future success will depend on appropriately addressing the complex dynamics driving biological invasions in our increasingly interconnected world.

While current practices focus heavily on preventing new insect arrivals, the authors argue that more attention should be paid to limiting the spread of nonnative plants, say the authors: "Controlling the spread of undesired nonnative plant species would not only be beneficial because it mitigates the impacts of the plant species themselves, it would also reduce spillover of associated nonnative insects to native plant species."

 

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Journal

BioScience

DOI

10.1093/biosci/biae088 

Method of Research

Literature review

Subject of Research

Not applicable

Article Title

Global proliferation of nonnative plants is a major driver of insect invasions

Article Publication Date

18-Oct-2024

Better ocean connectivity boosts reef fish populations

University of Oxford

 

image: 

Gillnet Fishers from Mkunguni, Kenya

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Credit: CORDIO East Africa

Research led by the University of Oxford has found that oceanographic connectivity (the movement and exchange of water between different parts of the ocean) is a key influence for fish abundance across the Western Indian Ocean (WIO). The findings have been published today in the ICES Journal of Marine Sciences.

Connectivity particularly impacted herbivorous reef fish groups, which are most critical to coral reef resilience, providing evidence that decision-makers should incorporate connectivity into how they prioritise conservation areas.

The study also revealed that, alongside oceanographic connectivity, sea surface temperature and levels of chlorophyll (the green pigment in plants that drives photosynthesis) strongly predict reef fish distribution and abundance in the WIO. Protecting reefs is essential in this area, particularly for rapidly growing local communities, which are highly dependent on reefs and vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.

Lead author Laura Warmuth (Department of Biology, University of Oxford) said: “It was striking that herbivorous fish – which are critical to reef resilience – were particularly strongly impacted by ocean connectivity. Efficient conservation area prioritisation should include connectivity for decision making regarding marine protected area management across country borders. This is particularly relevant in the human-pressured WIO region, where annual bleaching is predicted on most coral reefs by mid-century, even under optimistic climate change scenarios.”

Coastal communities are highly dependent on reefs for food security, with small-scale fisheries providing up to 99% of protein intake and around 82% of household income in the WIO. Home to some of the world’s poorest communities and seeing rapid population growth, locals are at an ever-increasing risk of climate change, which has the potential to devastate reefs with successive coral bleaching.

While sea surface temperatures are rising around the world, temperatures in the Indian Ocean are increasing faster than other tropical oceans – and it is one of the most vulnerable ocean regions to thermal stress. Fish diversity is central to reef resilience, providing several key services to reefs by their different feeding patterns such as feeding on algae which can compete with corals.

The researchers developed a metric of proportional oceanographic connectivity to simplify complex oceanographic models, allowing them to incorporate this element into ecological models. Typically, across the study reef sites, medium connectivity levels were associated with higher fish abundances, rather than high levels. High connectivity may help with larvae dispersal but can come with side effects, such as stronger wave exposure or increased dispersal of pollutants or invasive species.

The study revealed that sea surface temperatures and chlorophyll levels also had a strong influence on the abundance of fish species at all levels of the food chain.

Senior author Professor Mike Bonsall (Department of Biology, University of Oxford) added: “It is really imperative that decision-makers responsible for marine planning understand how ocean patterns and environmental factors affect reef fish across the food chain. Our work emphasizes how crucial this link is between ocean currents and fish ecology for understanding the broader impact of environmental change and fishing regulations on sensitive coral reef fish systems.”

The researchers now plan to explore the impacts of human activities, including how human population density and market distance affect reef fish abundance and biomass in the WIO. They will also investigate how environmental and oceanographic factors are predicted to change for different climate change scenarios, and how fish abundances and distributions will change with them.

The study was a collaboration between the University of Oxford, the National Oceanography Centre in Southampton, UK, the Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean (CORDIO) NGO in Mombasa, Kenya, the Institute of Zoology in London, UK, and the Bertarelli Foundation Marine Science Programme.

Notes to editors

Interviews with Laura Warmuth and Mike Bonsall are available on request: contact comms@biology.ox.ac.uk

The paper ‘Environmental change and connectivity drive coral reef fish abundance in the Western Indian Ocean’ will be published in ICES Journal of Marine Sciences at 00:00 BST Friday 18 October / 19:00 ET Thursday 17 October 2024. It will be available online when the embargo lifts at https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/icesjms/fsae125

To view a copy of the paper before this, under embargo, contact comms@biology.ox.ac.uk

Images that can be used to illustrate articles can be found here: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1KysxAK6bgEGMSf9SFZNu_gMR_dUVOKL_ These are for editorial purposes only and MUST be credited. They MUST NOT be sold on to third parties.

About the University of Oxford

Oxford University has been placed number 1 in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for the ninth year running, and ​number 3 in the QS World Rankings 2024. At the heart of this success are the twin-pillars of our ground-breaking research and innovation and our distinctive educational offer.

Oxford is world-famous for research and teaching excellence and home to some of the most talented people from across the globe. Our work helps the lives of millions, solving real-world problems through a huge network of partnerships and collaborations. The breadth and interdisciplinary nature of our research alongside our personalised approach to teaching sparks imaginative and inventive insights and solutions.

Through its research commercialisation arm, Oxford University Innovation, Oxford is the highest university patent filer in the UK and is ranked first in the UK for university spinouts, having created more than 300 new companies since 1988. Over a third of these companies have been created in the past five years. The university is a catalyst for prosperity in Oxfordshire and the United Kingdom, contributing £15.7 billion to the UK economy in 2018/19, and supports more than 28,000 full time jobs.

The Department of Biology is a University of Oxford department within the Maths, Physical, and Life Sciences Division. It utilises academic strength in a broad range of bioscience disciplines to tackle global challenges such as food security, biodiversity loss, climate change and global pandemics. It also helps to train and equip the biologists of the future through holistic undergraduate and graduate courses. For more information visit www.biology.ox.ac.uk.

Camouflage Grouper Hiding between Corals, Seychelles

Credit

Tamelander, IUCN

Aerial View of Kanamai, Kilifi County, Kenya

Sights from the Mange Reef, Mafia Island, Tanzania

Credit

CORDIO East Africa

Journal

ICES Journal of Marine Science

DOI

10.1093/icesjms/fsae125 

Article Title

Environmental change and connectivity drive coral reef fish abundance in the Western Indian Ocean

Article Publication Date

17-Oct-2024

 

Scientists create new overwintering sites for monarch butterflies on a warming planet

Using assisted migration to establish new sacred fir forests on colder mountainside could offer monarch butterflies a much-needed refuge

Frontiers

 

image: 

Planting Abies religiosa (Sacred fir) seedlings under the shade of pre-existing shrubs (Senecio cinerarioides, narrow green-greyish foliage) as protective “nurse plants”. Large trees on background are adult Pinus hartwegii, the pine that reaches the timberline. Abies religiosa is completely absent in this site at 3800 m of elevation, northeaster slope of Nevado de Toluca volcano, central Mexico, because it is too high in elevation. Planters personnel are locals of Native Indian origin.

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Credit: Cuauhtémoc Sáenz-Romero, UMSNH

The migration of the monarch butterfly is one of the wonders of the natural world. Each autumn, a new generation of monarch butterflies is born in the northern United States and southern Canada. Hundreds of millions of these butterflies then fly to the mountains of Central Mexico, between 4,000km and 4,800km away. There, they overwinter in forests of the sacred fir Abies religiosa at high altitudes. Without these sacred firs, the monarchs couldn’t survive their grueling migration.

But under global warming, these forests are predicted to slowly move up the slopes. By approximately 2090 they will run out of mountain. It will thus be necessary to create new forests outside their current geographic range: for example on mountains further east, which are higher.

“Here we show the feasibility of planting new sacred fir forests on a nearby volcano, Nevado de Toluca, at altitudes between 3,400 and 4,000 meters,” said Dr Cuauhtémoc Sáenz-Romero, a professor at the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo in Mexico, and the lead author of a new study in a new study in Frontiers in Forests and Global Change.

“We call this ‘assisted migration’: planting seedlings grown from seeds from existing sacred fir populations to new sites whose climate by 2060 is predicted to become similar to that at today’s overwintering sites due to global warming.”

Making a stand

In 2017, Sáenz-Romero and colleagues gathered seeds from cones from eight stands of sacred fir in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve (MBBR) in Mexico, at altitudes between 3,100 and 3,500 meters. They grew seedlings from these, at first for two years in a shade-house at 1,900 meters altitude, and then for another year in a nursery at 3,000 meters. In July 2021, they transplanted the seedlings to four sites along an elevational gradient on the northeast slope of Nevado de Toluca.

The researchers chose this mountain because it is the closest to the MBBR and has a summit 1,130 meters higher than the highest occurrence – at 3550 meters – of sacred firs there. It is also a Protected Natural Area.

They planted 960 seedlings at four altitudes: 3,400, 3,600, 3,800, and 4,000 meters. The latter is the timberline of Nevado de Toluca, and was included to find the highest elevation at which sacred firs can survive in the present climate. Seedlings were distributed over 30 spatial blocks per altitude, taking care to include equal numbers from each original stand in the MBBR.

Seedlings were always planted under ‘nurse plants’ to protect them against excess insolation and extreme cold. These were Senecio cinerarioides shrubs up to 3,800 meters, and Lupinus montanus shrubs and Pinus hartwegii trees at 4,000 meters.

Every two months between September 2021 and December 2023, Sáenz-Romero and colleagues (including graduate students and local foresters of the Matlatzincas Native Indian people) measured each seedling’s performance, that is, its survival, height, and diameter. Because the goal of the experiment was the conservation of sacred firs, not timber production, survival was considered the most important measure.

Colder and higher

The results showed that the performance of the transplanted seedlings decreased as the ‘ecological distance’ – the weighted difference across a range of climate variables such as temperature, precipitation, and dryness  – between the original and the planting site increased. Overall, survival and growth worsened when seedlings were transplanted to sites colder and higher than the original stand in the MBBR. At 4,000 meters, growth was approximately nil, while many seedlings showed frost damage.

Between 3,600 and 3,800 meters, seedlings had 54% less vertical growth, 27% less biomass, and 27% less survival than at the baseline of 3,400 meters. The authors judged this survival rate to be ‘very acceptable’.

“These planted stands could ultimately serve as overwintering sites for the Monarch butterfly under warmer climates,” concluded Sáenz-Romero.

“In fact, monarch butterflies have over recent year established new and large colonies at colder places within the Nevado de Toluca, which suggests that they already are searching for new places to overwinter, as their historic sites inside the MBBR are now too warm. Once our seedlings are fully grown, they will hopefully discover our planting site, too.”

“We stress that creating new areas for monarch butterflies is not mutually exclusive with continuing efforts to conserve their current habitat in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve. Both approaches should be complementary, with equal priority.”

Local foresters, graduate students and faculties from the state University of Michoacán, México, who established the experiments at Nevado de Toluca. This is a site at 3600 m of elevation, shortly above the maximum natural limit distribution of Abies religiosa (about 3550 m).

Planting at 4,000 meters 

F

Planting Abies religiosa (Sacred fir) seedlings at the timberline (4000 m of elevation) of Nevado de Toluca volcano, under the shade of preexisting Lupinus elegans  as protective “nurse plants”. This site is about 450 higher in elevation than the maximum natural distribution of Abies religiosa.

Abies religiosa (Sacred fir) seedlings produced in a communal nursery of Ejido La Mesa, at 3000 m of elevation (to induce hardening of the seedlings), at the border of the MBBR. Seeds originated from the MBBR, and seedlings were planted later at Nevado de Toluca. On the photo, Francisco “Don Pancho” Ramirez-Cruz, former chief of Ejido La Mesa, was in charge of the seedling production.

Abies religiosa (Sacred fir) seedlings (foreground) were planted in groups of 8 seedlings under the shade of pre-existing shrubs as “nurse plants” (Senecio cinerarioides), to have the benefit of a protective shade against extreme temperatures (either warm or cold extremes), something critical under the ongoing climatic change. Each seedling planted was originated from seed collected at the MBBR, from lower elevations than the planting site.

Monarch colony 

a (Sacred fir) covered by Monarch butterflies at Ejido La Mesa, 3340 m of elevation, core zone of MBBR. Seeds of Abies religiosa were collected at this site, to produce seedlings in a nursery that later were planted at Nevado de Toluca, at elevations of 3400 m, 3600 m, 3800 m and 4000 m.

Credit

Cuauhtémoc Sáenz-Romero, UMSNH

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Journal

Frontiers in Forests and Global Change

DOI

10.3389/ffgc.2024.1440517 

Method of Research

Experimental study

Subject of Research

Not applicable

Article Title

Establishing monarch butterfly overwintering sites for future climates: Abies religiosa upper altitudinal limit expansion by assisted migration

Article Publication Date

18-Oct-2024

COI Statement

 

Smaller, more specific academic journals have more sway over policy

Federal species protection orders more often cite the smaller, more obscure publications

Duke University

DURHAM, N.C. – Scientists don't just want their results to be published; they want them to be published in the most influential journal they can find. This focus on a high 'impact factor' is driven by their concerns about promotion and tenure, but it may be overlooking the important role that smaller publications can play in the advancement of their science.

A new paper, “Role of low-impact-factor journals in conservation implementation,” appearing Oct. 17 in the journal Conservation Biology, upends some assumptions about the importance of a journal's readership and impact factor.

The new study, by lead author and doctoral candidate, Jonathan J. Choi and other researchers at Duke University’s Nicholas School of the Environment, compares scientific journals of higher and lower visibility and describes their influence on conservation. Specifically, Choi and his colleagues focused on the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and demonstrated the crucial value of smaller, specialized science publications.

They found that often the journals specific to a region or a particular kind of organism play an outsized role in establishing legal protections for an endangered species. Journals focused on ferns, clams, or coral reefs had proportionally more of their articles cited by the federal government when protecting species than more prominent, higher-impact journals.

“The Endangered Species Act represents one of the most potent tools in the U.S. toolbox,” said Choi. “An endangered species can stop major construction projects and shut down industries, which can be a big political problem. So, in the 70s, Congress required that an agency use the ‘best available science’ before it listed a species for protection. My question was, where that science came from, and how it compared to what we value in academia.”

Scientific journals are often measured by “impact factor” (IF), which loosely tells researchers how often an article is cited by other research in the first two years of its publication. Though it was originally intended as a tool for librarians to understand which journals were the most widely read, it has since been used as a proxy for the influence of the underlying research.

For this study, Choi and colleagues reframed the definition of ‘impact’ by using a different metric: which journals were cited, and how often, in supporting the federal government’s listing of a species for federal protection. The team combed through the listing decisions data from the second Obama Administration (2012-16). During this period, 260 species were added to the list, more than during other Administrations in recent history.

They found 13,000 supporting references to list species as endangered. Of those, more than 4,000 references were to academic journals. By calculating the number of times each journal was cited in the government listings the same way academic impact factor is calculated, the team was able to assess the journals’ importance to federal conservation implementation.

They were surprised to find that a disproportionate number of academic articles referenced in ESA listings came from ‘low impact-factor’ or ‘no impact-factor’ journals. For example, research was more often cited from journals like the American Fern Journal and Ichthyology & Herpetology than from Nature or Science.

Publications with a larger footprint can offer cutting-edge science that sets new theory, but it’s the small journal that provides granular detail. The naturalist stepping through old-growth forest collecting fern samples is the most likely to observe subtle species and habitat changes on the ground and find an outlet in a specialized journal willing to publish a species-specific article.

Co-author Brian R. Silliman, Rachel Carson Distinguished Professor of Marine Conservation Biology at the Nicholas School, noted the foundational work of the small journals, which are often under financial strain compared to for-profit journals. Given the higher likelihood of these smaller journals to influence conservation agencies like the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Silliman called upon academic departments “to expand their criteria of important contributions to look at not only impact factor, but how many times a paper is cited by practitioners that are applying their work.”

“If young researchers feel a lot of pressure to only shoot for high impact-factor journals, what kind of research isn’t getting published?” Choi asks. “What conservation questions aren’t getting explored? The kind of research that gets published in Nature and Science is still important, novel, and cross-cutting, but what we’re saying is that small journals haven’t always received the kind of credit for the conservation-oriented science they produce. That contribution should be celebrated and recognized within the academy.”

In addition to Choi and Silliman, co-authors included Patrick N. Halpin, Professor of Marine Geospatial Ecology at Duke, and Duke alumni Leo Gaskins, Joseph Morton, Julia Bingham, Ashley Blawas, Christine Hayes, and Carmen Hoyt.

This research was funded by the Nicholas School of the Environment and a graduate research fellowship from the Rob & Bessie Welder Wildlife Foundation.

CITATION: Role of Low-Impact-Factor Journals in Conservation Implementation," Jonathan J. Choi, Leo C. Gaskins, Joseph P. Morton, Julia A. Bingham, Ashley M. Blawas, Christine Hayes, Carmen Hoyt, Patrick N. Halpin, Brian Silliman. Conservation Biology, Oct. 17, 2024. DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14391

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Journal

Conservation Biology

DOI

10.1111/cobi.14391 

 U$A

Medicaid ACOs have not yet improved care for kids with asthma

UMass Amherst/UMass Chan Medical School-Baystate study finds disparities in quality of care persist for children with Medicaid compared to those with private insurance

University of Massachusetts Amherst

In its first three years of operation, Medicaid’s primary care-focused Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) in Massachusetts showed “no clear evidence of success” in improving asthma care for children, according to research led by the University of Massachusetts Amherst and UMass Chan Medical School-Baystate Health.

The study, published recently in JAMA Pediatrics, compared the asthma care of Medicaid-insured children affiliated with a Medicaid ACO to that of children with private insurance. Senior author Dr. Sarah Goff, a practicing pediatrician and internist and professor of health promotion and policy in the UMass Amherst School of Public Health and Health Sciences, says she was “not terribly surprised” at the findings, in part because it was so early in the post-implementation time period , though she had hypothesized there might be some improvements in the outcomes measured.

“The goal of the Accountable Care Organizations is to improve healthcare value by improving quality of care and reducing costs or holding them steady,” she says, adding that Massachusetts’ Medicaid program is a leader in the nation, expanding their value formula to include patient experience. “But healthcare systems are really big and really complex. So when you introduce a major change in policy and the way care is delivered, three years is a fairly short time to see a lot of change, but it’s still really important to take a look at those first three years.” 

More than one-third of the nearly six million children in the U.S. with asthma are insured with Medicaid, the paper notes. Asthma is poorly controlled for more than half of children with the disease. “Racial, ethnic, socioeconomic and geographic disparities in asthma quality of care and outcomes are large and persist despite interventions at the health system, state and national levels,” the paper states.

“Understanding the impacts of major changes to state Medicaid policy for children with asthma was particularly important because there are clinical treatments and strategies that we know work to improve asthma control. However, these are underused, particularly among those with Medicaid. This can result in high rates of emergency department use – which is not the ideal place for asthma care,” says Kimberley Geissler, formerly a UMass Amherst researcher and now an associate professor of healthcare delivery and population sciences at UMass Chan Medical School-Baystate.

The researchers examined Massachusetts insurance claims data between 2014 and 2020 for several asthma control markers: routine asthma visits, asthma medication ratio and emergency department/hospital care. In 2018, primary care-oriented Medicaid ACOs were launched in Massachusetts. Asthma medication ratio compares the use of controller medications, used on a regular basis, to rescue medications, used in an urgent situation when symptoms are not being controlled by the routine medication. 

The study found no significant change in the rates of routine asthma visits for Medicaid and privately insured children after the implementation of ACOs, meaning that the insurance-based disparities persisted. There was a narrowing in disparities in the appropriate asthma medication rates. However, this was because the rate for privately insured children got worse, rather than the rate for children with Medicaid improving. “So it looks better, but it’s really not,” Goff explains.

For the third marker, the team found worsening disparities in emergency department/hospital use for children with Medicaid ACOs compared to children with private insurance. 

“We don’t know why it looks like emergency visits went up,” Goff says. “One of the main foci of the Accountable Care Organizations is to improve care management and coordination,” which is in part designed to result in fewer visits to the hospital for care. 

Goff and Geissler say more research is needed as Medicaid ACOs mature to determine the effects they may have on asthma quality of care, outcomes and disparities for children.

“The Massachusetts Medicaid program is a national leader in innovation to improve care delivery,” Geissler says. “It is very important to continue studying impacts of changes to the program over time to ensure that all children receive high-quality, accessible care so that they can thrive.”  

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Journal

JAMA Pediatrics

DOI

10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.3935 

Method of Research

Data/statistical analysis

Subject of Research

People

Article Title

Medicaid Accountable Care Organizations and Disparities in Pediatric Asthma Care

 

Sexual and gender-diverse individuals face more health challenges during COVID-19: Insights from a large-scale social media analysis

Health Data Science

 

image: 

The proportion of tweets concerning mental health to the total number of tweets. A 7-day moving average to smooth the curve was applied.

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Credit: [Zhiyun Zhang, Zhiyun Zhang]

A new study by researchers at Zhejiang University has highlighted the disproportionate health challenges faced by sexual and gender-diverse (SGD) individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. By analyzing over 471 million tweets using advanced natural language processing (NLP) techniques, the study reveals that SGD individuals were more likely to discuss concerns related to social connections, mask-wearing, and experienced higher rates of COVID-19 symptoms and mental health issues than non-SGD individuals. The study has been published in the journal Health Data Science.

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed and intensified health disparities, particularly for vulnerable populations like the sexual and gender-diverse (SGD) community. Unlike traditional health data sources, social media provides a more dynamic and real-time reflection of public concerns and experiences. Zhiyun Zhang, a Ph.D. student at Zhejiang University, and Jie Yang, Assistant Professor at the same institution, led a study that analyzed large-scale Twitter data to understand the unique challenges faced by SGD individuals during the pandemic.

To address this, the research team used NLP methods such as Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) models for topic modeling and advanced sentiment analysis to evaluate the discussions and concerns of SGD Twitter users compared to non-SGD users. This approach allowed the researchers to explore three primary questions: the predominant topics discussed by SGD users, their concerns about COVID-19 precautions, and the severity of their symptoms and mental health challenges.

The findings reveal significant differences between the two groups. SGD users were more frequently involved in discussions about "friends and family" (20.5% vs. 13.1%) and "wearing masks" (10.1% vs. 8.3%). They also expressed higher levels of positive sentiment toward vaccines such as Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca, and Johnson & Johnson. The study found that SGD individuals reported significantly higher frequencies of both physical and mental health symptoms compared to non-SGD users, underscoring their heightened vulnerability during the pandemic.

"Our large-scale social media analysis highlights the concerns and health challenges of SGD users. The topic analysis showed that SGD users were more frequently involved in discussions about ‘friends and family’ and ‘wearing masks’ than non-SGD users. SGD users also expressed a higher level of positive sentiment in tweets about vaccines," said Zhiyun Zhang, the lead researcher. "These insights emphasize the importance of targeted public health interventions for SGD communities."

The study demonstrates the potential of using social media data to monitor and understand public health concerns, especially for marginalized communities like SGD individuals. The results suggest the need for more tailored public health strategies to address the unique challenges faced by SGD communities during pandemics.

Moving forward, the research team aims to develop an automated pipeline to continuously monitor the health of targeted populations, offering data-driven insights to support more comprehensive public health services.

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Journal

Health Data Science

DOI

10.34133/hds.0127 

Article Title

Sexual and Gender-Diverse Individuals Face More Health Challenges during COVID-19: A Large-Scale Social Media Analysis with Natural Language Processing