Tuesday, May 23, 2023

UK
‘I believe in Rishi’, says billionaire behind Tories’ biggest donation in over 20 years

Charles Hymas
Sun, May 21, 2023 

Mohamed Mansour Man Capital Egypt businessman Conservative Party largest donation funding politics
- Paul Grover for The Telegraph

The Tories have received their largest donation for more than 20 years from a businessman who said he believes that Rishi Sunak can grow the economy.

Mohamed Mansour, an Egyptian-born billionaire, has given £5 million to the Conservative Party, equal to the donation by Sir Paul Getty in 2001.

This reversed a dip in donations to the Tories after Boris Johnson’s exit, and followed the defection to Labour of former Conservative donors, such as Gareth Quarry, a recruitment millionaire who accused the Tories of being “riven with arrogance and complacency”.

Figures released by the Electoral Commission last December revealed that Tory donations between July and September were overtaken by Labour for the first time in more than a year – £3 million to the opposition’s £5.4 million.

Writing for The Telegraph, below, Mr Mansour said that Mr Sunak had shown himself to be “very capable”, citing him as “one who understands how growth is generated in the modern economy”.

“He gets the importance of technology and innovation. He can make the modern economy work for all UK citizens,” he said.

Mr Mansour recalled how his “life changed overnight” when Gamel Abdel Nasser, the former Egyptian president, seized his family’s land, homes and assets because he did not believe property rights should stand in the way of his socialist creed.

He was already at university in the US which meant, without his family’s support, he had to trade in his car, work as a waiter and “go hungry” as he struggled to pay for food and utilities.

“This experience left me with a lifelong belief in the importance of political stability, property rights and the rule of law,” he said.

This, he added, was why he chose to come to the UK, as “a place where the rule of law is paramount, property rights are respected and with an enviable record of political stability”.

His £5 million is the second biggest individual donation after Lord Sainsbury of Turville gave £8 million to the Liberal Democrats in 2019.

Mr Mansour’s donation contributed to the Tories’ most successful first quarter of donations for five years. The figure is set to be confirmed by the Electoral Commission in early June.

Since 2016, he has given the Tories £600,000 through his firm Unatrac and last December, the Prime Minister announced he had been made one of the party’s senior fundraisers in the run-up to the next general election.

In February, Mr Mansour agreed to a multimillion-pound tax settlement following an investigation into Unatrac by HM Revenue and Customs. This was part of a wider review by the tax office into multiple companies’ so-called “Google tax diversion schemes”. It found no evidence of diverted tax or avoidance.

Last year, he was given a role on the Government’s advisory investment council, as founder of his family-owned investment firm Man Capital, which he established in London in 2010 after moving from Egypt.

Mr Mansour is also the chairman of the Mansour Group, the family conglomerate which employs 60,000 people.

With his two brothers, the company has built close ties as distributors for US companies including Caterpillar, Chevrolet and General Motors. Some of his other interests include Metro, Egypt’s largest supermarket chain, and McDonald’s franchises in his homeland.

Outside of business, he served as a transport minister from 2006 to 2009 under Hosni Mubarak, the late Egyptian president who quit office during the 2011 Arab Spring.

Mubarak was considered a military autocrat who ruled Egypt for 30 years, maintaining his grip on office through a crackdown on political opposition, routinely running for re-election unopposed and stifling free speech. He died in 2020.
Why I donated £5m to the Tories – and believe in Rishi Sunak

By Mohamed Mansour, the founder and chairman of Man Capital LLP

When I was a teenager, my family’s assets were confiscated by the state. Egypt’s president Gamel Abdel Nasser, under the influence of his Soviet mentors, nationalised the cotton industry, taking my father’s business from him.

But he did not stop there. Nasser was convinced that private property rights should not stand in the way of his socialist creed and took my family’s land, homes and other assets.

My life changed overnight. I was already at university in the United States. But from this moment on, my family could not support me. I had to trade in my car, knuckle down and work as a waiter to pay my way through college. I came to know what it is like to go hungry and to struggle to pay for food and utilities. Back in Egypt, my father was left trying to support the family on a meagre salary.

This experience left me with a lifelong belief in the importance of political stability, property rights and the rule of law.

My father was not a man to be knocked down. He set up a cotton business in Sudan, only for that to be nationalised too.

But undeterred, when Anwar Sadat came to office, he returned to Egypt and began the job of rebuilding the family business. I was honoured to continue that work with my brothers.

We diversified the business away from commodities and started to work with firms such as General Motors and Caterpillar. Today, our family business employs 60,000 people around the world.

With that success came responsibility. I created a not-for-profit to offer financial support to businesswomen in Egypt, and we have given more than four million loans. In 2005, I stepped back from my business to serve in the Egyptian government and spent nearly four years trying to modernise the country’s transport infrastructure.

But when I had finished that period of service, I knew there was one country where I wanted to base my business. A place where the rule of law is paramount, property rights are respected and with an enviable record of political stability. This country: the United Kingdom.

I believe that this country has a very capable Prime Minister. One who understands how growth is generated in the modern economy. He gets the importance of technology and innovation. He can make the modern economy work for all UK citizens.

My confidence in the Prime Minister is why I was proud to become a senior treasurer of the Conservative Party last December. I want to give him the best chance of having a full five-year term and so have donated £5 million to the party’s election fighting fund. I look at what he has achieved in his first months in office and think what he could do in five years.

I love and respect this country, which has welcomed my family and me so warmly. It has a proud history and noble traditions. I believe that it has great days ahead of it. I want to do what I can to help this country – the place where I am watching my grandchildren grow up – achieve its great potential.


Former minister under ex-Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak donates £5m to Tory war chest

Sky News
Mon, May 22, 2023
 

An ex-minister to former Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak has donated £5m to the Conservatives to help them fight the next election.

Mohamed Mansour, who served as transport minister under the late Mubarak - who was deposed during a popular revolution - became the party's treasurer last December.

Mr Mansour said he had donated the amount - reported by the Daily Telegraph as the largest the Tories have received for more than 20 years - because of his "confidence" in Rishi Sunak.

Writing in the Telegraph, Mr Mansour said: "I believe that this country has a very capable prime minister. One who understands how growth is generated in the modern economy. He gets the importance of technology and innovation. He can make the modern economy work for all UK citizens.

"My confidence in the prime minister is why I was proud to become a senior treasurer of the Conservative Party last December.

Braverman facing questions in Commons - politics latest

"I want to give him the best chance of having a full five-year term and so have donated £5m to the party's election fighting fund. I look at what he has achieved in his first months in office and think what he could do in five years."

Sky News' Westminster Accounts project, in conjunction with Tortoise Media, collated all the information on donations that is available through Parliament's register of interest for the first time in one database, with total sums and details of which MPs are receiving how much money and from whom.

It revealed that Mr Sunak received the highest number of donations of any Conservative MP with £546,043 - but he came behind Labour leader Sir Keir Starmer, who amassed £752,809 given to him by 67 companies and individuals.

This latest donation to Mr Sunak will not show up on the Electoral Commission's register until next month, meaning it won't yet be available on the Westminster Accounts tool.

The development will be a welcome boost for Mr Sunak, who presided over a punishing set of local elections that saw the Tories lose more than 1,000 seats.

Despite the result, Mr Sunak confidently backed himself to remain prime minister for another term in an interview with Sky political editor Beth Rigby from the G7 summit in Japan.

Asked whether he would still be PM after the next general election, Mr Sunak replied: "Yes. I'm working really hard to deliver for the British people.

"That's my priority, that's what I am thinking about. I'm confident we can deliver for people. I know that things are tough right now, but I think we have made good progress in the six months that I've been in the job. I'll just keep at it."

According to Forbes, Mr Mansour oversees family conglomerate Mansour Group, which was founded by his father Loutfy in 1952 and has 60,000 employees.

Read more:
Westminster Accounts: Following the money
How to explore the database for yourself
Search for your MP using the Westminster Accounts tool

From 2006 to 2009, Mr Mansour served as Egypt's minister of transportation under Mubarak, who was topped in 2011 as Egypt was caught up in a wave of popular uprisings that became known as the Arab Spring.

Mubarak, known by his nickname as the modern-day "pharaoh", ruled Egypt as an autocrat for three decades from 1981, and was jailed for years after the revolution that ended his rule.

He was given a life sentence for the deaths of anti-government protesters at the heart of the uprising and was convicted in 2015 alongside his two sons, Alaa and Gamal, of embezzling millions of pounds from the state.

Mubarak eventually walked free in 2017 after being acquitted of the majority of the charges against him in a move that shocked Egyptians.

He died on 25 February 2020.
Tim Scott's biggest financial backer is Larry Ellison, a tech billionaire who owns the sixth-largest island in Hawaii and has poured $35 million into the senator's super PAC


Bryan Metzger
Mon, May 22, 2023 

Sen. Tim Scott, the Hawaiian island of Lana'i, and Oracle co-founder Larry Ellison.
Kevin Dietsch/Getty Images; Ted Soqui/Corbis via Getty Images; Phillip Faraone/Getty Images.

Sen. Tim Scott of South Carolina officially entered the GOP presidential primary on Monday.

His biggest financial backer is Larry Ellison, a tech billionaire who owns an entire Hawaiian island.

Ellison has pumped $35 million into Scott's super PAC, and could legally give him millions more.

Republican Sen. Tim Scott of South Carolina officially launched his presidential campaign on Monday, joining a fast-growing crop of GOP candidates challenging former President Donald Trump for the party's 2024 nomination.

Scott stands out from the field in a number of ways. He's the only senator expected to run for president this year, a significant shift from previous election cycles. He's a Black Republican, a relative rarity that offers him a unique vantage point from which to discuss race in America.

One other way Scott stands out: the tens of millions of dollars he's received from Larry Ellison, a tech billionaire who owns 98% of Lana'i, the sixth-largest Hawaiian Island.

Ellison, the co-founder of the Oracle Corporation, has poured $35 million into Opportunity Matters Fund, the South Carolina senator's super PAC — making him by far the single biggest donor to the group.

The Oracle billionaire has also reportedly hosted Scott several times on his island, and the two are said to have bonded over their shared interest in promoting school choice.

On Monday, Ellison attended Scott's campaign launch in North Charleston, where Scott described him as one of his mentors.

Representatives for Scott and Ellison did not respond to Insider's request for comment.

Who is Larry Ellison?

Ellison founded Oracle, a tech company that specializes in software, in 1977. He's since amassed a nearly $127 billion net worth, according to Forbes, making him the 4th richest person in the world.


When it comes to politics, Ellison has had a winding journey.

He declared in 2000 that we "should have amended the Constitution to elect [President] Bill Clinton to a third term" and he played golf with President Barack Obama in 2014.

But he later backed Sen. Marco Rubio's presidential campaign, pouring $5 million into a super PAC backing the Florida Republican's 2016 bid, before becoming a prominent support President Donald Trump. He later took part in a call about contesting Trump's election loss in November 2020.

Ellison began contributing heavily to Scott in 2020, giving $5 million to his super PAC in October of that year before following it with another $30 million over the course of 2021 and 2022.


Douglas Peebles/Corbis via Getty Images

Ellison bought Lana'i — a relatively small Hawaiian island off the coast of Maui home to just over 3,000 people — in 2012 from David Murdock, a fruit and vegetable magnate. The island has been privately-owned since the 1800s.


The Oracle billionaire was even once pulled over for traffic violations on the island, which a local elected official touted as an example of no one being above the law on the island.

According to Bloomberg, Ellison has mostly lived on Lana'i since the COVID-19 pandemic, and acts as a landlord or boss to almost everyone on the island.

'Super PACs are just a fact of life'

All told, Ellison's largesse accounts for more than 75% of the roughly $45 million sum that Scott's super PAC has raised in the last few years.

And while federal campaign finance law limits Ellison to contributing just a few thousand dollars to Scott's official campaign account, the Oracle co-founder could theoretically pour millions more dollars into Scott's super PAC.

During the 2022 midterm elections, Scott used Opportunity Matters to back GOP candidates across the country, spending hundreds of thousands of dollars on ads supporting Georgia Senate candidate Herschel Walker, Sen. Ron Johnson of Wisconsin, and Sen. Ted Budd of North Carolina.

Now, with Scott seeking the nation's highest office himself, Opportunity Matters could soon play a key role in backing his campaign. In recent months, he's hired former Colorado Sen. Cory Gardner and other high-profile Republican consultants to staff the organization, according to Axios.

That makes Scott just the latest current or potential candidate to have a super PAC helping them out. Trump's political operation includes the "MAGA, Inc" super PAC, while Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis has enjoyed the support of the "Never Back Down" super PAC.


Even President Joe Biden benefits from the help of a super PAC called "Build Back Together."

That's despite super PACs being nominally independent of the campaigns they're supporting — a boundary that's grown increasingly blurry in recent years.

"This election is going to present a lot of challenges to this notion that super PACs are, in fact, independent," said Saurav Ghosh, the director of federal campaign finance reform at the Campaign Legal Center, adding that we're in an "era in which super PACs are just a fact of life."

Scott's campaign isn't the first time a Republican presidential candidate has heavily relied on a single megadonor. In 2012, former House Speaker Newt Gingrich had the backing of Sheldon Adelson, while former Pennsylvania Sen. Rick Santorum's campaign enjoyed the support of billionaire Foster Friess.

But in a race that so far appears likely to be defined by a horse race between Trump and DeSantis, Ellison's money immediately makes a candidate like Scott a serious competitor.

And for campaign finance experts, that raises the specter of undue influence, especially given the singular role that Ellison could play in boosting Scott's candidacy.

"It's the problem of the candidate saying, 'I wouldn't be where I am today without his support,'" said Ghosh.
THE T62 AKA THE STALIN TANK
Russia's aging, obsolete tanks are actually doing some serious damage in Ukraine, report says


Mia Jankowicz
Mon, May 22, 2023 

A Russian T62 tank crosses the empty highway linking Tbilisi and western Georgia, August 21, 2008.MARCO LONGARI/AFP via Getty Images

Russia's tanks are still a formidable force in Ukraine, a new report has claimed, despite their age.


Though they aren't breaking through at the front line, they play significant support roles, it said.


There are three main ways Russian armor has adapted in the conflict, the report said.


Much has been made of Russia's need to bring decades-old tanks out of storage to send to Ukraine, amid major battlefield losses. But a new report describes how Russia is making effective use of its aging tanks and armor, even as the vehicles are barely able to push forward at the front line in Ukraine.

The report, based on multiple interviews with Ukrainian officers in the field, outlined areas where Russia has adapted after its bungled initial invasion last year.

Ever since their humiliating losses earlier in the war, Russian forces have stopped trying to use armor to break through Ukraine's ranks directly, the UK-based Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) wrote in a report released Friday. Instead, Russian tanks nowadays effectively provide backup for artillery, long-range firepower, and quick raids.

"The Russian use of of armor has evolved significantly during the conflict," the authors wrote, adding: "While the introduction of older tanks such as the T62 and T55 to the field has been mocked online, these vehicles are largely being used in the role of the fire support function offered by BMPs and other infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs)."

Being able to fire from more than a mile away, when in places where anti-tank guided weapons are thin, the tanks "pose a serious battlefield threat," the authors said.

And although an "inefficient form of artillery," they write, tanks are notably less vulnerable, so can be used in a supplemental way where air defense is poor.

Russia has also been using its tanks — primarily its T80BV — for nighttime raids during Ukrainian troop rotations, the report said, with the aim "to rapidly approach the target sector, fire as many rounds as possible within a short space of time and withdraw."

And some Russian modifications and tactics have also made it harder to detect and hit Russian armor with anti-tank guided missiles, the authors wrote. Anti-thermal materials are now being used, as well as engaging in attacks at dusk and dawn — a moment known as "thermal crossover" — when the tank is at a temperature nearest to the ambient temperature, the report explained.

In recent months much has been written about Russia's military weaknesses, which exposed deadly gaps in a previously much-feared force. The Washington, DC, think tank International Institute for Strategic Studies said in February that Russia had likely lost more than 2,000 tanks since the start of the war, while its air force is hampered by strong Ukrainian air defenses, and morale in its army is legendarily poor.

But the RUSI report sounds a note of caution over other areas — such as bridge-building, engineering and electronic warfare — where Russia's army has shown high competence, and warned about areas, like tank wafare, where Russia's military has shown itself able to adapt.

A top Ukrainian commander fighting around Bakhmut says military experts who portray Russian soldiers as only 'stupid and miserable' are wrong

Bethany Dawson
Sun, May 21, 2023 

Ukrainian artillery teams fire toward Russian positions in Bakhmut.Madeleine Kelly/Getty Images

A Ukrainian commander has contradicted suggestions of the poor state of Russian troops.


Andriy Biletsky, of the 3rd Separate Assault Brigade, said Russian soldiers were not "stupid."


The comments come as President Zelenskyy said that Bakhmut was completely destroyed.

The commander of a Ukrainian brigade fighting on the frontlines in Bakhmut has dismissed the notion that Russian soldiers are ill-equipped and unhappy.

In a video posted on Telegram, Andriy Biletsky, a commander with Ukraine's 3rd Separate Assault Brigade, said recent victories had not come at "an easy price."

The enemy is not as stupid and miserable as some experts show him to be," said Biletsky.

He added that "The enemy is stubborn and cruel. But we are moving forward. We gnaw out every meter of Ukrainian land. Slava Ukraini!"

Biletsky's comments contradict a lot of previous analysis on Russia's military, which has tended to suggest that troops are poorly equipped, lack training, and suffer from low morale.



The Telegram video comes as Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy conceded that Bakhmut, a city in eastern Ukraine where Russian and Ukrainian forces have been waging a particularly brutal battle, had been completely destroyed.

"They've destroyed everything. There are no buildings. It's a pity. It's tragedy," Zelenskyy said during a Sunday meeting with President Joe Biden at the G7 summit in Hiroshima.

"For today, Bakhmut is only in our hearts," he added.

Zelenskyy's office later made it clear that he had not meant that the city had fallen to Russian troops, the BBC reported.

Ukraine's 3rd Separate Assault Brigade in action


Helmet camera footage of Ukrainian fighters on the frontlines.
@11Knuk123 Twitter screenshot

Meanwhile, Ukraine said it had made advances on the flanks around Bakhmut, where Biletsky's 3rd Separate Assault Brigade has seen action.

Recent helmet-cam footage from the brigade represents the reality of the fierce fighting, showing a smoky ruin of Russian trenches littered with corpses after the unit mounted a series of surprise counterattacks.

Insider's Isobel Van Hagen reports the video depicts Ukrainian soldiers throwing grenades, firing their weapons, and advancing toward Russian positions.

In his video, Biletsky described battles earlier this week against Russia's 72nd Brigade and the so-called "Storm Z. " He called it "an analogue" of the Wagner Group units made up of released convicts, operated by the Russian Ministry of Defense.

He described hard-won victories that left "more than 50" Russians dead and the capture of "a lot of trophies: equipment, weapons, and prisoners."

The British Ministry of Defence announced additional Russian troops had likely been deployed to Bakhmut to fight against Kyiv's advances.

The intelligence briefing stated that Russia's leadership will "likely continue to see capturing Bakhmut as the key immediate war aim," which will "allow them to claim some degree of success in the conflict."

Uncovering the secret masks behind algae growth in the south-to-north water diversion project using advanced AI

Peer-Reviewed Publication

KEAI COMMUNICATIONS CO., LTD.

Sketch map of sampling stations distribution in the middle section of the South-North Water Diversion Project and driving factors of algal growth based on Bloomformer-1 modelling 

IMAGE: FIGURE 1 SKETCH MAP OF SAMPLING STATIONS DISTRIBUTION IN THE MIDDLE SECTION OF THE SOUTH-NORTH WATER DIVERSION PROJECT AND DRIVING FACTORS OF ALGAL GROWTH BASED ON BLOOMFORMER-1 MODELLING view more 

CREDIT: JING QIAN, KARLSRUHE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (KIT), GERMANY, AND INSTITUTE OF HYDROBIOLOGY (IHB), CHINA

Identifying the factors contributing to algal growth accurately and reliably is vital for sustainable use and scientific management of freshwater resources. As scientific research evolves from using small data sets to larger ones, the shortcomings of traditional machine learning become clearer, and deep learning which is adept at processing large amounts of data, is getting more attention. Although it has been used occasionally for forecasting chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) time series, deep learning has hardly been employed to identify important factors concerning algal growth.

To address this gap, a cross-national team of researchers from China, Germany and The Netherland developed a deep learning-based Transformer model, Bloomformer-1, designed for end-to-end identification of algal growth driving factors.

“Deep learning models have lower operational transparency compared to traditional machine learning, but they exhibit significant advantages in performance,” said Jing Qian, the first author of the paper. “The development of Bloomformer-1 aims to create a win-win situation in terms of interpretability and performance, enabling the driving factors of algal growth to be identified transparently and accurately.”

Qian, a doctoral student from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in Germany, conducted this research as a jointly-cultivated doctoral student at the Institute of Hydrobiology in China.

The Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (MRP), a national large-scale project in China, was selected as the study site to demonstrate the superior performance of Bloomformer-1. It was compared to four widely used traditional machine learning models—extra trees regression (ETR), gradient boosting regression tree (GBRT), support vector regression (SVR), and multiple linear regression (MLR)—with the highest R2 (0.80 to 0.94) and lowest RMSE (0.22 to 0.43 μg/L).

"Bloomformer-1 employs the multi-head-self-attention mechanism, which compares each token in the input sequence with other tokens to collect and learn dynamic contextual information, thus enabling a thorough understanding of all the field sampling data. This is one of the reasons for its superior performance," said co-author Stefan Norra from the University of Potsdam.

The results of study, published in the KeAi journal Water Biology & Security, revealed that total phosphorus (TP) was the most significant factor affecting the MRP, especially in the Henan section, while total nitrogen (TN) had the most substantial impact on algal growth in the Hebei section.

“Controlling and reducing phosphorus is an important strategy for controlling algal growth and maintaining stable MRP water quality, while nitrogen control in the Hebei region is also worth paying attention to," said Yonghong Bi from the Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, who is the corresponding author of the study. "Furthermore, the promotion and application of Bloomformer-1 in other water bodies will be an important task going forward.”

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Contact the author: Jing Qian, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany, and Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), China, jing.qian@partner.kit.edu

The publisher KeAi was established by Elsevier and China Science Publishing & Media Ltd to unfold quality research globally. In 2013, our focus shifted to open access publishing. We now proudly publish more than 100 world-class, open access, English language journals, spanning all scientific disciplines. Many of these are titles we publish in partnership with prestigious societies and academic institutions, such as the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC).

Compound from magnolia tree bark impedes SARS-CoV-2 replication in certain cells

Peer-Reviewed Publication

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY

Washington, DC – A compound called honokiol, which is found in the bark of multiple species of magnolia tree, inhibits replication of SARS-CoV-2 virus in several types of cells, according to a team of researchers in the Netherlands. The research is published in Microbiology Spectrum, a journal of the American Society for Microbiology. 

The researchers found that Honokiol inhibits replication of SARS-CoV-2 in several cell types, causing production of infectious SARS-CoV-2 particles in treated cells to fall to around 1,000th of the previous level. 

The compound also inhibited replication of other highly pathogenic human coronaviruses, including MERS- and SARS-CoV. “This suggests that it has a broad spectrum of activity and would likely also inhibit novel coronaviruses that might emerge in the future,” said Martijn J. van Hemert, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. 

The motivation for the research was the lack of vaccines and treatments early in the pandemic, and the desire to be prepared for the next new coronavirus. To this end, van Hemert emphasized that his group, as well as others from around the world, responded to COVID-19 by testing many compounds for antiviral effects. 

“If honokiol can be developed into a drug, possibly in combination with other compounds, stockpiling it would help us to increase our preparedness for the emergence of the next coronavirus,” said van Hemert. “Broad-spectrum drugs could then be used to treat early patients and prevent spread, or they could be used prophylactically among healthcare workers, and in high-risk groups, such as among nursing home residents.”  

Honokiol also has anti-inflammatory properties, van Hemert noted. That, he said, could be helpful in cases where patients wait until a relatively late stage of the disease to obtain medical treatment—a frequent occurrence—by which time the body’s own inflammatory responses to the infection are causing symptoms. “At that point, inhibition of virus replication might no longer be helpful, but honokiol’s anti-inflammatory response might mitigate the illness,” van Hemert explained.

Honokiol inhibits a later step of the viral replication cycle—one that takes place after the virus has entered the cell. The investigators suspect that honokiol does so by triggering processes in the host cell that impede replication of the virus. It did so in the case of the original SARS-CoV-2 variants, and also in that of the more recent omicron variants. 

At this early stage in the research, “Our study merely provides the basis for further research into potential therapeutic applications,” said van Hemert. “It is important to mention that it is too early to claim that honokiol might be used in SARS-CoV-2 patients. This requires much more research and—if successful—properly conducted clinical trials.” 

Van Hemert learned about honokiol from Jack Arbiser, M.D., Ph.D., of Emory School of Medicine, during the early stages of the pandemic. Arbiser had been researching honokiol’s anticancer properties, and he told van Hemert he thought that the effects of the compound on the host cell might be beneficial for treatment of COVID-19 patients as well.

Clarisse Salgado-Benvindo, a Ph.D. student in van Hemert’s group, performed most of the experiments, using cultured cells that the researchers infected with SARS-CoV-2, or the highly pathogenic coronaviruses SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Experimenters worked inside a BSL-3 lab, which is a special high containment lab, while wearing protective suits with full-face masks to prevent infection.


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The American Society for Microbiology is one of the largest professional societies dedicated to the life sciences and is composed of 30,000 scientists and health practitioners. ASM's mission is to promote and advance the microbial sciences.

ASM advances the microbial sciences through conferences, publications, certifications, educational opportunities and advocacy efforts. It enhances laboratory capacity around the globe through training and resources. It provides a network for scientists in academia, industry and clinical settings. Additionally, ASM promotes a deeper understanding of the microbial sciences to diverse audiences.

Effective capital markets are needed to protect the climate


Peer-Reviewed Publication

POTSDAM INSTITUTE FOR CLIMATE IMPACT RESEARCH (PIK)

A new study investigates the role of effective capital markets for climate protection and the energy transition. Banks collect savings and make them available as loans and the greater the difference between savings and loan interest rates, the more it costs to invest. This affects, for example, investments in fossil-free steel plants, power generation, or heating systems. The analysis by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) and the Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC) has now been published in the renowned Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists (JAERE).

The study shows that the effect on climate protection is striking: the current difference between savings and lending rates, 5.1 percentage points on average globally, results in additional global heating of 0.2 degrees Celsius, when compared with a frictionless economy with zero interest spread. To calculate this in its model-based analysis, the research team assumes a climate policy according to the cost-benefit principle. This implies: the government would know the exact level of climate damage that increases over time, rendering CO2 emissions more expensive in accordance with the damage caused by them, and would thus achieve a cost-optimal time path for accelerated carbon pricing. Alternatively, if the policy is oriented on a fixed temperature target, the current interest spread means that a 27 percent higher carbon price would be needed than in a world without the credit cost premium.

The study's key message for policymakers is summarised by its PIK lead author, Kai Lessmann, as follows: “Governments need to take a close look at whether the higher interest rate for loans merely reflects the actual intermediation costs or whether it is also a result of too little banking competition, for which there is some evidence. If the market structure is indeed the reason for the spread, and cannot be modified in the medium term, then policymakers can effectively counteract it in the short term by subsidising investment.” In this context, the study shows that if the government decides to provide economy-wide investment support, this is better for the climate and the economy than if eco-projects alone are subsidised. “The structural change toward fossil-free technologies then occurs automatically,” Lessmann points out. “These are generally more capital-intensive and thus benefit to a greater extent from reduced credit costs. Also, the carbon price, which increases over time, exerts its steering effect."

For the study, the research team has developed a sophisticated computational model, and has fed it with empirical data. “We identify eight different channels through which the credit cost premium ultimately affects climate gas emissions,” explains Co-author Matthias Kalkuhl of MCC. “To be sure, there are also restraining effects – for example, high interest rates reduce the growth of economic output and thus also of energy consumption. But the climate-damaging impact predominates. For example, the credit cost premium increases the abatement costs per tonne of CO2, so that when oriented to the cost-benefit calculation, less climate protection is then practiced as a result.”

The adverse impact of high borrowing costs on climate protection, which is now illustrated more sharply than before, is a major issue primarily in the Global South. In many countries, it is not uncommon for the annual costs of capital as a percentage of the investment sum to be in double digits. While many solar or wind power parks would be more profitable than gas or coal-fired power plants in the long term, they are not being built there, because the initial capital required per megawatt of installed capacity is greater. Governments often lack the money to react, so they rely on help from the rich north.

 

Prevalence of mental health diagnoses in children and adolescents before, during pandemic


JAMA Network Open

Peer-Reviewed Publication

JAMA NETWORK

About The Study: The results of this cross-sectional study suggest that trends in mental health diagnoses among children and adolescents in the U.S. differed greatly by age and sex over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Female youth, especially female adolescents, represented the most vulnerable population with regard to marked increases in the prevalence of mental health diagnoses during the pandemic, the most pronounced being the prevalence of eating disorders. 

Authors: Loreen Straub, M.D., M.S., of Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School in Boston, is the corresponding author. 

To access the embargoed study: Visit our For The Media website at this link https://media.jamanetwork.com/ 

(doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.14415)

Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, conflict of interest and financial disclosures, and funding and support.

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About JAMA Network Open: JAMA Network Open is an online-only open access general medical journal from the JAMA Network. On weekdays, the journal publishes peer-reviewed clinical research and commentary in more than 40 medical and health subject areas. Every article is free online from the day of publication.

'Lost' immune cells partly to blame for reduced vaccine response in older people

Consequences of cells not being in the right place at the right time lead to immune system defects.

Peer-Reviewed Publication

BABRAHAM INSTITUTE

Microscopy image of a germinal centre structure which is altered in aged mice. 

IMAGE: MICROSCOPY IMAGE OF A GERMINAL CENTRE STRUCTURE WHICH IS ALTERED IN AGED MICE. view more 

CREDIT: BABRAHAM INSTITUTE

Understanding the ways our immune response changes as we age holds the key to designing better vaccines and boosting protection for people most at risk. Research published by Dr Michelle Linterman and her group today in Nature Immunology has explained that the organisation of the germinal centre, which is vital to the generation of longer-lived protection following vaccination, is altered in ageing. By demonstrating that these age-related changes can be reversed in mice, the research sets the foundation for interventions that bolster an effective vaccine response.

After a vaccination our immune system reacts by creating specialised structures called germinal centres that produce the immune cells (B cells) that provide long-term protection through the production of antibodies. Due to an age-dependent impairment in antibody production, older people have lower levels of protection from vaccination which also wanes more quickly compared to younger people. Protection by vaccination is essential to protect older people who become more susceptible to infections with age. Therefore, understanding how the age-related decline of the immune system can be reversed or mitigated is an important part of securing better health in later years.

The correct function of the germinal centre response requires the coordination of cellular interactions across time and space. Germinal centres are made up of two distinct regions – the light zone and dark zone, with some cells located in specific areas, and others which move between the zones. B cells are shaped by their interactions in first the dark zone and then in the light zone.

Through a combination of mouse research, computer modelling and analysis of human vaccination data, the Linterman lab research team were able to show that changes to key interactors of B cells in the light zone of the germinal centre, T follicular helper cells, and also to light-zone specific cells called follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), were at the heart of the diminished vaccination response.

Dr Michelle Linterman, a group leader in the Institute’s Immunology programme, explains “In this study we looked at what was happening to different cell types in the germinal centre, particularly the structure and organisation of the germinal centre across its two functionally distinct zones, to try and understand what causes the reduced germinal centre response with age.

"What we found is that the T follicular helper cells aren’t where they should be and as a result, antibody-producing cells lose essential selection cues. Surprisingly we also uncovered an unknown role for T follicular helper cells in supporting the expansion of follicular dendritic cells in the light zone after vaccination."

The team used 3D computer modelling to simulate the loss of Tfh cells from the light zone and a reduced FDC network, which recapitulate their findings and strengthened their hypothesis that these two factors were enough to be responsible for a suboptimal germinal centre response in aged mice.

Having identified the dependencies between the cell types, the researchers used genetically modified mice to control the location of Tfh cells in the germinal centre, demonstrating that the defective FDC response was caused by loss of Tfh from the light zone. Importantly, they were also able to correct the defective FDC response and boost the germinal centre response in aged mice by providing T cells that could correctly localise to the light zone.  

The team also utilised data from human vaccination studies and found similar age-dependent changes in mice and humans.

“These findings give us a more complete picture of what the effects of age are on the germinal centre and vital insight into how we might address these in terms of developing effective strategies for enhancing vaccine response in older people” concluded Dr Linterman.

Corals mark friendly algae for ingestion—revealing possible conservation target

Understanding how corals tell which algae to take up is an important step in gathering information that will help experts mitigate coral bleaching

Peer-Reviewed Publication

CARNEGIE INSTITUTION FOR SCIENCE

Xenia 

IMAGE: THE SOFT, PULSING XENIA CORAL GROWING IN CARNEGIE’S CORAL RESEARCH FACILITY IN BALTIMORE. view more 

CREDIT: PHOTOGRAPH BY ED HIRSCHMUGL AND NAVID MARVI, COURTESY OF THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION FOR SCIENCE.

Baltimore, MD—New research led by Carnegie’s Yixian Zhen and Minjie Hu reveals how coral cells tag friendly algae before ingesting them, initiating a mutually beneficial relationship. This information could guide next-level coral conservation efforts.  

Their work is published in Nature Microbiology

Corals are marine invertebrates that build large exoskeletons from which reefs are constructed. But this architecture is only possible because of a mutually beneficial relationship between the coral and various species of single-celled algae called dinoflagellates that live inside individual coral cells. These algae convert the Sun’s energy into food using a process called photosynthesis and they share some of the nutrients they produce with their coral hosts.

Coral reefs have great ecological, economic, and aesthetic value. Many communities depend on them for food and tourism. Despite this, human activity is putting strain on these fragile communities. Warming oceans, pollution, and acidification all affect this symbiotic relationship.

“Many corals are particularly sensitive to elevated temperatures,” explained Hu. “As oceans heat up, they lose algae, starve due to the lack of nutrients, and die off, a phenomenon called bleaching, because it leaves the coral skeleton looking ghostly white."

For several years, teams of Carnegie researchers, including Zheng and Hu, have been elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning coral-algae symbiosis. Understanding these processes could inform strategies to prevent bleaching and promote coral resilience. 

In this new study, the researchers—including Carnegie’s Yun Bai and Xiaobin Zheng—deployed sophisticated bioinformatic and molecular biology tools to reveal the early steps of symbiosis, during which the algae are taken up into the coral. They found a molecule called LePin, which the coral secretes. It is concentrated in the mouth of corals, where it may bind to incoming algae, marking them for uptake into coral cells. 

“Understanding how corals tell which algae to take up is an important step in gathering information that will help us mitigate coral bleaching,” Zheng said. 

LePin is evolutionarily conserved among soft corals, stony corals, and anemones that perform symbiosis with algae, which means that it could be a good target for efforts to genetically engineer at-risk corals to increase their hardiness in the face of temperature increases. 

“Gaining a deeper understanding of LePin could enable us to differentiate how some species of coral are better able to identify and take up heat-resistant algae than others,” Zheng explained. “Once isolated, the LePin sequences that are capable of identifying hardier and more heat-resistant algae could be transplanted into vulnerable coral populations to reduce bleaching events.”

In 2020, Zheng was selected as one of 15 scientists awarded a highly competitive grant from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation to support research on symbiosis in aquatic systems. She has been building on Carnegie’s long-standing tradition of model organism development to understand the molecular mechanisms of endosymbiosis in coral. These efforts illustrate how modern biomedical techniques can be applied to solving urgent ecological challenges—a research priority for Carnegie.  


An illustration showing how LePin tags (shown in blue) are secreted from the coral cell and used to mark algae for uptake.

CREDIT

Artwork by Navid Marvi courtesy of the Carnegie Institution for Science.

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This work was supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.

The Carnegie Institution for Science (carnegiescience.edu) is a private, nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with three research divisions on both coasts. Since its founding in 1902, the Carnegie Institution has been a pioneering force in basic scientific research. Carnegie scientists are leaders in the life and environmental sciences, Earth and planetary science, and astronomy and astrophysics.