Why men take more risks than women

NATIONAL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY HIGHER SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS

Research News

 

Researchers from HSE University and Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences have discovered how the theta rhythm of the brain and the gender differences in attitudes to risk are linked. In an article published in the journal Frontiers in Neuroscience, the researchers addressed which processes can be explained by knowing this connection. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2021.608699/full

By transmitting signals, the brain's neurons generate electromagnetic fields. The multiplicity of neurons makes these fields strong enough to be recorded on the surface of the head using magneto- and electroencephalography techniques. The resulting recording of the brain's electrical activity is divided into frequency bands -- brain rhythms, which are designated by Greek letters. We know for each one in which parts of the brain it is generated, in what state the person is in (e.g., at rest or during tasks) and what processes it may be associated with.

Existing research suggests that many differences in behaviour, including attitudes toward risk, can beat least partly explained by individual characteristics of brain activity. On average, women are known to take risks less frequently than men, and experiments have shown a correlation between willingness to take risks and differences in the strength of right and left frontal lobe theta rhythms (frontal theta asymmetry). However, these studies either included only or mostly women, and it remains unclear whether the asymmetry of theta rhythms actually contributes to gender differences in risk-taking.

The authors of the new article set three objectives:

The first was to determine whether there is a correlation between risk attitudes and frontal theta asymmetry in a sample with more or less equal numbers of male and female subjects.

The second was to test whether the combined strength of the theta rhythms of both frontal lobes is associated with behaviour under uncertainty (there is already evidence for this).

The third was to determine whether the neuronal oscillations generated in the anterior cingulate cortex (an area of the brain involved in error monitoring and possibly linked to gender differences in decision-making) correlate with risk-taking.

Thirty-five people took part in the experiment; of these, 15 participants were women. Each participant was asked to undergo a magnetoencephalography and three tests measuring risk-taking and impulsivity. The first test involved selecting a number of boxes (out of 100), each of which offered a monetary reward, but if one of the selected boxes contained a 'bomb', the participants lost all their earnings. Each participant was given 30 attempts. The second and third tests were questionnaires: the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale showed how a person assessed his or her own ability to plan and exhibit self-control, while the Domain-Speci?c Risk-Taking Scale (DOSPERT) showed how willingly a person agreed to a particular risk-taking action and how he or she assessed the possible gains and losses arising from it.

In the boxes test, men showed a higher risk appetite than women (an average of 48 boxes opened versus 40; participants chose fewer boxes on their first try -- 44 and 31 out of 100, respectively). Of the questionnaires, only the DOSPERT Benefits scale yielded a similar result (men are more optimistic about the positive outcome of a risky venture); the other tests showed no gender differences. The frontal theta asymmetry was not significantly related to the number of boxes selected in the sample -- a positive correlation was evident only among women. The strength of the frontal theta rhythms (and especially the oscillations localized in the anterior cingulate cortex) correlated with results of the game, as well as with subjective assessments of benefits and losses from risky behaviours.

Thus, the researchers suggest that individual variability in the strength of theta rhythms in the anterior cingulate cortex is related to gender differences in assessing the consequences of risky actions and, consequently, attitudes toward risk. It is likely that both the activity of this brain region and risk-taking are influenced by hormone levels such as testosterone.

'Gender differences in weighing of the potential consequences of decisions may not only affect risk-taking, but also reflect a more fundamental process of emotional responsiveness to environmental stimuli. We speculate that such differences related to hormonal regulation may also influence the prevalence of depression, anxiety and other clinical conditions among women, and we will continue to explore this topic,' concluded Maria Azanova, the lead author of the article.

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 HEY GUY'S WANT TO STAY YOUNG AND SING SOPRANO

Castration delays DNA aging

New research shows that castration of male sheep delays aging of DNA compared to intact males

ALLEN INSTITUTE

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Volume 90

VIDEO: THIS VIDEO EXPLAINS THE SCIENCE OF THE EPIGENETIC CLOCK. view more 

CREDIT: VICTORIA SURGUE

Most of us are familiar with the fact that women live longer than men. But fellas, if we told you there was one thing that could be done to increase your lifespan, would you do it?

In a study published today in eLife , University of Otago researchers along with collaborators from the United States, have shown that castration of male sheep delays aging of DNA compared to intact males, and that it also drives feminine characteristics of DNA and the chemical tags it holds, known as DNA methylation.

"Both farmers and scientists have known for some time that castrated male sheep live on average much longer than their intact counterparts; however, this is the first time anyone has looked at DNA to see if it also ages slower," says first-author of the study, University of Otago Anatomy PhD student Victoria Sugrue.

In order to do this, the researchers first had to generate an 'epigenetic clock' from large numbers of sheep so they could measure DNA aging. They then looked at the epigenetic clock of castrated and intact males and found their 'ticking rate' is different; meaning that the longer lives of castrated sheep, or 'wethers' as they are referred to by farmers, is reflected in their DNA.

Underpinning this study is the rapid development of tools to study DNA aging. Recently it has become possible to estimate the age of humans and other mammals using only DNA and epigenetic clocks.

Inventor of the epigenetic clock and study co-author, Professor Steve Horvath, from the University of California in Los Angeles explains; "We developed a way to measure biological age in a broad range of mammals - we have looked at over 200 species so far and discovered surprising commonality in which animals age. But the sheep study was unique in that it specifically isolated the effects of male hormones on aging."

Dr Tim Hore, research team co-leader and Senior Lecturer at Otago's Department of Anatomy, says the study's findings provide new avenues to understand the mechanism of male-accelerated aging.

"We found that males and females have very different patterns of DNA aging in sheep; and that despite being male, the castrates (wethers) had very feminine characteristics at specific DNA sites.

"Interestingly, those sites most affected by castration also bind to receptors of male hormones in humans at a much greater rate than we would expect by chance. This provides a clear link between castration, male hormones and sex-specific differences in DNA aging," Dr Hore says.

To understand which tissues are strongly affected by hormone levels, the researchers looked at sex effects in mice. In tissues where the male hormone receptors are found (e.g. skin, kidney and brain) large differences between the DNA patterns in males and females was observed. In contrast, tissues without male hormone receptor expression looked the same in males and females.

"Most researchers use blood for measuring biological age, and we did this for sheep too; however, it was not blood but skin where we found sex-specific aging effects in the DNA of sheep. And this appeared to be also true for mouse where we had data from many tissues and in both males and females," Dr Hore adds.

In addition to stimulating further understanding about the role of male sex hormones in accelerating aging, the researchers hope their work will have wider implications. As the first epigenetic clock for sheep, it is possible this work will end up being used to help farmers determine which sheep are going to live longer (and be more productive), or identify meat claiming to be succulent New Zealand lamb, when it is really mutton.

This work was funded by University of Otago and the Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication. Research materials were provided by generous donation from the Central Otago farming community, Totovision Ltd, the University of Auckland and the South Australian Research and Development Institute.

CAPTION

Gus the (elderly) castrate sheep

CREDIT

Tim Hore, Blackstone Hill Station

SOMETHING TO PONDER: SHREK the famous NZ wether.

Arguably the most famous New Zealand sheep was "Shrek", the Central Otago merino who evaded musterers for 6 years and consequently grew a 27 kg fleece - many times larger than the average sheep. Shrek's discovery, and subsequent shearing, came with great media interest, national travel and even a visits to offshore icebergs and the New Zealand parliament.

It has long been speculated that the secret to Shrek's mammoth fleece and subsequent notoriety was his cunning ability to avoid capture and the fact he could survive cold alpine winters by sheltering in caves. But less appreciated is the fact that Shrek was a castrated male (wether), and ultimately lived to a grand age of 16.

"By the time Shrek was caught he was already 10 years old - roughly the maximum age of the most long-lived sheep on a commercial farm. I think at least part of Shrek's fame was simply that he lived so long - something which almost certainly wouldn't have happened if he was not castrated," Dr Hore says.

Castrato - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrato

• Overview
• Modern castrati and similar voices
• History
• European classical tradition
• Opera
• Decline
• Notable castrati
• See also

So-called "natural" or "endocrinological castrati" are born with hormonal anomalies, such as Klinefelter's syndrome and Kallmann's syndrome, or have undergone unusual physical or medical events during their early lives that reproduce the vocal effects of castration without being castrated. In simple terms, a male can retain his child voice if it never changes during puberty. The retained voice can be the treble voiceshared by both sexes in childhood and is the same as boy soprano voice. But as evidence shows, many …

Wikipedia · Text under CC-BY-SA license

11 Disturbing Facts About The Castrati of Rome

https://www.ranker.com/list/disturbing-castrati-facts/jen-jeffers

2021-02-23 · The castrati of 16th-century Rome – singers known for their angelic, falsetto voices equivalent to those of sopranos – were often the most celebrated in the chorus.

The castrati: a physician's perspective, part 2 - Hektoen ...

https://hekint.org/2017/01/30/the-castrati-a-physicians-perspective-part-2

• Medical Aspects
• The Physiological Consequences of Castration
• Psychological Impact
• The Voice of The Castrato
• Twilight of The Castrati
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgments
• Notes

• The twilight of the castrati begins with the writings of French authors, including Voltaire and Rousseau. The latter observed: “In Italy there are barbarous fathers who sacrifice nature for financial gain and hand over their children for this operation.” Even in Italy, the arrogant and outlandish conduct of famous castrati came under attack. In 1720, the composer Benedetto Marcello penned one of the most racy satires, Il teatro alla moda(The Fashionable Theater), specifically targeting the castrati for his bards. Jo…

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Vertical greenery can act as a stress buffer, NTU Singapore study finds

NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Research News

IMAGE: VERTICAL GREENERY 'PLANTED' ON THE EXTERIOR OF THE NTU LEARNING HUB, THE ARC, A SIX-STOREY BUILDING WITH SMART CLASSROOMS. view more 

CREDIT: NTU SINGAPORE

Vertical greenery 'planted' on the exterior of buildings may help to buffer people against stress, a Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (NTU Singapore) study has found.

The benefits of nature on mental health and for wellbeing have long been recognised, and now a team of NTU Singapore psychologists has used Virtual Reality (VR) to examine whether vertical greenery has a stress buffering effect (ability to moderate the detrimental consequences of stress) in an urban environment.

Using VR headsets, 111 participants were asked to walk down a virtual street for five minutes. Participants were randomly assigned to either a street that featured rows of planted greenery (e.g., on balconies, walls, and pillars of buildings), or one with only buildings that had green painted walls in place of green plants. The virtual environments used in the study was developed by the NTU research team.

To match a real-world experience, heavy traffic noise was played as the participants walked through the virtual street. Heart rate variability, which is a physiological indicator of stress, was continuously monitored using a portable electrocardiogram (ECG) device.

The study found that those who viewed buildings which only had green paint experienced a signi?cant increase in stress as recorded by one measure of heart rate variability, while those who viewed the buildings with the green plants did not experience any change in stress.

Following the experiment, participants answered a questionnaire that assessed their positive (e.g., interested, excited) and negative emotions (e.g., upset, hostile), and the level of anxiety they were feeling.

Participants reported feeling less positive when walking through the street with buildings covered by only green walls, while those walking through the street with buildings covered by plants did not report feeling either more or less positive.

The findings published in the peer-reviewed academic journal Landscape and Urban Planning, have implications for the well-being of people living in urban areas and can guide greening efforts in cities, say the researchers.

Walls of greenery can help lower ambient temperature, which reduces energy consumption from cooling systems. They can also reduce carbon emissions and lessen the effect of 'urban heat island' - a phenomenon where city centres experience much warmer temperatures than less populated areas because of limited greenery and a high concentration of built structures.

While vertical greenery is often planted for these sustainability benefits, the NTU study is one of the first to explore its contribution to mental health, and the authors say that it provides additional impetus for city planners to adopt a 'biophilic design' concept - an approach to architecture that seeks to connect people more closely to nature - which is favoured in cities such as Singapore, Wellington (NZ), and San Francisco.

Principal investigator of the study, Associate Professor Lin Qiu from the Psychology programme at the NTU School of Social Sciences said, "With urbanisation, more people are expected to be living in urban areas globally in future. It is thus important for urban city planners and architects to understand factors that can contribute to healthy living, as urban planning can have a direct impact on quality of life for the population. Our work can guide efforts to green cities, by providing evidence of how vertical greenery can be a viable way to integrate nature into our built environment and promote mental health."

Co-lead author of the research, Sarah Chan, a Ph.D. candidate from the Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme at NTU said, "Our ?ndings have important practical implications for city planning and design, especially for high density urban areas that face land constraints. It provides evidence that vertical greenery systems, which make use of vertical structures above-ground, may help moderate the detrimental consequences of stress.

"While previous studies looked at effects of green vegetation, the fact that the colour green could simply be a primitive visual feature, resulting in positive effects, was not considered. Thanks to emerging technology like VR, we overcame this limitation and were able to use a control condition, matching vertical greenery with the colour green in our study."

Moving forward, the NTU research team plans to use VR to investigate the psychological impact of using nature in architecture, for instance, using natural materials like wood compared to concrete.

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University of Guam: Less than 10% of transplanted cycads survive long-term in foreign soil

Long-term monitoring needed to accurately measure transplantation success

UNIVERSITY OF GUAM

Research News

 

IMAGE: UNIVERSITY OF GUAM CYCAD BIOLOGIST BENJAMIN DELOSO MEASURES THE SIZE OF A MALE CONE OF A 15-YEAR-OLD CYCAS MICRONESICA PLANT AT THE MONTGOMERY BOTANICAL CENTER IN MIAMI. THE UNIVERSITY OF... view more 

CREDIT: MONTGOMERY BOTANICAL CENTER

A 15-year reciprocal transplant study on Guam's native cycad tree, Cycas micronesica, by the Plant Physiology Laboratory at the University of Guam's Western Pacific Tropical Research Center has revealed that acute adaptation to local soil conditions occurs among the tree population and is important in the survival rate of transplanted cycads. The results show that 70% to 100% of cycads that were transplanted in local conditions survived versus less than 10% that were transplanted in foreign conditions. The article describing the study has been published in the peer-reviewed journal Diversity (doi: 10.3390/d13060237).

Transplantation needed for conservation

Biologists often employ reciprocal transplant experiments to determine the level of local adaptation of plants or animals. The answers that these experiments provide are critically important for conservationists to make appropriate management decisions for endangered species.

Natural resource managers often need to transplant populations of threatened species as part of their approach to conservation. This frequently happens when unavoidable habitat destruction occurs, such as during the ongoing construction projects associated with Guam's military buildup. In order for the transplantation project to be sustainable and regenerative, the transplanted individuals must be adapted to the recipient site.

"When nothing is known about local adaptation of a threatened tree species, the published research on this subject demands the use of translocation sites that are nearby the destroyed habitats," said Benjamin Deloso, UOG cycad biologist. "Most tree species express adaptation to the local conditions, and when these trees are planted outside of those conditions, they tend to decline in health and eventually die."

The only way to move beyond these methods of ensuring the use of a local recipient site is to conduct reciprocal transplant experiments among various habitats, which the Guam cycad study addressed.

Study process and results

The island of Guam is similar to many islands in that some of the soils are derived from volcanic activity and some of the soils are derived from historical oceanic reef activity that has been tectonically uplifted. Guam's northern soils are mostly alkaline and porous, while Guam's southern soils are mostly acidic and not porous.

The study involved planting sibling seedlings from two locations -- one in the North and one in the South of Guam -- to both locations. They were monitored for 15 years, with stem height and diameter and leaf number and maximum length measured yearly. In both locations, the local genotypes out-performed the foreign genotypes in terms of survival and growth, with 100% survival on the Southern site and 70% survival on the more hostile Northern site. Survival of the foreign genotypes began to decline by year four and was less than 10% by year 15.

"The chemical and hydrological traits of these two soil types are highly contrasting, and for this study to reveal localized adaptation of the cycad population to the different soils is not that surprising," Deloso said. "But as with most predictions in science, the answers are not available until the study is designed, funded, implemented, completed, then published."

Applicability to ongoing activities

Interpretations from study's results are readily applicable to Guam's ongoing conservation activities. The forests that are being destroyed during the military buildup contain thousands of the endangered cycad trees, and expensive tree rescue projects are being funded as a part of the construction budgets.

The knowledge that the UOG study developed indicates that the cycad's greatest chance of long-term success at a translocation site requires a habitat with forest conditions that mimic those of the destroyed habitat. The largest transplant project to date employed a highly disturbed recipient site, where invasive trees have created soil conditions that contrast from those of the construction site, indicating long-term success of the conservation project is unlikely.

Long-term monitoring needed to accurately measure success

The study reveals that a longer timeline is needed to monitor and assess the true success of transplantation. If this project carried the typical one- to three-year timeline of most publicly funded projects, the paper states, the results would have erroneously indicated there was no local adaptation. The two Cycas micronesica garden sites did not begin to reveal local adaptation until four to five years after the gardens were implemented.

"Cycad plants are slow-growing, and most growth studies demand patience from funders," Deloso said.

In looking to anticipate future conservation needs, the researchers suggest in their paper that natural resource managers look to knowledgeable cycad experts, who recognized the need for this valuable conservation information, designed this study, and started collecting cycad seeds 11 years before the species was federally listed on the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 2015.

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Read the Study: Marler, T.E. 2021. Reciprocal Garden Study Reveals Acute Spatial-Edaphic Adaptation for Cycas micronesica. Diversity 13: 237. doi:10.3390/d13060237.

 

Patently harmful: Fewer female inventors a problem for women's health

Female inventors hold just a quarter of US biomedical patents

MCGILL UNIVERSITY

Research News

 

Necessity is the father of invention, but where is its mother? According to a new study published in Science, fewer women hold biomedical patents, leading to a reduced number of patented technologies designed to address problems affecting women.

While there are well-known biases that limit the number of women in science and technology, the consequences extend beyond the gender gap in the labour market, say researchers from McGill University, Harvard Business School, and the Universidad de Navarra in Barcelona. Demographic inequities in who gets to invent lead to demographic inequities in who benefits from invention.

"Although the percentage of biomedical patents held by women has risen from 6.3% to 16.2% over the last three decades, men continue to significantly outnumber women as patent holders. As a result, health inventions have tended to focus more on the needs of men than women," says co-author John-Paul Ferguson, an Associate Professor in the Desautels Faculty of Management at McGill University.

The inventor gender gap

To determine which inventions are female-focused, male-focused, or neutral, researchers analyzed 441,504 medical patents filed from 1976 through 2010 using machine learning. They show that patented biomedical inventions created by women are up to 35% more likely to benefit women's health than biomedical inventions created by men. These patents are more likely to address conditions like breast cancer and postpartum preeclampsia, as well as diseases that disproportionately affect women, like fibromyalgia and lupus.

While inventions by women are more likely to be female-focused, such patents have been less common because so few inventors were women. In total, women were listed as co-inventors on just a quarter of all patents filed during the period.

The researchers note that female scientists are 40% less likely to commercialize their research ideas than male scientists. The causes of this gender gap are myriad, from differences in mentoring to biases in the early-stage feedback that women receive when trying to commercialize female-focused ideas.

"Our findings suggest that the inventor gender gap is partially responsible for thousands of missing female-focused inventions since 1976. Our calculations suggest that had male and female inventors been equally represented over this period, there would have been an additional 6,500 more female-focused inventions," says say co-author Rembrand Koning, an Assistant Professor at Harvard Business School.

Gender bias in biomedical innovation

The results reveal that inventions by research teams primarily or completely composed of men are more likely to focus on the medical needs of men. In 34 of the 35 years from 1976 to 2010, male-majority teams produced hundreds more inventions focused on the needs of men than those focused on the needs of women.

Male inventors also tended to target diseases and conditions like Parkinson's and sleep apnea, which disproportionately affect men. Overall, the researchers found that across inventor teams of all gender mixes, biomedical invention from 1976 to 2010 focused more on the needs of men than women.

Benefits of more women inventing

The researchers also found more subtle benefits when more women invent. Female inventors are more likely to identify how existing treatments for non-sex-specific diseases like heart attacks, diabetes, and stroke can be improved and adapted for the needs of women. They are also more likely to test whether their ideas and inventions affect men and women differently: for example, if a drug has more adverse side effects in women than in men.

"Our results suggest that increasing representation should address these invisible biases," says Koning.

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About this study

"Who do we invent for? Patents by women focus more on women's health, but few women get to invent" by Rembrand Koning, Sampsa Samila, and John-Paul Ferguson was published in Science.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba6990

About McGill University

Founded in Montreal, Quebec, in 1821, McGill University is Canada's top ranked medical doctoral university. McGill is consistently ranked as one of the top universities, both nationally and internationally. It'is a world-renowned institution of higher learning with research activities spanning two campuses, 11 faculties, 13 professional schools, 300 programs of study and over 40,000 students, including more than 10,200 graduate students. McGill attracts students from over 150 countries around the world, its 12,800 international students making up 31% of the student body. Over half of McGill students claim a first language other than English, including approximately 19% of our students who say French is their mother tongue.

https://www.mcgill.ca/newsroom/

 

Safe nurse staffing standards in hospitals saves lives and lowers costs

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA SCHOOL OF NURSING

Research News

 

IMAGE: LINDA H. AIKEN, PHD, RN, PROFESSOR AND FOUNDING DIRECTOR OF THE CENTER FOR HEALTH OUTCOMES AND POLICY RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA SCHOOL OF NURSING. view more 

CREDIT: PENN NURSING

Philadelphia and Santiago -A new study published in The Lancet Global Health showed that establishing safe nurse staffing standards in hospitals in Chile could save lives, prevent readmissions, shorten hospital stays, and reduce costs.

The study, by the Center for Health Outcomes and Policy Research (CHOPR) at the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, and the Universidad de los Andes - Chile School of Nursing, found very large variations in patient to nurse staffing across 40 hospitals located throughout Chile. Nurse staffing was significantly better in private compared to public hospitals. Differences in nurse staffing across public hospitals were found to be associated with avoidable deaths and higher than necessary costs, "Nursing has been overlooked in Chile as a solution to healthcare quality and access problems; this study shows investments in improving hospital nurse staffing would result in higher quality of care and greater productivity which could improve access to public hospitals," said lead-author Linda H. Aiken, PhD, RN, Professor and Founding Director of the Center for Health Outcomes and Policy Research at the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing.

The researchers collected extensive data from 1652 nurses practicing in 40 Chilean complex general acute hospitals and analyzed outcomes for more than 761,948 patients. They found that:

• Nurse staffing in Chilean hospitals is much worse than international standards. On average, nurses in hospitals in Chile care for 14 patients each compared to 5 patients each in the US and Australia where legislation sets safe nurse staffing standards. Variation in nurse staffing is great across Chilean public complex hospitals with patient to nurse ratios as high as 24 patients per nurse.
• Variation in hospital nurse staffing results in avoidable deaths. Patients in hospitals where nurses were responsible for 18 patients each had 41 percent higher risk of death compared to patients in hospitals where nurses cared for 8 patients each.
• Better hospital nurse staffing would reduce costs of care enough to fund additional needed nurses. Researchers estimated that in poorly nurse staffed hospitals the average length of stay was significantly longer and more patients had to be readmitted after discharge because of complications. Improving nurse staffing to 10 patients per nurse could save over $29 million USD a year from avoided hospital days which would more than pay for the costs of employing the 1,118 additional nurses needed
• Study revealed that the availability of hospital beds was adversely affected by poor nurse staffing. Research revealed that if Chilean public hospitals staffed at levels where nurses cared for no more than 10 patients each, more than 100,000 days of inpatient care could be avoided annually from shorter stays and reduced readmissions which would contribute to reducing hospital admission waiting lists.
• Chile has a sufficiency large supply of nurses to staff hospitals at much improved levels. Chile has an excellent nurse education system which graduates more than 6,000 nurses a year all with bachelor's degrees.

"The findings from this study suggest that Chile has the resources and the means to improve nurse staffing in public hospitals to enhance access to high quality hospital care in the country," said Marta Simonetti, PhD, RN, the lead researcher at Universidad de los Andes - Chile,

The state of Queensland in Australia recently successfully implemented safe hospital nurse staffing standards that research shows saved lives and money and which could serve as a model for consideration in Chile.

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The study was carried out by the Universidad de los Andes - Chile School of Nursing and Clínica Universidad de los Andes in partnership with the Center for Health Outcomes and Policy Research at the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing and the Population Research Center at the University of Pennsylvania.

Spanish translation: https://www.uandes.cl/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/LGH-press-release-spanish-.pdf

About the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing

The University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing is one of the world's leading schools of nursing. For the sixth year in a row, it is ranked the #1 nursing school in the world by QS University and is consistently ranked highly in the U.S. News & World Report annual list of best graduate schools. Penn Nursing is ranked # 1 in funding from the National Institutes of Health. Penn Nursing prepares nurse scientists and nurse leaders to meet the health needs of a global society through innovation in research, education, and practice. Follow Penn Nursing on: Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, & Instagram.

About the Universidad de los Andes - Chile School of Nursing and Clínica Universidad de los Andes.

The Universidad de los Andes School of Nursing has been ranked among the top five nursing schools in Chile. It is the first private nursing school to achieve national accreditation for the longest possible period. For almost 30 years, it has been preparing highly qualified nurses to meet the care needs of the population. Clínica Universidad de los Andes is the university teaching hospital. In its short history, of only seven years, it has rapidly gained reputation for its quality and safety standards and its patient-centered model of care.

Follow the Universidad de los Andres School of Nursing on: Facebook & Instagram.

Follow Clínica Universidad de los Andes on: Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn & Instagram.