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Sunday, November 15, 2026

 

2026 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award Winners Named





American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)






Stories describing the impact of federal budget cuts on scientists in Massachusetts, the rise of anti-science bills in statehouses across the country, and a flawed response to an outbreak of bird flu in Ohio and Indiana are among the winners of the 2026 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Awards.

The judges also applauded the enterprise of reporters from Verite News in New Orleans who tested hundreds of soil samples from 84 city playgrounds to reveal that about half of them had hazardous levels of lead.

Other winning journalists offered impactful reporting on the natural world – including stories on scientists trying to better understand what’s under the Antarctic ice sheet and a look at the fate of imperiled river dolphins in India.

Independent panels of science journalists select the winners of the awards, which are administered by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and endowed by The Kavli Foundation. There is a Gold Award ($5,000) and Silver Award ($3,500) for each of the eight categories. The global awards program drew entries from 47 countries this year, and 58 percent of the more than 1,100 entries were from international journalists.

The Trump administration’s research funding cuts, abrupt policy shifts and crackdown on immigration are driving a brain drain that threatens Massachusetts’ standing as a global hub of biomedical research, Kay Lazar, Sarah Rahal and Jonathan Saltzman of The Boston Globe reported in their Gold Award winner in the Large Outlet category. Drawing on a survey response from 367 scientists, the reporters found that one in six of the respondents had applied for jobs outside Massachusetts. More than one in six said they had lost researchers to institutions in other countries.

For their reporting for the Associated Press, Michelle R. Smith and Laura Ungar won the Silver Award in the Large Outlet category. They found more than 420 anti-science bills introduced in statehouses in 2025. The bills are aimed at longstanding public health protections such as vaccines, milk safety and fluoridation. About 30 of the bills had been enacted or adopted in 12 states by the time the AP story appeared on Oct. 21, 2025.

Nat Lash of ProPublica found plausible evidence that a bird flu virus that raged through poultry farms in parts of Indiana and Ohio between December 2024 and March 2025 was spread by airborne transmission, a factor that was not considered significant by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Experts warn that ignoring airborne transmission of the virus on dust and feathers could make the U.S. vulnerable to a broader spread of the virus in the future. Lash won the Gold Award in the Science Reporting – In-Depth category.

In doing their story on lead in city playgrounds, Tristan Baurick and Halle Parker of Verite News were trained to use an X-ray fluorescence analyzer to test 531 soil samples over a month in late 2025. A lead contamination researcher at Louisiana State University verified their results. The award judges praised the hands-on efforts by Baurick and Parker to gather their own data, explain why past remediation efforts had fallen short, and suggest what steps could be taken to improve outcomes. Baurick and Parker won the Gold Award in the Small Outlet category.

In a visit to Antarctica, reporter Cleo Abram described the multinational effort to find out what lies beneath the continent’s formidable ice sheet. So far, scientists have discovered a multitude of lakes (including one as large as Lake Ontario), a trench deeper than the Grand Canyon, a hidden mountain range and a massive impact crater. Abram and four colleagues won the Gold Award for Video Spot News/Feature Reporting for a video on their YouTube channel, HUGE* If True.

Radhika Raj won the Silver Award in the Small Outlet category for an evocative story from India about the history and fateful outlook for the Indus river dolphins. Only two are believed to be alive in India, isolated by dams from more than 1,900 of the species that survive in Pakistan. Raj’s story for Roundglass Sustain, an Indian platform dedicated to stories about the natural world, includes her efforts to find that last pair of the dolphins in India. It ends poignantly with her and a local farmer watching one of the animals breach in the Beas River.

"At a time of technological and political disruption in the sciences, informed journalists – such as those being honoired bny these awards – are essdential to a better public understanding of the discoveries and challenges at hand," said Sudip Parikh, CEO of AAAS and Executive Publisher of the Science family of journals. "Scientists are passionate and resilient and will continue to explore the universe and our place inn it. Journalists help share the sense of advenbture while also keeping a watchful eye on the process and outcomes of scientific research." 

Here are the winners of the 2026 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Awards. They will receive their award plaques in a ceremony at the 2027 AAAS Annual Meeting in Chicago in February.

Science Reporting – Large Outlet

Gold Award

Kay Lazar, Sarah Rahal and Jonathan Saltzman

‘My scientific career is essentially over.’ A brain drain imperils Massachusetts’ biomedical future.

The Boston Globe

Feb. 11, 2026

Explore the full results from the MassINC Polling Group/Boston Globe survey of NIH grant

recipients

The Boston Globe

Feb. 11, 2026

The Trump administration’s research funding cuts, abrupt policy shifts and crackdown on immigration are driving a brain drain that threatens Massachusetts’ standing as a global hub of biomedical research, the Boston Globe reported in a project that took a comprehensive look at the local impact of the cuts. The Globe partnered with MassINC Polling Group to survey 367 scientists who received funding from the National Institutes of Health. The results were stark: More than two-thirds of the scientists said they recommend their students consider careers outside academia. The majority had delayed hiring in their labs, and one-third had laid off workers. More than one in six said they have lost researchers to institutions in other countries since Trump took office. Sixty-eight percent said funding cuts and federal policy changes had moderately or significantly reduced the scope of their work. One in six survey respondents said they’d applied for jobs outside Massachusetts. The story included some specific examples of what scientists are facing. A prominent cancer scientist is uprooting his Harvard University lab of two decades and moving it to Texas. A laid-off expert on aging abandoned academia for a more secure municipal research job in New York City. And a women’s health researcher, exhausted by the churn of immigration policies, made the wrenching decision to start over in Canada. Their departures illustrate a sobering new reality. While most of the money the Trump administration froze or cut in 2025 has returned to researchers and institutions, following court challenges and congressional funding decisions, scientists say significant damage has been done. Uncertainty about the Trump administration’s plans going forward is driving institutions to tighten budgets and freeze hiring. Many stories have been written about the loss of federal funding for science, but Judge Roxanne Khamsi, a freelance science journalist, said the reporting by the Globe “has both breadth and heart through combining a rigorous survey of how the cuts will devastate research programs with poignant snapshots of the human toll of the changes.” Anna Kuchment, the Globe's health and medical editor, who oversaw the project with deputy business editor Naomi Martin, said, “This historic upheaval in American science had an especially profound effect on Massachusetts. We’re grateful to AAAS for recognizing our effort to capture it both through the voices of researchers whose careers were disrupted and through original data showing the breadth of the damage.”

Silver Award

Michelle R. Smith and Laura Ungar

Anti-science bills hit statehouses, stripping away public health protections built over a

century

The Associated Press

Oct. 21, 2025

Who benefits from the MAHA anti-science push?

The Associated Press

Oct. 21, 2025

How AP tracked and analyzed anti-science legislation in US statehouses

The Associated Press

Oct. 21, 2025

More than 420 anti-science bills attacking longstanding public health protections – such as vaccines, milk safety and fluoride – have been introduced in statehouses across the U.S., an Associated Press investigation found. The legislation is part of an organized, politically savvy campaign to enshrine a conspiracy theory-driven agenda into law. The AP investigation found that the wave of legislation has cropped up in most states, pushed by people with close ties to Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. The effort could strip away protections that have been built over a century and are integral to American lives and society, according to AP reporters Laura Ungar and Michelle R. Smith. Around 30 bills have been enacted or adopted in 12 states. Administration officials are directing activists to push anti-science legislation in the states – where public health authority rests – with the ultimate goal of changing laws and minds nationally, the AP reporters say. The effort is meant to normalize ideas fueled by the anti-vaccine movement Kennedy has helped lead for years. His Make America Healthy Again agenda masks anti-science ideas, Ungar and Smith write, while promoting goals such as making food more natural or reducing use of chemicals. Meanwhile, vaccination rates continue to fall, allowing infectious diseases to make comebacks. Kennedy’s allies dispute that their agenda is anti-science or driven by conspiracy theories, but many experts disagree. In its analysis of legislation, AP focused on three public health policies which have clear medical evidence behind them and are targets of the Make America Healthy Again movement. "Sometimes it takes a view from 30,000 feet to grasp the surprising scale of a problem,” said judge Roxanne Khamsi. “And this is exactly what Smith and Ungar have done with their original and cross-cutting analysis of anti-science legislation.” The AP’s reporting “showed there's an organized movement to undermine science-based policies taking hold in federal, state and local governments in the U.S. and fueling anti-science sentiment among the public,” said Laura Ungar. “These efforts have weakened longstanding public health protections and made Americans more vulnerable to diseases like measles that we thought were scourges of the past. We're deeply grateful this reporting is being recognized.”

Science Reporting – Small Outlet

Gold Award

Tristan Baurick and Halle Parker

Poison at Play: Unsafe lead levels found in half of New Orleans playgrounds

Verite News

Feb. 26, 2026

Sarah Hess started taking her toddler, Josie, to Mickey Markey Playground in New Orleans in 2010 because she thought it would be a safe place to play after Josie had been diagnosed with lead poisoning from crumbling paint in the family’s century-old home. Josie’s next blood test was a shock, as Tristan Baurick and Halle Parker reported for Verite News. Her lead levels were five times the national health standard. When the soil at Markey was tested in late 2010, it was found to have dangerously high levels of lead. When Hess and other concerned parents raised a ruckus, the City Council pledged to fix the problem. But more than a decade later, an investigation by Baurick and Parker found lead pollution in New Orleans parks not only persists, but it is also more widespread than previously known. Dozens of city parks with playgrounds remain unsafe, including Markey and others that underwent city-sponsored lead remediation in 2011. Howard Mielke, a retired Tulane University toxicologist and one of the nation’s leading experts on lead contamination, said that the findings by Baurick and Parker suggest that the city fell short in its cleanup efforts and a large number of New Orleans children are still exposed to excessive amounts of lead. “It’s a failed program,” Mielke said. The Verite News reporters tested hundreds of soil samples from 84 city parks with playgrounds in fall 2025. Adrienne Katner, a lead contamination researcher with Louisiana State University, verified the results. The tests found that about half the parks had lead concentrations that exceed a federal hazard level for soil in urban areas. Public health researchers and doctors say that children under age six absorb lead-laden dust more easily than adults, according to Baurick and Parker, and the contaminated blood can harm the long-term development of their brains and nervous systems. “In an era of declining local coverage, Baurick and Parker’s intrepid reporting, which included collecting and verifying their own samples, demonstrates the vital importance of watchdog journalism in protecting our communities and holding government officials to account,” said judge Noah Gallagher Shannon, a freelance science journalist. Tristan Baurick said the reporting project “grew out of questions I had about the risks I was exposing my own kids to when we visited local parks. Many other parents had the same questions, but there were few answers – only rumors, old stories about how the land had once been used, and speculation about what might be in the soil. We wanted to replace that uncertainty with evidence.”

Silver Award

Radhika Raj

The Final Countdown: India’s Last Indus River Dolphins

Roundglass Sustain

July 15, 2026

The endangered Indus river dolphin can only be found in Pakistan and the Beas River, a tributary of the Indus River in Punjab, India. A 2025 survey from the Wildlife Institute of India found just three Indus river dolphins left in the Beas River, isolated from the Pakistan population by dam infrastructure. The count was lowered to two when a pregnant female was found dead following the survey. Radhika Raj’s captivating prose weaves together the complicated narrative of this dolphin’s history. “The dolphins, much like rivers themselves and the people who live along them, exist within a matrix of simultaneous crises,” writes Raj, “climate change, unchecked development, geopolitical collapse, and wars.” Raj takes her readers back 200 million years to the start of the Indus river dolphin’s story – when the Indian subcontinent broke away from the supercontinent Pangea and swallowed the prehistoric Tethys sea. The trapped body of water became the Indus River System, where the dolphins once native to the Tethys sea evolved to survive in rivers. Raj follows the dolphin’s story through archival accounts, even when the history presents a messy and painful story. Early population maps trace back to the beginning of colonial rule in India, a system that has turned today’s Indus River System into one of the world’s most heavily dammed landscapes. In their isolated habitat, India’s Indus river dolphins are left vulnerable to a weakening gene pool, increasingly severe climate patterns, and political unrest. Raj finds hope for the species in her relationship with local farmer Balla Bhatti, whose work leading scientists and experts has been crucial to conservation efforts. At the conclusion of her story, Raj and Bhatti spot an Indus river dolphin in the Beas River. Together they watch “one of the last Indus river dolphins of the Beas breach for at least 30 minutes.” Judge Alexandra Witze, contributing correspondent for Nature and Science News, called Raj’s entry “a beautifully written, evocative exploration of a vanishing species; the writer skillfully weaves together natural and human history to paint a picture of these endangered dolphins and the people who study them.” Radhika Raj said her story “has been really close to my heart. Stories about wildlife and conservation in India tend to center on big, charismatic species. This one is about a species with barely a couple of individuals left in the country, living on the edge of a landscape far removed from most people’s attention.”

Science Reporting – In-Depth

Gold Award

Nat Lash

What the U.S. Government Is Dismissing That Could Seed a Bird Flu Pandemic

ProPublica

Nov. 18, 2025

How ProPublica Investigated a Bird Flu Outbreak in America’s Heartland

ProPublica

Nov. 18, 2025

In an admirably detailed reporting project that used genetic markers, wind simulations, satellite imagery, property records and more, Nat Lash of ProPublica found plausible evidence that a bird flu virus that raged through poultry farms in parts of Indiana and Ohio between December 2024 and March 2025 was spread by airborne transmission. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) primarily blamed the spread on biosecurity failures, such as shared workers and equipment, while ignoring potential airborne spread via dust and feathers. The bird flu outbreak affected 83 farms and resulted in the culling of more than 20 million chickens. In his research, Lash found that farms downwind from the initial source of the outbreak had a 20 times higher probability of contracting the virus than upwind farms. Some experts told Lash that ProPublica’s reporting offers evidence for how the wind could have helped spread the virus, exposing a flaw in the USDA’s playbook to fight it. In addition, other countries have authorized poultry vaccines to combat bird flu spread, but the USDA has held off due to concerns over international trade restrictions and potential poultry export bans. Experts warn that ignoring airborne pathways and vaccine options leaves the U.S. agricultural supply chain vulnerable to severe price spikes for eggs and poultry and increases the risk of broader spread of the bird flu virus to other animal species and perhaps humans as well. Judge Calli McMurray, senior reporter for The Transmitter, noted Lash’s “heroic reporting efforts” and said, “The reporting is so thorough and rigorous that it verges on scientific. [The project is an] important piece of investigative and accountability reporting that contributes to our understanding of airborne diseases.” Nat Lash said his reporting “pieced together aspects of the devastating disease that the federal government had long suppressed from public view.” He added, “It’s an honor to be counted among so many talented science journalists, and I am so glad for the support for the considerable work that went into revealing how the government has left farmers ill-equipped to protect their flocks, leaving the nation vulnerable to a potential pandemic.”

Silver Award

Mark Johnson and Dino Grandoni

Humans killed millions of vultures. Now people are paying the price.

The Washington Post

Nov. 29, 2025

First the frogs died. Then the people got sick.

The Washington Post

Nov. 14, 2025

Wolves, long feared and reviled, may actually be lifesavers

The Washington Post

Dec. 28, 2025

Mark Johnson and Dino Grandoni explore the unexpected ways animal species interact with public health in three stories for The Washington Post’s “Species that Save Us” series, supported by the Pulitzer Center. The stories transport readers to multiple continents, offering an on-the-ground look at vultures in India, frogs in Panama and wolves in Minnesota. Opening in Bikaner, India, the first story reveals the complex relationship between the country’s vulture and free-ranging dog populations. In recent years, the populations of three local vulture species have plummeted, writes Johnson. The vultures are scavengers who play an integral role in removing dead carcasses from the environment. A 2007 study showed that the excess carcass meat caused India’s free-ranging dog population to grow by about 5.5 million in 15 years. The increase led to an additional 38.5 million dog bites and an estimated 47,000 extra deaths from rabies between 1992 and 2007. “When we endanger other species,” writes Johnson, “we endanger ourselves.” The second story in the series follows a similarly complex relationship between frogs and the spread of disease. In recent decades, scientists have observed a global decline in frog species due to the spread of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. “The fungus, along with climate change and habitat loss, has made amphibians the most vulnerable group of vertebrates on Earth,” writes Grandoni. The story looks at frogs in Central America, where the decline in tadpoles has removed a key predator of mosquito larvae. Mosquito populations have increased, and rates of mosquito-borne malaria in the region have climbed, resulting in a fivefold increase in cases. The series tackles a species closer to home in the third story, looking at how wolf populations in the Midwest and Canada are doing more than keeping deer populations in check. Their presence creates what ecologists call a “landscape of fear” – deer recognize the hunting patterns of wolves, and the predator-induced fear influences their spatial distribution. Wolves prefer to travel using roads, writes Grandoni, which forces deer away from those areas, leading to fewer deer-vehicle collisions and saving human lives. “The Washington Post team did an impressive job connecting seemingly distant dots of the human-wildlife interface,” said judge Max Levy, a freelance science journalist. He added that the series offers “a great example of how to connect audiences with biodiversity in surprising ways.”  Dino Grandoni commented, “As humans drive species toward extinction, we don't just risk losing plants and animals themselves. We also risk forfeiting all the ways they help keep us alive. In our series, we sought to show readers the hidden links between nature and human health, some of which scientists have only recently discovered. Often, we found that unloved creatures — slimy frogs, ravenous vultures, predatory wolves — were helping us the most.”

Magazine

Gold Award

Melissa L. Sevigny

Continental Shift

High Country News

Jan. 1, 2026

Geologist Tanya Atwater began her graduate education at The Scripps Institute of Oceanography just weeks after Cambridge geophysicist Fred Vine had visited to present a theory that would radically change the field of geology – plate tectonics. In her profile for High Country News, Melissa L. Sevigny shares the series of events that brought Atwater to the heart of this groundbreaking moment, and the experiences that made the geologist uniquely suited for tectonic plate research. As a child, Atwater was inspired by the broadcast of the Soviet Union’s Sputnik launch. When it came to apply for her undergraduate degree, though, Atwater learned that many universities were not looking for female students. She ended up at the co-ed Massachusetts Institute of Technology but struggled to find her passion in science. She dropped out but later returned to geology at the University of California-Berkeley. This time she finished a degree in geophysics. Atwater first encountered plate tectonics during a summer internship at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, when she attended a lecture by J. Tuzo Wilson. Wilson had recently converted from a “fixist” who believed that all continent locations were permanently fixed, to a “drifter” who believed that continents rode atop moving plates. Atwater was interested, but “the idea of continental drift languished for decades,” writes Sevigny, “largely ignored by the scientific community.” The theory stayed in the periphery until 1963, when Fred Vine and his colleague Drummond Matthews published a paper showing magnetic anomalies on the ocean floor. Vine and Matthews inferred from the anomalies that the seafloor was spreading, but “geologists didn’t understand how seafloor spreading was relevant to their work,” says Sevigny. “They needed a translator, and Atwater, with one foot on land and another at sea, was destined for that role.” Atwater followed her own curiosity, broke through gender barriers to join on research vessels, and drew from her background in geophysics and marine science to trace the history of the San Andreas Fault and offer definitive proof of plate tectonics. Sevigny’s story gives readers “a deep insight into the professional and personal demands and triumphs that produced a monumental research achievement,” said judge Paul Basken, editor of the Winthrop Pilot newspaper. “Continental Shift is a winner on multiple levels.” Sevigny commented, “It was a gift to dive into deep time with this piece, to dwell on slow-moving geologic forces – yet at the same time, share the very human story of Dr. Tanya Atwater, who reshaped the world of earth sciences with the force of her curiosity.”

Silver Award

Allison Parshall

The Hardest Problem in Science

Scientific American

Feb. 2026

A state of awareness of ourselves and our environment is at the root of consciousness, but “where does this singular sense of awareness come from in the brain,” Allison Parshall asks as she explores what her Scientific American cover story calls “the hardest problem in science.” Questions about private, subjective experiences “exist at the very boundaries of what the scientific method can reveal,” she says. Using new technologies developed in the past 30 years, researchers have revealed brain networks whose connections help to explain what happens when we lose consciousness. But researchers can’t agree on what consciousness is, let alone how best to reveal its secrets. Yet in the emerging era of artificial intelligence the stakes for understanding consciousness have never been higher. “We’ve built talking machines able to imitate consciousness so well that we can’t always tell the difference,” Parshall writes. “Sometimes these artificial-intelligence models claim outright to be sentient.” There are dozens of competing theories of how the brain generates consciousness, according to Parshall. She gives her readers a closer look at several of the leading theories – including the spat over one called Integrated Information Theory (IIT) that prompted an open letter in 2023 signed by 124 researchers calling IIT pseudoscience. The argument focused less on the theory than on its coverage in the media, which the letter’s authors saw as credulous. Judge Ashley Smart, associate director of the Knight Science Journalism Program at MIT, called Parshall’s story “a very technical piece, but a masterclass in explanatory science writing – economical, lucid, with nice doses of writerly flare.” Allison Parshall commented, “I am truly honored to receive this award, especially for a story that was such an invigorating challenge to write. Consciousness science is a real existential rabbit hole, and I am grateful to my colleagues at Scientific American who encouraged me to dive in.”

VIDEO 

Spot News/Feature Reporting (20 minutes or less)

Gold Award

Cleo Abram, Kimberly Mas, Justin Poore, Logen Kershaw and Nicole Menkart

What's Hidden Under Antarctica?

YouTube - HUGE* If True

May 9, 2026

In a visit to Antarctica, reporter Cleo Abram described the multinational efforts to find out what lies beneath the continent’s formidable ice sheet, which is more than 3.5 miles thick in places. In the 1950s, scientists would explode TNT on the continent’s surface to measure seismic waves bouncing back through the ice. Today, lasers from satellites and radar from airplanes give hints of what lies below, including a trench deeper than the Grand Canyon, a completely hidden mountain range, evidence of a massive impact crater, and the largest volcanic region on Earth. By drilling a core down through the ice, a team from the former Soviet Union discovered a lake as large as Lake Ontario and now called Lake Vostok. Hundreds of other lakes have since been discovered, and Abram talks to researchers who analyze drilling cores for clues to the history of the ice sheet and hints of what organisms the network of lakes may harbor. The lake water can exist under all the ice, in part, because the ice acts like a giant thermal blanket, Abram reports. There also is 350 times more pressure under the ice than there is at sea level. As pressure rises, water stays liquid at lower temperatures. Could there be life in those cold lakes? The Soviets claimed to have found bacteria at the end of their drilling, but other scientists say it most likely was a contaminant from the kerosene used to prevent the drill from freezing up. Abram spoke to John Priscu, a microbial ecologist at Montana State University, who said his team has found evidence of bacterial viruses in another one of the lakes, but he told her the research is not yet published. Abram is a lively guide, and she recounts Priscu’s enthusiasm for drilling into the lake he is studying. “I remember breaking into the lake and you could hear the cheers,” Priscu said. “I had goosebumps.” Judge Tina Hesman Saey, molecular biology writer at Science News, said: “Cleo Abram's brings science to life. I learned so much about Antarctica, including a little bit about what lies hidden beneath the continent. This piece isn't the usual penguins and climate change look at the frozen land. It's a refreshing change of pace.” Cleo Abram said the team’s reporting is meant “to help people see better futures, because we believe when they do, they'll help build them. To have that work honored by some of the best science journalists in the world means everything to our team.”   

Silver Award

Jesse Nichols

This cell just changed biology

Grist

July 9, 2026

With the pace of a finely crafted mystery story, Jesse Nichols opened with a paradox that one scientist called a cruel joke. All living organisms need nitrogen to survive, and the atmosphere is full of it. But the one enzyme that can pull nitrogen out of the air basically falls apart in the presence of oxygen. Plants, animals, and fungi are surrounded by nitrogen that they can't use. The only organisms that can pull this nutrient from the air are simple microbes, like bacteria and archaea. But today, Nichols writes, one microorganism has rewritten the rules “in a way that could change everything from the future of food to our understanding of life on earth.” An oceanographer named Jon Zehr and his colleagues were testing seawater in hopes of finding nitrogen-fixing bacteria. They found genetic DNA fragments of a candidate bacterium but could not isolate it. At the same time, a Japanese scientist, Kyoko Hagino, was also studying a seemingly-unrelated organism and had some success culturing it in the lab. Nichols describes how the two researchers learned of their mutual interest in the nitrogen-fixing bacterium. In a paper in Science, Zehr and his colleagues concluded that the bacterium was living inside a species of algae called Braarudosphaera bigelowii, the same species Hagino had been studying for years. The pieces of the puzzle began to fall into place. “Neither one of us knew that the two things went together,” Zehr said. They had found a new endosymbiotic relationship in nature – a nitrogen-fixing bacterium that had become a part of an algal cell. Zehr’s team named this newly discovered organelle the nitroplast. It was, as Nichols wrote, “the first organism on the complex side of the tree of life that could pull nitrogen out of the air.” Already researchers are studying the nitroplast in hopes of creating plants that can make their own fertilizer. Kyoko Hagino told Nichols, “I was baffled. I thought I was doing a small piece of science. When it ended up being such a big piece of science, I was truly surprised.” Judge Tina Hesman Saey said: “Jesse Nichols' video about a cell that changed biology hooked me from the start. He chose all the right details to build portraits of two scientists both studying an obscure organism with no knowledge of the other. The discovery of this organism shows how obscure research may have huge implications.” Jesse Nichols thanked his sources, Jon Zehr and Kyoko Hagino, for “their decades of curiosity and inquiry about the natural world. Their work is an illustration of the value of basic research, the power of scientific collaboration, and the discoveries that can come from the places we least expect.”

Video In-Depth Reporting (more than 20 minutes)

Gold Award

Olly Bootle, Kirstie McLure, Emma Ross and Josette D. Normandeau

Can Dogs Talk?

NOVA/GBH/PBS

Feb. 4, 2026

What dog owner wouldn’t like to converse with their pet? An international production team won the Gold Award for Video In-Depth Reporting for the NOVA documentary, “Can Dogs Talk?” The film explores the phenomenon of dogs who can select outcomes by tapping a specific word button such as “play” or “outside.” Do the dogs genuinely understand and use human language, the researchers ask, or are they simply reacting to conditioning. The producers took a close look at the largest animal communication study in history, with researchers at the University of California San Diego analyzing over 10 million button presses by 10,000 dogs in nearly 50 countries. Videos show some dogs who do seem to engage in conversations and others who learn new words with incredible speed. Still, the researchers are taking a careful approach, given controversies over past efforts to teach animals like chimpanzees to communicate with humans. As the narrator of the documentary cautions, just because the dogs “can press buttons that say words, doesn’t necessarily mean the dogs have any real understanding of what those words mean.” Federico Rossano, the lead researcher on the project at UCSD, said it is important to know not just which buttons the dogs have but also how they’re laid out “so that we can, for example, run analysis to see [if] the dogs seem to be actually doing something intentionally.” The science documentary was co-produced by Canada's Idéacom International and the United Kingdom’s Big Wave Productions in association with NOVA/GBH and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Radio-Canada, and ARTE France. Judge Michael Werner, a freelance video producer, said the documentary “takes a question millions of pet owners wonder about and anchors it in rigorous scientific investigation. It tells an irresistible story while beautifully illustrating the patience, skepticism, and discipline required to test animal cognition.” Josette D. Normandeau, president of Idéacom International, said the filmmakers “set out to bring scientific answers to a question so many dog owners ask every day. Through his research and writing, director Olly Bootle made it possible for us to share these discoveries with a wide audience.” Kirstie McLure, CEO of Big Wave Productions, said, “Our passion is making world-class science accessible and captivating, and we're immensely proud of the team and grateful to NOVA and The Kavli Foundation for celebrating rigorous science reporting.”

Silver Award

Emily Zhang

The Easiest Way to Make the World Smarter

YouTube – Rabbit Hole

March 17, 2026

Emily Zhang, a producer of science videos for her YouTube channel, “Rabbit Hole,” explored the history of iodized salt in her winning entry and why it remains one of the most effective public health interventions. A few years after iodine’s discovery in 1811, Swiss doctor Jean-Francois Coindet proposed that iodine was the active ingredient in a common goiter remedy, burnt sea sponges. So, he tried giving diluted iodine solutions directly to his patients with remarkable success. The goiters, lumps on the side of the neck that can be as large as watermelons, vanished in as fast as eight days. A century after iodine was first identified, Heinrich Hunziker, a Swiss family doctor, suggested providing small amounts of iodine in salt to treat goiters. Just before the winter of 1918, Otto Bayard, one of Hunziker’s fellow doctors, traveled to a remote, goiter-affected village and used a snow shovel to mix potassium iodide into salt for five families. When he returned in the spring, the families’ goiters were gone. In 1922, Hunziker, Bayard and 14 Swiss health leaders formed a commission to implement iodized salt nationally. When reports of a new iodized salt reached Dr. David Cowie, chair of the Michigan Medical Society, he convinced Michigan's local salt producers they could transform the state's health without changing costs or taste. Iodized salt rose to 90% of salt sales in Michigan within months. Morton Salt, the nation’s biggest brand, soon decided to offer iodized salt nationwide. But iodization’s biggest, yet most invisible effect wasn't discovered until 2013. Using military draft records, researchers were able to study 2 million men born before and after salt iodization in the U.S. Recruits born after iodization scored one standard deviation higher on military cognitive exams. That's the same as 15 IQ points, Zhang notes. Other studies in China, Albania, and New Zealand found a similar correlation between even moderate iodine deficiency and subtle symptoms of weakened cognition. Judge Angela Saini, author and freelance science journalist, said, “In just thirty minutes, Emily Zhang takes the viewer on a journey through the history of this simple condiment and explains precisely why and how it has had a transformative impact on public health.” Zhang said, “In a world where decisions happen above our heads and algorithms tell us what to consume, it can feel like you don't have a say in your own life. But it's been so empowering to simply follow my curiosity about an everyday thing like iodized salt and end up knee-deep in a science story to hopefully change the world's iodine intake for the better.”

Audio

Gold Award

Soren Wheeler, Lulu Miller, Sindhu Gnanasambandan and Rachel Gross

Song of the Cerebellum

Radiolab

Jan. 30, 2026

In 2024, science reporter Rachel Gross experienced a stroke in her cerebellum. She first noticed symptoms at her weekly karaoke night, where she discovered at the microphone that “the notes weren’t translating from my brain to my vocal cords.” A few days later, Gross went to the hospital and was rushed into surgery, where neurosurgeons removed a malformation in her cerebellum – a fist-sized part of the brain located at the back of the neck. Doctors told Gross that the cerebellum was “redundant” and “almost vestigial.” They assured her that removing part of the cerebellum may make her a bit clumsy, “but you’ll still be you.” After surgery, Gross found this assurance far from her reality. Radiolab producer Sindhu Gnanasambandan and host Lulu Muller join Gross as she wrestles with the question: “why do I not feel like myself anymore?” The cerebellum has often gone ignored in neuroscience research, says Massachusetts General Hospital neurologist Jeremy Schmahmann. For a long time, the “upstairs part” of the brain, or cerebrum, was thought to control the majority of cognition. The cerebellum was associated with motor function. When Schmahmann started questioning whether there might be more to this part of the brain, he searched for infrastructure between the cerebrum and the cerebellum. Using dye tracers in the brains of rhesus monkeys, he observed neural highways between the cerebellum and cerebrum. “It's like an invisible orchestra conductor,” says Gross, “doing all the real-time, unconscious, behind-the-scenes adjustments to plan, sequence and time all the elements of [physical] action.” The cerebellum serves the same function for language and how we engage in society. A damaged cerebellum can cause “an overshoot or an undershoot in emotional regulation.” Gross finds hope exploring how the brain recovers after injury, a process that neuroscientist and author David Eagleman tells Radiolab requires the “right cocktail of neurotransmitters for plasticity to happen, and that generally maps onto motivation.” Gross has found this motivation in her singing, continuing to attend karaoke and joining a choir for stroke survivors. Judge Rich Monastersky, chief features editor for Nature, said Gross bravely discusses her own injury and recovery, drawing attention “to a relatively unsung part of the brain, the cerebellum, and shows how researchers now recognize that this 'little brain' plays a much more important and varied role than neuroscientists previously realized.” Editor Soren Wheeler said: “Rachel Gross writes beautifully about the marvels and mysteries of the human body, so we at Radiolab were thrilled that she was willing to bring her poetic and incisive voice to bear on her own experience. Rachel came to us in the middle of a journey, and she let us come along for the ride, helping to create a compelling blend of personal narrative and cutting edge brain science. Through a combination of muscular research and brave self-reflection, she gave us a unique chance to think in a new way about how we all think.”

Silver Award

Noam Hassenfeld

The Sound Barrier #2: The noise that isn't there

Unexplainable (Vox Media)

Nov. 5, 2025

The Sound Barrier #3: What does silence sound like?

Unexplainable (Vox Media)

Nov. 10, 2025

The Sound Barrier #4: Listen to the universe

Unexplainable (Vox Media)

Nov. 12. 2025

In his “Sound Barrier” series for Vox’s Unexplainable, Noam Hassenfeld returns to a subject he first explored with a standalone episode in 2022 – sound. The episode was re-aired with his three winning episodes as a four-part series exploring “the limits of hearing, and ways we can break through.” The second episode tackles tinnitus, a phenomenon that occurs when hearing loss causes the perception of sounds that don’t exist. When the brain receives less auditory information than it’s expecting, it turns the volume up. This can lead to phantom noises that range from irritating to debilitating. Although 15% of adults suffer from tinnitus, says Hassenfeld, “scientists still don’t really understand what takes someone from hearing damage to tinnitus.” Episode three explores a more abstract question – “how can something that’s nothing do so much?” Silence is “a really strange thing,” says Hassenfeld. It is so uncomfortable, one study found that human subjects preferred electric shock to silence. But at the same time, ponders Hassenfeld, some studies see healing benefits to silence and sensory deprivation. “Silence isn’t empty,” concludes Hassenfeld, it’s something we can hear, there’s a “texture” to it. He ends the episode with 4 minutes and 33 seconds of silence, a clever homage to the John Cage piece of the same name. The fourth and final episode profiles astronomer Wanda Diáz-Merced, who was diagnosed with diabetes at ten, and lost her sight in college. She struggled to continue her science degree, until one day a classmate showed her a small antenna he had in the back of his house, handed her a pair of headphones, and played her a real time detection of a solar emission. She was hearing the sun’s outer atmosphere being blown off into space, says Hassenfeld. The experience gave her a sense of possibility. Diáz-Merced tells Hassenfeld that “for the first time, I felt happiness in my life.” Today, Diáz-Merced’s work harnesses the sonification of data, translating information to sound to notice trends other scientists may miss. Hassenfeld also speaks with Robert Wilson, who used sound to help discover first evidence of the Big Bang, and NASA’s Kim Arcand, who is working to turn images of space into sound. Judge Richard Harris, former NPR science correspondent, said: “These pieces used sound (and silence) to great effect. I especially appreciated the philosophical excursions in these deeply researched and well told stories.” Noam Hassenfeld commented: “I’m grateful to all the scientists I spoke with who were so open about everything they still don’t know, and to the listeners who trusted us with their own experiences of sound and silence. Thank you to everyone on the Unexplainable team, especially my editor, Joanna Solotaroff, who made every episode of this series better.”

Children’s Science News

Gold Award

Kathryn Hulick

Got brain rot?

Science News Explores

March 19, 2026

5 things to remember when talking to a chatbot

Science News Explores

Nov. 13, 2025

In two stories for Science News Explores, Kathryn Hulick told her young readers about the possible risks of spending too much time online with “brain rot” characters such as Tralalero Tralala and five things to remember when talking to a chatbot. In each story, Hulick discussed what may happen to young brains when they are exposed to too much social media and engagement with chatbots generated by artificial intelligence or AI. Laughing at brain rot every so often won’t hurt you, Hulick says, but the more time you mindlessly spend online, experts are finding, the greater risk you have of harming your brain development and mental health. Regarding chatbots, she writes: “Short conversations with AI can be helpful or entertaining. A bot can act like a friend who’s always there to listen and support you. But this tech wasn’t designed for young people. And sometimes, things go wrong. Very, very wrong.” She cites the case of Adam Raine, a teen who died by suicide in 2025. His family alleges that his conversations with ChatGPT led to his death. Judge Sandra Kanthal, a freelance radio producer primarily for the BBC, said Hulick’s stories “are two very important pieces which are extremely well researched and written in a way which will engage younger readers. In this moment in history, when societies are trying to figure out the best ways to protect children from the potential harms of social media and artificial intelligence, these two articles clearly lay out the dangers we face as well as potential actions to combat them in a calm relatable way. Every young person should read them.” Christoph von Eichhorn, science editor for Sueddeutsche Zeitung, said Hulick “reveals the mechanisms behind zombie scrolling and social media addiction, while maintaining a balanced stance, explaining how the evidence on social media is still evolving.” So much of the concern about youth and social media targets parents, educators, and other gate keepers, Hulick notes. “But kids and teens have their own agency,” she says. “They are smart people who care about what is happening in the world. My goal is always for young people to see themselves in my story and feel empowered to make choices about how they want to shape their own future.”  

Silver Award

Jörg Gero Grüner

The tongue — what's it doing in your mouth?

Deutsche Welle (Germany)

Aug. 29, 2025

The appendix: Useless organ or gut health hero?

Deutsche Welle (Germany)

Oct. 13, 2025

The prostate: A small, peculiar organ that plays a big role

Deutsche Welle (Germany)

April 5, 2026

In a trio of short, animated videos for Deutsche Welle, Germany's international broadcaster, Jörg Gero Grüner looked at the role of internal body organs that don’t always get the attention they deserve. The films were part of a series called “Organized” that aims to portray our organs with 3D animations in a vivid, funny and entertaining way that helps young and old alike understand the special characteristics of each organ. The tongue, for example, is hard at work from morning to night helping us speak, chew, produce saliva and analyze food. Hundreds of thousands of taste cells detect five flavor profiles, giving us clues about what we’re eating. And the tongue’s color says a lot about our health. Grüner notes that the appendix was long dismissed as pointless – something that only caused trouble and can burst. But new research shows it may play a crucial role in supporting our immune system and maintaining gut health. Grüner uses a novel approach to explain the versatility of the prostate. “An animal covered in fur — or one with a beak? Sometimes nature can’t quite make up its mind... which is how the platypus came about,” he says. “And as the human body evolved, it needed a drainage system to flush out toxins … AND a reproductive organ. So why not combine the two?” The judges praised the simple but effective videos. ‘‘With the animated series ‘Organized’ Jörg Gero Grüner proves that organs such as the appendix, the prostate or the tongue can be surprisingly entertaining for a young audience,” said judge Christoph von Eichhorn, science editor for Sueddeutsche Zeitung. “The short and visually appealing videos answer questions that probably everybody has asked themselves, for instance why the tongue changes its color or what on earth the appendix is for. Additionally, the organs in the videos – the heroes of the stories – are super cute.” Jörg Gero Grüner commented: “Since my work is all about organs and their point of view, I'll let them speak for me: my heart feels enthusiastic, upbeat, and pumped. My brain thinks it's a great honor and achievement but still needs some time to process. And my stomach says it's all very exciting, but also that it's time for dinner.”

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Thursday, November 12, 2026

 

What is the fundamental nature of the quantum world? Politecnico di Milano leads an international research project on the mathematical and philosophical foundations of quantum physics





Politecnico di Milano






Why does time flow from the past towards the future? Are cause-and-effect relationships always well-defined? And how can we describe the universe through the laws of quantum physics? These are some of the questions at the heart of Open Quantum Systems and Causal Structure of Reality, an international research project funded by the John Templeton Foundation with over $4.1 million, jointly led by Politecnico di Milano and the University of Bristol.

The project is co-directed by Giovanni Valente, professor at the Department of Mathematics of Politecnico di Milano, and Karim Thébault of the University of Bristol. The collaboration brings together mathematicians, physicists and philosophers of science from European and US institutions, with the aim of developing new theoretical tools to understand some of the fundamental aspects of quantum reality.

The research challenges two traditional assumptions in physics: that quantum systems can be described as isolated from their surrounding environment and that causal relationships between events are embedded in a predetermined spatial and temporal structure. In reality, however, physical systems continuously interact with their environment. At the same time, quantum physics raises questions about the possibility of describing situations in which the causal order of events is not uniquely defined. Understanding how these two aspects can be addressed together is one of the project's main theoretical challenges.

Among the questions being investigated is also that of the direction of time: why do we distinguish between a past and a future if some of the fundamental laws of physics do not, in themselves, establish a preferred direction of time? The research will also explore the implications of these problems for quantum cosmology, which studies how to apply the principles of quantum theory to our understanding of the universe. To address these questions, the project will integrate theoretical research, mathematical modelling, philosophical analysis and experimental activities.

“We are extremely pleased to host this project, which demonstrates the high standing of our department in the international landscape of research on the foundations of quantum physics. We will address some of the most widely debated topics of the past century, such as causality, the arrow of time and the nature of the quantum world, starting, however, from an unconventional assumption, namely that the constituents of matter are fundamentally open systems. As such, our research requires collaboration across different disciplines: in order to provide a systematic answer to the foundational questions that remain open, the theoretical and experimental aspects of quantum physics will be integrated with the formal rigour of mathematics and the interpretative tools of the philosophy of science. The group working at Politecnico di Milano will play a key role in the implementation of the project, both in terms of the overall coordination of the various units and in terms of achieving new mathematical and philosophical results,” says Giovanni Valente, professor at the Department of Mathematics of Politecnico di Milano.

At Politecnico di Milano, the research will involve the FoQuS – Foundations of Quantum Systems laboratory, within the Department of Mathematics. In addition to Valente, the participating professors will include Michele Correggi and Vojkan Jaksic, who are responsible for two subprojects, as well as Fabrizio Colombo, Franco Fagnola, Davide Fermi and Irene Sabadini.

These professors will work primarily on three interconnected subprojects: the first, led by Valente, focuses on the problem of causality, particularly the question of whether entanglement between quantum systems separated in space and time can be destroyed by acting locally; the second, led by Correggi, builds on the theme of the direction of time and aims to develop models of quantum decoherence with non-Markovian dynamics; while the third, led by Jaksic, will investigate the relationships between information geometry and non-equilibrium statistical mechanics.

The collaboration will also involve META – Social Sciences and Humanities for Science and Technology, the interdisciplinary group at Politecnico di Milano of which Valente is a member, thereby strengthening the dialogue between scientific research and philosophical reflection.

The project will begin on 1 December 2026 and will last 33 months. In addition to Politecnico di Milano and the University of Bristol, it will involve researchers from the universities 

Saturday, November 07, 2026

 

With “Quantum Biology 2.0”, a landmark review updates the field



Covering nearly 600 works over more than a century of research, the QBL at Howard University is changing the landscape of light and life.




Howard University

Stretching back more than a century---before the time of Planck, Bohr, and Schrödinger---a landmark review geared toward protein scientists and molecular biologists highlights how quantum biology research has expanded in scope over the last decade.

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The histogram charts the distribution by publication date of nearly 600 references covered in the Quantum Biology 2.0 review article in Protein Science. Though there is a deliberate focus on the last decade of investigations, including both fundamental theoretical developments and state-of-the-art quantum sensing/imaging platforms for biological systems, the Kurian Group's 2026 review gives a clear vision for where the field is headed, by reaching back and integrating several lines of inquiry across the biological, chemical, physical, and quantum sciences.

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Credit: Quantum Biology Laboratory: Margaret Christ and Philip Kurian





WASHINGTON, DC – (September 23, 2026) As 2025 ushered in the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology, recent discoveries in quantum information science have demanded a distinction between the first wave of the quantum revolution—which gave birth to lasers and transistors in the 1950s and 1960s—and “Quantum 2.0” breakthroughs like quantum teleportation, quantum key distribution, and noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers.

Now quantum biology, the field that describes how quantum processes like superradiance, tunneling, and entanglement influence biological processes and function, is receiving its own update.

In a landmark review published in Protein Science, a team of authors from the Quantum Biology Laboratory (QBL) at Howard University provides a much-needed overview of the current terrain in “Quantum Biology 2.0”, highlighting a perspective shift from the in vitro and ex vivo work of earlier decades to a whole-biosystems integrated approach. “Our group's discovery of superradiance in solvated protein fibers in thermal equilibrium opens a new window on the role of quantum processes across the web of life,” said Dr. Philip Kurian, QBL Principal Investigator and Founding Director. “This review thus provides the necessary vision for a renewed research program geared toward the understanding of biologically oriented scientists, who are interested in how quantum processes play a role in enzyme catalysis, evolutionary behavior, and sub-neuronal brain mapping across living systems interacting with the electromagnetic field, even at the ultraweak or single-photon level.”

Though for many years the prevailing dogma was that quantum effects would be destroyed in the turbulent maelstrom of life's warm and wet conditions, researchers have continued to reexamine many of the old assumptions about decoherence, and the role that protein environments can play in supporting excitonic coherences through structured vibrational environments. “It has been known since the 1950s with the advent of the maser that phonons, like photons in the laser, can concentrate in specific vibrational modes of complex molecules like proteins,” said Dr. Kurian. “These vibrating proteins with giant dipole moments act like nanoantennas in solution, electrodynamically coordinating structural organization, function, and behavior. And we’ve known since the time of James Clerk Maxwell that these signals are not exponentially screened by the counterions common in biological environments.”

Though considered a relatively emergent discipline by some, the roots of quantum biology stretch back more than a hundred years. Pieces of the puzzle began to crop up in the 1920s, around the birth of quantum mechanics, when Niels Bohr began reflecting in lectures and articles on the intimate relationship between “Light and Life”. In the same decade, Alexander Gurwitsch observed that “mitogenic radiation” emitted by onion roots could induce mitosis in the cells of spatially separated root specimens. With the proliferation of modern single-photon detectors, these signals because of their low intensity became known as ultraweak photon emissions, which remain an active area of research for understanding the electromagnetic signatures of metabolizing organisms. Generated through standard metabolic processes and environmental stress-induced pathways, electronically excited free radicals like reactive oxygen species relax to produce ultraweak photon emissions from a variety of living systems.

Erwin Schrödinger, whose name rests on the central equation of quantum theory, was also concerned with quantum effects in biological systems. His 1944 work What is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell ignited a firestorm across multiple fields of science, addressing how the laws of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics would constrain the known properties of biological and chemical heredity in a living organism. These insights inspired the search for the DNA double helix, whose structure was uncovered from X-ray crystallography data less than a decade later in 1953. The field of quantum biology grew out of this rich legacy, and the new perspective of Quantum Biology 2.0 extends the study of quantum effects over multiple scales, integrating how light is essential to coordinating structure, function, and behavior from atom to organism.

Dr. Judith Klinman, professor emerita of chemistry and biochemistry and biophysics at UC Berkeley who was not involved in the work, was impressed by the manner in which the review motivated and detailed the relevance of quantum biology to the protein science communities. “It is quite challenging to convey sufficient depth while integrating the wide range of topics required to understand the nature of quantum effects in proteins and living systems. The Kurian Group has highlighted a compelling research agenda in quantum biology for the next decade and beyond."

Superradiance and Light-Matter Interactions in Life

First predicted by physicist Robert Dicke in 1954, it would take seventy years before the phenomenon of superradiance would be observed in protein fibers. Superradiance—where one or more photons can be shared coherently among a collection of atoms or molecules, resulting in their faster emission rates—is a distinctly quantum effect whose signatures in protein fiber networks were predicted and experimentally detected in 2024 by a QBL-led team. These quantum fiber optic networks form critical superhighways in all neurons, as well as in any higher organism without a brain, motivating new research directions for translating this discovery into transformative insights for the web of life, whole-brain emulation, and the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The QBL review highlights these revelations in a “superradiance primer”, discussing this phenomenon in systems ranging from viruses to photosynthetic nanotubes and a diverse range of protein fibers.

As quanta (discrete packets) of the electromagnetic field, photons are key players in the interplay of light and matter that supports life. Photosynthesis, perhaps the most critical chemical reaction on this planet and dependent upon the power of the sun at the Earth’s surface, was widely investigated in the Quantum Biology 1.0 era, and several of these studies are synthesized in the review. Superradiant behavior has been observed in photosynthetic nanotubes and in green sulfur bacteria’s photosynthetic antennae, illustrating how collective and coherent behavior underlies one of life's most fundamental processes: the transformation of light from the sun into chemically stored energy, by and for living systems. A critical distinction is made in the review between the physics of sunlight-driven photosynthetic complexes, and the ultraweak light-matter interactions that can occur deep in the water column of oceans or in vivo from metabolic processes, and which show potential for use as diagnostic tools in a wide range of diseases.

Quantum Effects in Protein Dynamics

According to the outdated wisdom, proteins – as relatively huge and massive macromolecules – are too large to be considered in discussions of quantum phenomena. However, from the electrons and protons composing their smallest building blocks and mediating their fundamental processes, to coherent condensates consisting of multiple proteins, and even in exploring optically excited behaviors of whole organisms, quantum effects are ubiquitous.

In the 1960s, physicist Herbert Fröhlich theorized that excitation energy could accumulate or “condense” into a low-frequency vibrational mode by coupling with phonons (quanta of atomic nuclear vibrations). Similarly to superradiance, it took many decades for experimental observation of this phenomenon to occur in protein systems, with reliable signatures of Fröhlich condensation not validated until the mid-2010s in the proteins lysozyme and bovine serum albumin. Quantum Biology 2.0 contextualizes Fröhlich condensation and provides an explanation for one of biology’s great mysteries: how do chemical reaction partners find each other with such speed, accuracy, timeliness, and specificity in a crowded cellular environment? Energy condensation in phonons leads to long-range electrodynamic communication through collectively vibrating proteins with huge dipole moments, effectively creating microscopic antennas that help cognate binding partners self-organize across the intricate, seemingly cluttered environment of a cell.

In the Quantum Biology 2.0 era, it is increasingly evident that quantum superposition, tunneling, and entanglement at mesoscopic and macroscopic scales must be considered to arrive at a more accurate picture of biosystem dynamics. The QBL review considers, for example, the critical importance and supermajority of water molecules required for life. At a molecular level, water’s reliance on hydrogen bond networks for its structure is a subtle quantum mechanical effect. Hydrogen atoms or protons, because of their low mass relative to carbon, can more efficiently quantum-tunnel through energy barriers, affecting processes from enzyme catalysis to DNA mutations and double-strand breaks. Many-body effects like van der Waals and Casimir-Polder forces, which take quantum vacuum fluctuations and polarizability into account when modeling molecular interactions, have been shown to be essential to the formation, stability, and function of large biomacromolecules. These many-body effects are key to understanding protein energetics, protein-water interactions, protein folding, and more obscure phenomena like the anesthetic effect of the noble gas xenon.

Quantum phenomena in proteins are also central to explaining the discovery from the 1960s that some migratory birds are able to sense Earth’s weak magnetic field, a characteristic which has since been observed in a range of organisms from bacteria to plants and mammals. The “radical-pair” mechanism of magnetosensitivity harnesses the fundamentally quantum property of electron and nuclear spin, which are affected by weak magnetic fields. This results in proteins with different quantum states forming and propagating different chemical reaction products depending on the magnetic field and local biomolecular context, and creating a downstream sensory input for the host organism. Investigations into magnetoreception were a pillar of Quantum Biology 1.0 research and continue apace. Improvements in experimental spectroscopic tools and refined theoretical models have widened the aperture of the Quantum Biology 2.0 perspective shift from individual chemical reactions to real-time control and modulation of signalling pathways and their resulting information transfers.

Quantum 2.0 for Biology, and Biology for Quantum 2.0

The QBL review also highlights how developments in quantum technology have made their impact on experimental tools for probing quantum architectures in living systems. For example, improvements in single-photon detectors and electron multiplying charge-coupled devices have been integral to higher-fidelity counts of ultraweak photon emissions in vivo, and advancement in materials science has led to the development of quantum sensing devices that rely on fluorescent nanodiamonds or quantum dots for enhanced sensitivity to local magnetic fields. In the field of biological imaging, the use of quantum light—generated from nonlinear, squeezed, or entangled sources, and as part of the Quantum 2.0 revolution beyond lasers and transistors—unlocks a new realm of tissue observations. Using quantum-entangled photons for spectroscopy can enable ultralow-power imaging and sensing of long-lived quantum states, reducing disturbance or destruction of delicate tissue samples in the process.

Biological systems also serve as inspiration for their own technological breakthroughs. This has been evidenced by the work of the QBL and coworkers on Physarum polycephalum slime molds and their remarkable computational capacities, which—despite lacking a brain or neurons—can solve difficult logistics and exploratory search challenges like the traveling salesperson problem. Other recent works employ proteins as biological quantum bits bridging quantum computing with biological systems.

A Paradigm Shift, Realized with Time

The era of Quantum Biology 2.0, marked by a perspective shift to multiscale, whole-biosystem observations, is one of interdisciplinary research seeking pertinent, frontier research questions at the boundaries. “Our goal has been to describe some of the key physics behind quantum biology in a manner comprehensible to molecular biologists and protein scientists, and to hopefully allow for some quantum tunneling through the field’s entry barrier,” said first author and graduate student Margie Christ.

In this complex research environment, landmark literature reviews function as crucial beacons for those wishing to pursue deeply interconnected knowledge frameworks, without being set adrift in an unending sea of tangential inquiries. “This is the most comprehensive and insightful review of the last century of quantum biology that I have encountered to date, and it will remain a key reference text for students and researchers for many years,” said Professor Jonathan Woodward of the University of Tokyo, an international leader in spin physics and magnetosensitive photochemistry, who was not involved in the writing of the review.

At 98 pages and covering almost 600 references, including homage to ancient sources like Archimedes’ The Sand Reckoner from circa 240 BC and Ibn al-Haytham's 11th-century Book of Optics, the authors hope that interested scientists, other scholars, and dedicated students will dive in, one section at a time.

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About the institution: Howard University

Founded in 1867, Howard University is a private research university that is comprised of 14 schools and colleges. Students pursue more than 140 programs of study leading to undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees. The University operates with a commitment to excellence in Truth and Service and has produced one Schwarzman Scholar, four Marshall Scholars, four Rhodes Scholars, 12 Truman Scholars, 25 Pickering Fellows, and more than 165 Fulbright recipients. Howard also produces more on-campus African American PhD recipients than any other university in the United States. For more information on Howard University, visit https://www.howard.edu/.

About the scientists: Quantum Biology Laboratory

Founded in 2015 by Dr. Philip Kurian, with a transformative global vision that extends from the subatomic to the clinical scale, the Quantum Biology Laboratory explores how collective and coherent behaviors in living light-matter architectures are manifested and can be controlled for the development of advanced tools, diagnostics, and therapies to address complex and degenerative disorders. Investigators in the Quantum Biology Laboratory use techniques from quantum optics, condensed matter, biological/chemical physics, protein spectroscopy, structural/molecular biology, and quantum computing to solve an array of problems relevant to the quantum aspects of life. For more information on the Quantum Biology Laboratory, please visit https://www.quantumbiolab.com/.