Friday, June 13, 2025

Top psychology of spirituality investigator named research director of UVA’s Division of Perceptual Studies



Julie Exline, PhD, starts July 1




University of Virginia Health System

Julie Exline, PhD 

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Julie Exline, PhD, has been named research director of the University of Virginia’s Division of Perceptual Studies

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Credit: UVA Health





Julie Exline, PhD, a national leader in researching spiritual struggles and explanations for extraordinary human experiences, has been named research director of the University of Virginia’s Division of Perceptual Studies. She will begin July 1.

Exline, who will also serve as the Bonner-Lowry Professor in the UVA School of Medicine’s Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, comes to the Division of Perceptual Studies from Case Western Reserve University, where she is a professor in the Department of Psychological Sciences. She has been a faculty member at Case Western Reserve University for 25 years and served as director of clinical training for the doctorate program in clinical psychology. Throughout her career, Exline has secured approximately $8 million in funding for her research, about half of which for projects where she served as primary investigator.

“She has become highly adept in the research arena, acquiring funding, designing and implementing studies, using open science methods, analyzing data, leading research teams, collaborating with co-authors and disseminating findings through publishing, presenting, media outreach, teaching and clinical work,” said Anita Clayton, MD, chair of UVA’s Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences. “Importantly, Dr. Exline has achieved these goals while working in an area that has often been overlooked and underfunded within mainstream psychology.”

Exline has co-authored more than 230 publications, including more than 100 on spiritual struggles and more than 25 exploring spiritual beliefs and anomalous experiences. She has earned multiple awards from the American Psychological Association’s Society for the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, including the division’s highest award, the William James Award, which is given once every three years. She has also served as the division’s president. 

She co-edited the American Psychological Association’s “Handbook of Psychology, Religion and Spirituality” along with working as a consulting editor for Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, the flagship journal in her field. She also serves on the editorial boards of several other journals and was invited to serve as a senior research associate at the University of Cambridge.

“Dr. Exline will bring the faculty and their work to a new level in study design and execution, funding, collaborations and publications that will benefit patients and others for whom these topics contextualize their life and expand their possibilities,” Clayton said. “She leads by example through her disciplined and rigorous approach to the scientific exploration of these important topics.”

A licensed psychologist in Ohio, Exline earned a bachelor’s degree in computer science from the University of Michigan before earning a master’s degree in psychology and a doctorate in clinical psychology from the State University of New York at Stony Brook. She then served as a visiting researcher and postdoctoral research associate in social psychology at Case Western Reserve University before joining the faculty in 2000.

"We are thrilled to have someone of Dr. Exline's caliber join our team at the University of Virginia," said Bruce Greyson, MD, professor emeritus and former director of the Division of Perceptual Studies. "She is not only a world-class researcher, whose skills and areas of expertise nicely complement those of our current faculty, but she is also an experienced and talented mentor to junior faculty and research staff who will help us expand our programs into the future."

Exline is excited to join UVA’s Division of Perceptual Studies to expand her research into studies of the potential persistence of human consciousness. She looks forward to working with the team to find new ways to show how their research relates to fundamental human concerns and to the interface between mind and brain.

“One of my goals is to highlight the personal, clinical, spiritual and societal relevance of addressing core questions about the possibility of post-mortem existence and a transcendent consciousness,” she said. “My ultimate hope is that these topics, including the work of the Division of Perceptual Studies, will become more central to broader conversations about how to bring out the full potential of human experience.”

Exline will succeed Jim Tucker, MD, who retired in January 2025.

About the Division of Perceptual Studies (DOPS)

Established in 1967 under the leadership of Dr. Ian Stevenson, DOPS stands as the most productive university-based research group in the world dedicated to exploring phenomena that challenge conventional scientific paradigms concerning human consciousness. At the core of DOPS’s research mission lies the commitment to rigorous evaluation of empirical evidence surrounding exceptional human experiences and capacities, including utilization of a state-of-the-art neuroimaging lab. DOPS extends its focus beyond fundamental empirical research and explores the profound implications of such research for scientific theory and society at large. By actively sharing insights and findings, DOPS strives to contribute meaningfully to the understanding of consciousness, bridging the gap between scientific inquiry and public awareness. 

For more information, visit https://med.virginia.edu/perceptual-studies/.

 

New study shows alligators aren’t all that’s lurking in Georgia’s swamps



Gator research uncovers increased levels of mercury in the state’s swamps



University of Georgia

Alligator research 

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UGA researchers examine one of the alligators in the study. 

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Credit: Jeb Byers



New research from the University of Georgia’s Odum School of Ecology and Marine Extension and Georgia Sea Grant suggests there may be elevated levels of mercury in Georgia and South Carolina waters.

In studying alligators from the Okefenokee Swamp, Jekyll Island and Yawkey Wildlife Center, UGA researchers found high levels of mercury, prompting concerns about the levels of the heavy metal in the environment.

“Alligators are very ancient creatures, and we can look at them in these areas as an indicator of what else might be happening in the ecosystem. Studying them can relate to many different things in the food web,” said Kristen Zemaitis, lead author of the study and a graduate of the Odum School.

The presence of mercury in these waters not only impacts the health of the alligator but could have dangerous health effects on the other creatures relying on these waterways for food, including humans.

Mercury concentrations matter for the bigger picture

Trace amounts of mercury, a potentially harmful element, are often found in runoff and precipitation downstream from major industrial areas. Previous research has shown accumulating levels of the heavy metal in smaller animals in Georgia swamps but not as much is known about animals as high up in the food chain as the alligator.

Through studying the diet and analyzing blood samples of more than 100 alligators, across several months, the researchers found that where the alligators resided made a difference.

Alligators in the Okefenokee Swamp had mercury levels that were eight times higher than the other two research sites.

"If (mercury) builds up, it moves through the food web and creates the perfect storm. That’s what we have in the Okefenokee.” —Jeb Byers, Odum School of Ecology

“That’s one of the results from the study that was most striking to me,” said Jeb Byers, co-author of the study and UGA Athletic Association Professor in the Odum School. “Mercury is a neurotoxin that is very lethal to organisms. If it builds up, it moves through the food web and creates the perfect storm. That’s what we have in the Okefenokee.”

Mercury concentrations in alligators show that the toxin can easily move up the food chain.

Whether it’s gators themselves or the fish they cohabitate with, this study signals caution to any humans who may fish or hunt in the area. Although the Okefenokee Swamp is a wildlife refuge, it shares waters with the Suwannee and St. Marys rivers, which means there may be a heightened risk of mercury contamination in fish and other animals residing in the waters.

“Mercury contamination can be a high concern for the people who can be consuming a lot of fish or game species from the rivers, swamps or oceans that have high mercury. In any given ecosystem, there are some organisms that can tolerate only very little amounts of mercury, which can result in neurological issues, reproductive issues and eventually death,” Zemaitis said.

Alligators’ age matters in mercury measurements

It wasn’t just where the alligators lived — how long they’d been there mattered too.

The researchers discovered that mercury concentrations were more prominent in larger, older gators. That wasn’t just from absorption over time but presumably from the alligators consuming greater amounts of creatures already contaminated with mercury.

 

UGA researchers examine one of the alligators in the study. (Photo by Jeb Byers)

“Organisms can accumulate dangerous levels over the course of a lifespan. However, we often account for age but not diet,” said Benjamin Parrott, an associate professor at UGA’s Savannah River Ecology Laboratory and Odum School and co-author of the study. “What our study shows is that as alligators grow and start to eat larger animals, this increases the amount of mercury they accumulate.”

As for smaller, young alligators and hatchlings, the story was surprisingly the same. Mercury levels seemed to be inherited by offspring.

“Some of the hatchlings had really high levels of mercury which we were not expecting. Mothers are passing toxins and heavy metals into the egg yolks during reproduction,” Zemaitis said.

Research signals need for future studies on mercury impact

It’s likely not just alligators being influenced by high levels of mercury in the environment, Zemaitis said.

“Now that we know this about one of the apex predators in these systems, we wonder what else is being affected?” she said. “I would like to investigate more about where exactly the mercury is coming from and how it’s getting into the ecosystem. It would be really great to pinpoint a prominent source and also see how it’s affecting other animals in the ecosystem.”

The study was funded by the Jekyll Island Authority and the Okefenokee Swamp Park, and includes co-authors Thomas Rainwater, of the Tom Yawkey Wildlife Center and Clemson University; Yank Moore, of the Conservation for Jekyll Island Authority; and Kimberly Andrews, a coastal ecology specialist with UGA Marine Extension and Georgia Sea Grant.

 

New JNCCN study showcases how telehealth helps overcome geographic and resource gaps in cancer care globally



Older adults with cancer in Brazil showed better outcomes with telehealth in first-ever randomized trial of comprehensive geriatric assessment and management outside a high-income country.




National Comprehensive Cancer Network

June 2025 cover, JNCCN 

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JNCCN Cover, June 2025. New study in JNCCN showcases how telehealth helps overcome geographic and resource gaps in cancer care globally. Learn more at JNCCN.org.

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Credit: NCCN





PLYMOUTH MEETING, PA [June 11, 2025] — New research in the June 2025 issue of JNCCN—Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network found that older people with cancer had better daily functioning, improved mood, stronger illness understanding, and a higher quality of life if they participated in a telehealth-based care program called Geriatric Assessment-Guided Intervention-Supportive Care (GAIN-S). GAIN-S’ supportive care services included personalized fitness training, nutritional support, psychiatric care, and psychosocial assistance, all delivered remotely.

The randomized clinical trial focused on 77 adults aged 65-and-older undergoing treatment for a metastatic solid tumor between June 2022 and July 2023 in Brazil. The care providers in the study were primarily located in high-population urban areas, while most patients lived in remote or underserved parts of the country. The patients who participated in the GAIN-S telehealth program demonstrated significant improvement in all measured areas after three months.

“Instead of requiring older patients to travel long distances for tailored and specialized care, we brought the expertise to them—ensuring equity in access regardless of geography,” said senior author William Dale, MD, PhD, City of Hope, a national U.S. cancer research and treatment organization headquartered in Los Angeles. “It was a win-win for patients, families, and providers, bringing this growing standard of care to many more people using the available resources in an efficient way.”

“This is especially important in countries with substantial geographic and resource gaps, like Brazil and remote areas in any country,” said lead author Cristiane Decat Bergerot, PhD, Oncoclinicas&Co of Sao Paulo. “By bringing supportive care approaches to patients at the beginning of their cancer care journey, we can significantly improve the experience, communication, and outcomes of patients’ lives.”

WhatsApp was used for scheduling appointments and obtaining informed consent for the GAIN-S group. This enabled the team to automatically encrypt messages and have the option to make them disappear after 24 hours for added security.

“Social media can be used for anything, including now Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment and Management (CGAM),” commented Martine Extermann, MD, PhD, Moffitt Cancer Center, who was not involved with this research. “Randomized clinical trials have established CGAM as the standard of care approach for optimal outcomes in older patients with cancer and are recommended in the NCCN Guidelines® and others. But CGAM has long been considered a ‘niche’ activity limited to large academic cancer centers. An increasing number of studies show it can be implemented in a broader practice setting, and now in low- and middle-Income countries as well. Let us spread the benefits of it!”

Dr. Extermann wrote a full response to this study, which is also running in the June issue of JNCCN. To read the entire study “Telehealth Geriatric Assessment and Supportive Care Intervention (GAIN-S) Program: A Randomized Clinical Trial” and the corresponding “The Last Word” commentary, visit JNCCN.org.

# # #

About JNCCN—Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network

More than 25,000 oncologists and other cancer care professionals across the United States read JNCCN—Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network. This peer-reviewed, indexed medical journal provides the latest information about innovation in translational medicine, and scientific studies related to oncology health services research, including quality care and value, bioethics, comparative and cost effectiveness, public policy, and interventional research on supportive care and survivorship. JNCCN features updates on the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®), review articles elaborating on guidelines recommendations, health services research, and case reports highlighting molecular insights in patient care. JNCCN is published by Harborside/BroadcastMed. Visit JNCCN.org. To inquire if you are eligible for a FREE subscription to JNCCN, visit NCCN.org/jnccn/subscribe. Follow JNCCN at x.com/JNCCN.

About the National Comprehensive Cancer Network

The National Comprehensive Cancer Network® (NCCN®) is marking 30 years as a not-for-profit alliance of leading cancer centers devoted to patient care, research, and education. NCCN is dedicated to defining and advancing quality, effective, equitable, and accessible cancer care and prevention so all people can live better lives. The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®) provide transparent, evidence-based, expert consensus-driven recommendations for cancer treatment, prevention, and supportive services; they are the recognized standard for clinical direction and policy in cancer management and the most thorough and frequently-updated clinical practice guidelines available in any area of medicine. The NCCN Guidelines for Patients® provide expert cancer treatment information to inform and empower patients and caregivers, through support from the NCCN Foundation®. NCCN also advances continuing education, global initiatives, policy, and research collaboration and publication in oncology. Visit NCCN.org for more information.

How we really judge AI



Forget optimists vs. Luddites. Most people evaluate AI based on its perceived capability and their need for personalization.



Massachusetts Institute of Technology





Suppose you were shown that an artificial intelligence tool offers accurate predictions about some stocks you own. How would you feel about using it? Now, suppose you are applying for a job at a company where the HR department uses an AI system to screen resumes. Would you be comfortable with that? 

A new study finds that people are neither entirely enthusiastic nor totally averse to AI. Rather than falling into camps of techno-optimists and Luddites, people are discerning about the practical upshot of using AI, case by case. 

“We propose that AI appreciation occurs when AI is perceived as being more capable than humans and personalization is perceived as being unnecessary in a given decision context,” says MIT Professor Jackson Lu, co-author of a newly published paper detailing the study’s results. “AI aversion occurs when either of these conditions is not met, and AI appreciation occurs only when both conditions are satisfied.”

The paper, “AI Aversion or Appreciation? A Capability-Personalization Framework and a Meta-Analytic Review,” appears in Psychological Bulletin. The paper has eight co-authors, including Lu, who is the Career Development Associate Professor of Work and Organization Studies at the MIT Sloan School of Management.

New framework adds insight

People’s reactions to AI have long been subject to extensive debate, often producing seemingly disparate findings. An influential 2015 paper on “algorithm aversion” found that people are less forgiving of AI-generated errors than of human errors, whereas a widely noted 2019 paper on “algorithm appreciation” found that people preferred advice from AI, compared to advice from humans. 

To reconcile these mixed findings, Lu and his co-authors conducted a meta-analysis of 163 prior studies that compared people’s preferences for AI versus humans. The researchers tested whether the data supported their proposed “Capability–Personalization Framework” — the idea that in a given context, both the perceived capability of AI and the perceived necessity for personalization shape our preferences for either AI or humans. 

Across the 163 studies, the research team analyzed over 82,000 reactions to 93 distinct “decision contexts” — for instance, whether or not participants would feel comfortable with AI being used in cancer diagnoses. The analysis confirmed that the Capability–Personalization Framework indeed helps account for people’s preferences.

“The meta-analysis supported our theoretical framework,” Lu says. “Both dimensions are important: Individuals evaluate whether or not AI is more capable than people at a given task, and whether the task calls for personalization. People will prefer AI only if they think the AI is more capable than humans and the task is nonpersonal.” 

He adds: “The key idea here is that high perceived capability alone does not guarantee AI appreciation. Personalization matters too.”

For example, people tend to favor AI when it comes to detecting fraud or sorting large datasets — areas where AI’s abilities exceed those of humans in speed and scale, and personalization is not required. But they are more resistant to AI in contexts like therapy, job interviews, or medical diagnoses, where they feel a human is better able to recognize their unique circumstances.

“People have a fundamental desire to see themselves as unique and distinct from other people,” Lu says. “AI is often viewed as impersonal and operating in a rote manner. Even if the AI is trained on a wealth of data, people feel AI can’t grasp their personal situations. They want a human recruiter, a human doctor who can see them as distinct from other people.”

Context also matters: From tangibility to unemployment 

The study also uncovered other factors that influence individuals’ preferences for AI. For instance, AI appreciation is more pronounced for tangible robots than for intangible algorithms.

Economic context also matters. In countries with lower unemployment, AI appreciation is more pronounced. 

“It makes intuitive sense,” Lu says. “If you worry about being replaced by AI, you’re less likely to embrace it.”  

Lu is continuing to examine people’s complex and evolving attitudes toward AI. While he does not view the current meta-analysis as the last word on the matter, he hopes the Capability–Personalization Framework offers a valuable lens for understanding how people evaluate AI across different contexts. 

“We’re not claiming perceived capability and personalization are the only two dimensions that matter, but according to our meta-analysis, these two dimensions capture much of what shapes people’s preferences for AI versus humans across a wide range of studies,” Lu concludes.

In addition to Lu, the paper’s co-authors are Xin Qin, Chen Chen, Hansen Zhou, Xiaowei Dong, and Limei Cao of Sun Yat-sen University; Xiang Zhou of Shenzhen University; and Dongyuan Wu of Fudan University. 

The research was supported, in part, by grants to Qin and Wu from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. 

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Written by Peter Dizikes, MIT News

 

Study finds pitchers have thicker UCLs in elbows than other baseball players, factors that risk common injury



Arm slot not factor in who might suffer injury that leads to Tommy John surgery




University of Kansas





LAWRENCE — Every baseball season, players from major leagues to youth levels lose time because of injuries to the ulnar collateral ligament in the elbow. A University of Kansas researcher is co-author of a new study that used advanced technology to measure the thickness of baseball players’ UCLs, finding the ligaments were thicker in pitchers versus position players and that the common assumption of certain arm slots being less stressful on the elbow was not supported. 

The findings, published in the Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, help demonstrate risks for the injury and how athletes, trainers and coaches can prevent them.

The researchers conducted a study with 22 NCAA Division I college baseball players over the course of a preseason. The players wore a sleeve with an embedded accelerometer that measured elbow torque and other variables while the players completed at least 1,000 throws during data collection. Ultrasounds were taken of their elbows. 

Results showed that pitchers had thicker UCLs than nonpitchers and that all players had thicker UCLs in their throwing arm versus nonthrowing arm. Additionally, the study found that a player’s arm slot, or the angle of the arm during their throwing motion, did not differ between pitchers and nonpitchers.

Pitchers routinely make more throws — and more high-intensity throws — than other players. That their UCL thickness was greater was not a surprise. But better understanding how factors like elbow torque contribute to the condition of UCLs can help players develop better mechanics and trainers develop players with attributes that can reduce their risk of injury, said Quincy Johnson, assistant professor of health, sport & exercise science and assistant director of the Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory at KU, and one of the study’s authors. 

Prevention is valuable as players suffer UCL injuries at a high rate. In fact, the condition is even known as “Little League elbow” in youth sports.

“The purpose of this study came from members of the coaching and sports medicine staff who wanted to know if we could measure things like ligament size, and if we could include factors like height, weight and throwing mechanics to see if they make a difference,” Johnson said.

Pitchers more commonly suffer UCL injuries, and the procedure that repairs it is commonly known as “Tommy John surgery,” named after one of the first major league pitchers to undergo the procedure. But positional players have experienced both the injuries and surgeries as well. Previous research has indicated a positive relationship between UCL morphology, such as thickness, and increased UCL injury risk in 70 professional baseball pitchers. And ultrasound technology has shown to potentially be able to detect changes in the UCL prior to injury, hence better understanding what factors contribute to UCL thickness is valuable, Johnson said.

Conventional baseball wisdom has also long held that arm slot contributes to injury risk, with certain angles believed to be more dangerous or easier on the throwing arm.

“There are a lot of kids being told that there is an optimal arm slot for a pitcher, or others are harder on the arm, but it did not show that it had an effect on players’ UCL thickness in our study,” Johnson said.

Factors including higher elbow torque, higher-effort throws, volume of throws and speed of the arm during throws all correlated with a thicker UCL.

The study was co-written by Calvin Smith of Syracuse University, Brittany Dowling of Sports Performance Center, Chicago; Elias Williams of Oklahoma State University; Mitchel Magrini of Creighton University; Kase Pennartz of the University of North Texas; and Micheal Luera of Tarleton State University.

The study participants had to meet criteria of not having injuries to their throwing arm or current symptoms in the arm. Eleven were pitchers, and 11 were nonpitchers.

Johnson said the findings accomplish several things, including confirming thicker UCLs in pitchers versus nonpitchers and which factors did contribute to UCL morphology. They also can help coaches, athletes and athletic trainers develop strength and conditioning routines that help players enhance athletic performance, minimize their risk for injury and use better throwing mechanics. 

Additionally, the findings refute the common belief factors such as height, weight and even-handedness as predictors for a proper arm slot for a given player.

A former strength and conditioning coach, Johnson hopes to continue research into UCL injury risk factors such as how the type of pitch thrown affects UCL morphology. The Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory is part of the Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, which examines human health through understanding peak performance.

Johnson also recently published research on the specific body composition, strength and power characteristics key to different positions on the football field.

Ultimately, the UCL research can help coaches and players reduce injury risk, which can save money and recovery time as well as careers, as many young players never fully come back from UCL injuries. Teams have developed approaches such as maximum pitch counts to reduce risk, but more can be done.

“Is this the best way to go forward, where we’re routinely going through arms?” Johnson said. “We need to continue with a set of questions and ideas about things like throw volume and max effort throws to see if we can come up with better throwing development at lower levels of the sport.”