Time machine in drones? – Photorealistic depiction of the Great Hungarian Plain before water regulations
A new tool that helps to better understand the original functioning of a landscape and can support strategic decisions about current land use
Eötvös Loránd University
image:
A flood situation at Tisza-Körös confluence nowadays (top) and how could it have looked before water control works (bottom)
Reconstruction of the unregulated Hármas-Körös River floodplain at the time of the spring flood in the 18th century. (a) The image endeavors to convey the strip of forest serving as a breaker for the unregulated river and the free flow of the accretion waters. (b) Reconstruction was performed with the help of a photograph taken by a drone near the village Öcsöd and with the prompt mentioned in the text.
view moreCredit: Photo: Eötvös Loránd University
Researchers at Eötvös Loránd University are generating realistic drone footage of landscapes from even hundreds of years ago with the help of artificial intelligence. With their method, presented in the journal Land, the authors aim to introduce a new tool that helps to better understand the original functioning of a landscape and can support strategic decisions about current land use — for example, implementing water retention solutions in often drought-stricken areas such as the Hungarian Great Plain.
Many of us have wondered what a landscape we see in a modern photograph might have looked like centuries ago. This question is especially intriguing when we know that the scenery has been radically transformed by human intervention over the past centuries. The Great Hungarian Plain (Alföld) is a perfect example: in the mid-19th century, river and water regulation projects turned what was once a partly marshy, swampy region into seemingly endless farmland. As recent years have brought recurring droughts—often linked to global warming—raising questions about the sustainability of this new land use, a new research result introduces a way to visualize historical conditions by generating “historical drone photos.”
Researchers from the Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences—Gusztáv Jakab and Enikő Magyari from the Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Gábor Timár from the Department of Geophysics and Space Science, and Benedek Jakab from RAIZEN.Art—recently published a study in the journal Land titled “A Powerful Approach in Visualization: Creating Photorealistic Landscapes with AI.” The study’s lead author, Gusztáv Jakab, has spent years capturing drone footage of the increasingly arid landscapes and habitats of the Great Hungarian Plain. The goal of the present work is to estimate, using these drone images, what the landscape would have looked like from the same vantage point 200–250 years ago—if our drones had a “time machine” function.
The article proposes a workflow using publicly available or low-cost artificial intelligence applications (primarily ChatGPT, Krea AI, Adobe Firefly, and Lightroom CC) to generate prompts that create such landscapes and outlines what the authors consider the optimal algorithm for this process. The study pays special attention to unique landscape elements visible in the input image that could not have existed in the past (e.g., roads, power lines), which should be excluded, as well as those that might be worth added in the result (e.g., characteristic animals or plant species). This raises the point that such visual reconstructions are most authentic when created by experts who understand the history of the landscape.
A second key idea in the study is how to generate these landscapes when the input is not a modern drone photo, but a historical map from the period being examined. The first systematic mapping of Hungary was carried out during the reign of Joseph II, but earlier local engineering maps of smaller regions also exist. The article presents such an example. Unlike the drone-based approach, this method allows for fact-checking: by applying the algorithm used for old maps to a modern map as a starting point, the results can be compared to current drone images or, as demonstrated in the study, to Google Earth views.
What may seem like just an “electronic toy” at first glance is, in fact, a powerful tool for visually and realistically presenting the pre-regulation landscape of the Great Hungarian Plain to a wide audience, in a way that is as verifiable as possible. This not only helps us better understand the original functioning of the landscape but also supports the acceptance of current strategies aimed primarily at water retention.
Checking with modern cartography. The generated landscape (a) based on actual topographic map (b).
Verification of the method with modern databases: (a) AI-generated image of Farmos Nagy-Nádas (Central Hungary; zone (4) in Figure 1), based on modern topographic map (b); compared to the Google Earth image with satellite image from June 2021 (c). The land cover types show some medium-level generalization, yet the similarity is evident.
From drone photo to historical landscape: the Büs-ér in 2023 (top) and how might it have looked 250 years ago (bottom)
River Büsér in the Middle Ages. We used generative filling to replace the grasslands with marshes, the dry riverbed with a river, and remove modern drainage channels and roads. (a) Original drone photo from September 2024; (b) AI-generated image.
River Büsér in the Middle Ages. We used generative filling to replace the grasslands with marshes, the dry riverbed with a river, and remove modern drainage channels and roads. (a) Original drone photo from September 2024; (b) AI-generated image.
Credit
Photo: Eötvös Loránd University
Photo: Eötvös Loránd University
Journal
Land
Article Title
A Powerful Approach in Visualization: Creating Photorealistic Landscapes with AI
Article Publication Date
8-Jul-2025
