Friday, August 22, 2025

 

Researchers use AI to turn park reviews into science




University of Florida
Topeekeegee Yugnee Park 

image: 

Topeekeegee Yugnee or TY Park in Broward County, Florida

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Credit: Brittany Mason





Your five-star review of a park may have more weight than you think. Scientists just turned it into data, thanks to artificial intelligence.

Researchers at the University of Florida based in Fort Lauderdale used machine learning to analyze more than 30,000 Google Maps and TripAdvisor reviews for parks, gardens and greenways throughout Broward County. Their analysis identified 11 types of “cultural ecosystem services” or nonmaterial benefits provided by nature, such as beauty, recreation, relaxation and inspiration. By using this type of AI, they pinpointed which parks offer the richest mix of these services.

Their findings, published in the journal Ecosystem Services, show that parks with more trees, more space, diverse plants and wildlife and water features tend to deliver the most value.

AI also revealed that cultural benefits often overlap. For example, a trail popular for jogging might also offer birdwatching, family time and quiet reflection – all bundled together in one green pocket of the city.

“By applying AI to countless online reviews, we can now measure these cultural values and understand how park design and planning can be optimized for public wellbeing,” said Haojie Cao, lead author and a doctoral student at UF/IFAS Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, or FLREC.

The study’s authors suggest this AI-driven approach could be used anywhere, turning what people are already saying online into actionable insights for building healthier, happier communities.

It’s a blend of cutting-edge tech and hometown values, the same kind of algorithms driving innovation in healthcare and business are now helping decode how people experience and value nature in one of Florida’s most urban counties. For Broward, where nearly two million residents share limited open space, researchers found that certain parks offer the greatest boosts to well-being. Features like shade, trees, walking paths and water access emerged as especially important in shaping people’s experiences.

“Social media data, empowered by AI, could provide a valuable means to understand where and how urban residents benefit most from parks and track progress towards management and planning efforts to optimize greenspaces that benefit both people and nature,” said Jiangxiao Qiu, associate professor of landscape ecology at the UF/IFAS Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center and the senior author of this work. “In some ways, the results could be considered citizen science data since the observations are right from the source.”

Among other study takeaways, findings revealed that aesthetics, entertainment and physical and experiential offerings are the most reported cultural ecosystem services provided by urban greenspaces. Authors suggest these bundled benefits are opportunities to design and manage parks in ways that enhance the user’s experience adding value to the park for the public.

Ultimately, the research offers an adaptable roadmap — powered by AI and big data — for studying, mapping and understanding the intangible cultural values of urban nature, said Qiu.

“These cultural ecosystem services are among the most valuable benefits that urban parks and greenspaces provide to its residents,” he said. “As cities grow in size and population, sustainable greenspace planning and management can be informed and empowered by AI and big data to understand where and how to allocate efforts and resources to improve their cultural values and social wellbeing and to track progress towards these urban policy and intervention goals.”

Welleby Park in Broward County, Florida

Credit

Brittany Mason

 

Only 37% of US states require sexual education in schools to be medically accurate




Boston University School of Public Health



While the majority of states require public school students to take at least one sexual education course, a patchwork of state-level provisions that mandate inaccurate, outdated, or politically motivated curricula may inhibit students from receiving essential information for their sexual health and well-being. 

Despite overwhelming evidence of the health benefits of school-based sexual education, no federal law requires schools in the United States to teach this subject. As a result, the decision to provide sexual education to students falls to states or local school districts, leaving a patchwork of inconsistent, inequitable, and often inaccurate instruction that could leave students ill-equipped to make informed decisions about their sexual health, relationships, and well-being.

A new study that aimed to better understand and assess current sexual education laws in the US found that while 42 states require public school students to take a sexual education course that covers at least one topic within this subject between kindergarten and high school, only 19 states mandate that this instruction be medically accurate—and 5 of those states only require medical accuracy for specific topics.

Led by a Boston University School of Public Health researcher, the study found that 34 states that mandate this education require instruction on abstinence, a method that has consistently proven to be ineffective or harmful to adolescent sexual health, but continues to be embraced and funded by the federal government. Thirty-four states also allow parents to opt their children out of receiving any sexual education instruction, while five states require parents to opt in for their children to receive this instruction. The findings were published in the American Journal of Public Health.

Adolescents are at a disproportionate risk of experiencing sexual health conditions, including sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS, as well as unwanted pregnancies, and unhealthy relationships. Many states have amended their sexual education laws over the five years, and researchers hope this new insight will spur additional policy changes that expand adolescents’ access to comprehensive, inclusive, and age-appropriate education and improve their sexual health and well-being.

“While many students in the US are required to get some form of sexual education, our study shows that substantially fewer students are likely to be getting the comprehensive sexual education that public health and medical associations recommend,” says study lead and corresponding author Dr. Kimberly Nelson, associate professor of community health sciences at BUSPH. “Only 58 percent of students reside in a jurisdiction that requires sexual education to be medically accurate, and many jurisdictions have content mandates that extend only to a few topics. This means that many US students are living in jurisdictions where they are unlikely to receive the accurate and comprehensive information that we know will help them make informed, healthy choices about their sexual behaviors and relationships.” 

For the study, Dr. Nelson and colleagues from BUSPH, Cornell Law School, and Florida International University identified and analyzed state statutes, administrative regulations, and state court decisions that mandated sexual education in public schools in every US state and Washington, D.C., and also examined sexual education content requirements and parental notice and consent policies. 

These state mandates varied by region, with all Northeast states requiring school-based sexual education for at least one topic, followed by 88 percent of states in the South, 83 percent of states in the Midwest, and 62 percent of states in the West.

In addition to abstinence, 34 states mandate school instruction about HIV, while 32 states require education about STIs, and 31 states mandate instruction on child abuse prevention. While less common, 27 states require instruction about healthy relationships, 24 states require education about sexual assault, and 21 states require instruction about dating violence or intimate partner violence.

Only 20 states require instruction about contraception, and even fewer mandate instruction about sexual orientation (12 states), condoms (11 states), and consent to sex (9 states). Two of the 12 states (Oklahoma and Texas) that mandated instruction about sexual orientation also required the use of stigmatizing or otherwise negative messaging, such as the idea that same-sex activity is “primarily responsible” for AIDS exposure.  

The researchers note that more studies are needed to understand the extent to which parental opt-in and opt-out policies, as well as parents’ rights to review or receive advance notice of sexual education curricula, limit the effect of state sexual education mandates. But they acknowledge that these policies likely serve as political compromises that may be difficult to reverse. 

“Because policy decisions about sexual education curricula happen at the state-level, state-level sociopolitical forces exert substantial influence on sexual education,” Dr. Nelson says. These forces also help explain why sexual education in school still embraces abstinence-only instruction, versus more comprehensive approaches, she says. “In states where sociopolitical forces and vocal advocacy groups push an abstinence-focused approach, that approach is likely to be seen as politically advantageous and be adopted.”

The senior author of the study is Dr. Kristen Underhill, associate dean for faculty research and professor of law at Cornell Law School.

** 

About Boston University School of Public Health 

Founded in 1976, Boston University School of Public Health is one of the top ten ranked schools of public health in the world. It offers master's- and doctoral-level education in public health. The faculty in six departments conduct policy-changing public health research around the world, with the mission of improving the health of populations—especially the disadvantaged, underserved, and vulnerable—locally and globally.

Study finds wide variation in Amazon’s response to degradation and climate change



The research by Yale School of the Environment scientists highlights the need to reduce the “hammer” of human impact and deforestation rather than focus on an all-encompassing climatic tipping point




Yale University




As deforestation and climate change threaten to transform the Amazon, there is growing concern that the ecosystem may be reaching an irreversible tipping point, beyond which self-reinforcing feedback loops would lock the system in a degraded state and lead to the Amazon flipping from a carbon sink to a carbon emitter. 

However, a new study, led by Yale School of the Environment scientists, found that there is no evidence of a single, basin-wide tipping point. Instead, there is wide variation in how the ecosystem is responding to human activity, and the more urgent concern in most areas is the repeated “hammer blows” to the system from direct human activities like deforestation, logging, species loss, and burning.

“The biggest concern is not the feedback loops we might have 30 or 50 years from now. It’s the sheer size and intensity of direct human impact today,” said Paulo Brando, associate professor of ecosystem carbon capture at YSE and the study’s lead author. “The forest shows massive resilience to these shocks, but we are, in many places, already surpassing that resilience.” 

The analysis by the international team of researchers, published in the Annual Review of Environment and Resources, emphasized the impacts of unsustainable land-use on biodiversity, livelihoods, and the global climate. 

The Amazon stores an amount of carbon equivalent to about ten years of global carbon dioxide emissions and across the globe, tropical forests account for approximately 55% of global forest above ground-carbon stock and 40% of the total global terrestrial carbon sink. Previous research has suggested some landscapes of tropical forests may be losing their capacity to sequester carbon.

The tipping point idea is increasingly the foundation of a lot of conservation policy in the region, Brando noted. It assumes that, beyond a quantifiable threshold, the forest would be so fundamentally changed that it could no longer sustain itself, driven by cascading feedback loops and lack of regeneration that the authors liken to falling dominos. In some drier regions, these loops include worsening fires that lead to a sparser tree canopy, the accumulation of new growth, and the spread of flammable vegetation, leaving the forest more vulnerable to the next fire. 

Yet, there was no scientific consensus of whether a single threshold exists to set off this spiral of total forest collapse. The researchers found many ecological processes in the Amazon that are interacting in different ways in different regions, making it unlikely that a single domino falling could force the entire system to collapse. While some parts of the basin, such as the southeast, may experience climate change-driven tipping points, the primary threat in most areas is more like a hammer, with activities like deforestation chipping away at the health of the ecosystem with each blow.

The study also noted that the Amazon remains surprisingly resilient. Climate change alone appears unlikely to lead to a total collapse, and vast areas of the forest have a high potential to recover — if humans stop the hammering. Brando likens the situation to the difference between a leak slowly eroding the foundation of a house versus a wrecking ball that will demolish it. 

“Your house could collapse either way,” Brando said. “But if you stop the wrecking ball, you might actually have a chance to fix the leak and save your foundation.”

These findings point to the continued need for sustainable land use and local solutions, such as reducing fire activity, promoting ecosystem restoration, and, in particular, curbing deforestation, to ensure the long-term health of the Amazon, he said.

“If we do stop these drivers of change, these hammers, then we still may give the forest a chance to bounce back,” Brando said. “Every action — little, big, short-term, long-term — may have a benefit.”

 


US oil and gas air pollution causes unequal health impacts



Air pollution from oil and gas is causing 91,000 premature deaths and hundreds of thousands of health issues across the United States annually, with Black, Asian, Native American and Hispanic groups consistently the most affected, finds a major new study





University College London






Air pollution from oil and gas is causing 91,000 premature deaths and hundreds of thousands of health issues across the United States annually, with Black, Asian, Native American and Hispanic groups consistently the most affected, finds a major new study led by researchers at UCL and the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI).

The research, published in Science Advances, is the first to comprehensively quantify the health impacts of outdoor air pollution across all stages of the US oil and gas lifecycle, from extraction to end-use (cars, power plants), as well as to analyse the associated racial and ethnic disparities in exposure and health burden.

In addition, the researchers found that 10,350 pre-term births and 216,000 new cases of childhood asthma per year were attributable to oil and gas air pollution, as well as 1,610 lifetime cancers across the US.

For the study, the research team used advanced computer models to map air pollution from oil and gas activities across the US. They then used this information, along with established health risk data, to estimate the number of severe health outcomes like asthma, preterm birth, and early death. 

Lead author, Dr Karn Vohra (UCL Geography, now at University of Birmingham) said: “We used a state-of-the-science air quality model to separate air pollution caused by each major stage of the oil and gas lifecycle from other sources of air pollution. This enabled us to work out and compare health outcomes. What we found was striking: one in five preterm births and adult deaths linked to fine particulate pollution are from oil and gas. Even more concerning is that nearly 90% of new childhood asthma cases tied to nitrogen dioxide pollution were from this sector.”

The US has one of the world’s largest oil and gas industries but the health impacts and inequities from its air pollution have been poorly characterized. The research quantifies the health impacts of air pollution across all oil and gas lifecycle stages, from exploration, extraction and drilling (upstream), through to compression, transport and storage (midstream), refinement or transformation into petrochemical products (downstream) and consumer end-use.

The researchers found that the final end-use stage, mostly from burning fossil fuels, overwhelmingly contributes the greatest detrimental health burden, accounting for 96% of total incidents linked to the oil and gas sector. The five states that experience the greatest total health burden from all stages are amongst the most populated (California, Texas, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey). When normalised for population, residents in New Jersey, the District of Columbia, New York, California, and Maryland are subject to the greatest health impacts.

Unmasking a hidden health toll

Across the US, marginalised ethnic and racial groups face the greatest exposure to air pollution and health impacts across all stages. Native American and Hispanic populations are most affected by upstream and midstream stages while Black and Asian populations are most affected by downstream and end-use stages.

On a national scale, downstream activities cause far less pollution than upstream and end-use activities, but this stage is the cause for greatest relative adverse health outcomes for the Black population, particularly in Southern Louisiana (the region known as “Cancer Alley”) and eastern Texas. The health outcomes for the Black population that are more severe than national incidences include premature mortality, preterm births, and development of asthma amongst children.

Much of the disparity in exposures and health outcomes stem from a legacy of zoning practices, such as “redlining,” that relegated certain populations to live near pollution hotspots such as industrial areas or high-traffic roadways. Permitting of large factories that produce products from oil and gas is another contributing factor.

Senior author, Professor Eloise Marais (UCL Geography), said: “It is well known that air pollution from oil and gas activities causes certain communities to experience worse health outcomes. These communities are already aware of this unjust exposure and the disproportionately large health burdens they experience. Our study puts science-backed numbers on just how large these unfair exposures and health outcomes are.”

The researchers were also able to track air pollution across borders, attributing 1,170 early deaths in southern Canada and 440 early deaths in northern Mexico to oil and gas air pollution from the US.

Co-author Dr Ploy Achakulwisut (SEI) said: “Our study provides yet another compelling case for why we need to accelerate the phase-out of oil and gas production and combustion with hard numbers: hundreds of thousands of children, adults, and the elderly in the US could be saved from illnesses and early deaths every year. We therefore have an imperative to not only urgently transition away from fossil fuels to achieve net-zero emissions to save lives in the long term from climate devastation, but also to save lives and minimize environmental injustices in the near term from air pollution exposure.”

The researchers developed a comprehensive inventory of oil and gas air pollution sources, then ran it through a computer model that calculates the complex air chemistry that forms harmful pollutants across the US. They then used these air pollutant concentrations with epidemiological evidence of the relationship between exposure and health risk along with census and health data to determine multiple adverse health outcomes and racial-ethnic disparities.

The researchers compiled data for the year 2017, the most recent year of complete data available. They added that their estimates are most likely conservative as US oil and gas production has increased by 40% and consumption by 8% between 2017 and 2023, and their work only focused on outdoor air pollution.

This analysis was carried out by researchers from UCL, the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), George Washington University and University of Colorado Boulder.

 

Notes to Editors

For more information or to speak to the researchers involved, please contact Michael Lucibella, UCL Media Relations. T: +44 (0)75 3941 0389, E: m.lucibella@ucl.ac.uk

Karn Vohra, Eloise A. Marais, Ploy Achakulwisut, Susan Anenberg, and Colin Harkins, ‘The health burden and racial-ethnic disparities of air pollution from the major oil and gas lifecycle stages in the United States’ will be published in Science Advances on Friday 22 August 2025, 19:00 UK time, 14:00 US Eastern Time, and is under a strict embargo until this time.

Following publication, the paper will be available at: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adu2241

Supplementary material will be at: https://www.science.org/doi/suppl/10.1126/sciadv. adu2241/suppl_file/sciadv.adu2241_sm.pdf

Tableau dashboard: https://bit.ly/US_oilgas_healthburden_dashboard 

 

Additional material

 

About UCL – London’s Global University

UCL is a diverse global community of world-class academics, students, industry links, external partners, and alumni. Our powerful collective of individuals and institutions work together to explore new possibilities.

Since 1826, we have championed independent thought by attracting and nurturing the world's best minds. Our community of more than 50,000 students from 150 countries and over 16,000 staff pursues academic excellence, breaks boundaries and makes a positive impact on real world problems.

The Times and Sunday Times University of the Year 2024, we are consistently ranked among the top 10 universities in the world and are one of only a handful of institutions rated as having the strongest academic reputation and the broadest research impact.

We have a progressive and integrated approach to our teaching and research – championing innovation, creativity and cross-disciplinary working. We teach our students how to think, not what to think, and see them as partners, collaborators and contributors.  

For almost 200 years, we are proud to have opened higher education to students from a wide range of backgrounds and to change the way we create and share knowledge.

We were the first in England to welcome women to university education and that courageous attitude and disruptive spirit is still alive today. We are UCL.

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Scientists reveal how microbes collaborate to consume potent greenhouse gas



Microbes that filter methane from the ocean floor may hold new clues to addressing climate change, USC Dornsife researchers and collaborators find



University of Southern California






Methane — a potent greenhouse gas — constantly seeps from the ocean floor and can rise into the atmosphere. Now, an international team led by scientists with the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences has uncovered how tiny microorganisms work together as a living electrical network to consume some of this gas before it escapes, acting as a powerful living filter. 

By revealing how these microbes naturally reduce methane emissions, the findings could lead to innovative strategies to better control methane release in both natural and engineered environments.

The study, published in the journal Science Advances, sheds light on a unique partnership between two very different microbes: anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). 

Alone, neither microbe can consume methane. When ANME break down methane, the process releases electrons that must be offloaded — a process known as a redox reaction, in which electrons move from one molecule to another — much like how humans rely on oxygen to accept electrons. Without an electron acceptor, methane consumption stalls. 

This is where their bacterial partners step in. 

While unable to consume methane themselves, the SRB help by accepting the electrons released during the process and transferring them to SRB’s electron acceptor, sulfate, which powers their own metabolism.

“These two very different microbes come together into physically interconnected bundles,” said Moh El-Naggar, Dean’s Professor of Physics and Astronomy and professor of chemistry and biological sciences at USC Dornsife and one of the study’s lead researchers. “And the whole process works because conductive redox proteins link them up into functioning electrical circuits.”

Using specialized electrochemical methods, the international research team — including scientists from Caltech, Peking University and the Max Planck Institute of Marine Microbiology — measured this electron exchange in the lab for the first time, using samples collected from different marine methane seeps, including the Mediterranean Sea, Guaymas Basin and the California coast.

“These microbial partnerships act as natural sentries, playing a crucial role in limiting the release of methane into the ocean and atmosphere,” said Hang Yu, the study’s lead author, who began this research nine years ago during his PhD at Caltech and focused on it as a postdoctoral fellow at USC Dornsife. Now an assistant professor at Peking University, Yu added, “By uncovering how these partnerships function, we gain insight into how life has evolved over billions of years, even in extreme environments, to consume potent greenhouse gases.”

The researchers say the discovery offers new insight into how unseen microbial activity may influence Earth’s systems in ways we’re only beginning to understand.

“It may surprise people to know that microbes, even in the remotest of places, work together in sophisticated ways that influence processes on a planetary scale,” said Victoria Orphan, James Irvine Professor of Environmental Science and Geobiology at Caltech and co-author of the study. “This discovery, the result of nearly a decade of multidisciplinary research, is a testament to persistence and collaboration in science. It underscores how much we still have to learn about the microbial ecosystems we depend on.”

About the study:
The research was conducted by an international team that also included Shuai Xu and Yamini Jangir, former USC and Caltech postdoctoral scholars, and Gunter Wegener, a senior scientist at the Max Planck Institute of Marine Microbiology. The study was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Germany’s Excellence Initiative.

 

Disclaimer: AAA

New White House TikTok Account Boosts Trump Bashing Zelensky as He Scrambles to End War

Tom Sanders
Wed, August 20, 2025 


SAUL LOEB / AFP via Getty Images


The White House’s new TikTok account features a clip of Donald Trump berating Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, just days after cozying up to him during a high-stakes peace summit in Washington, D.C..

Despite previously labelling the Chinese-owned app a threat to national security and demanding it be sold, the White House, nevertheless, launched its own official account, and kicked things off with a video captioned “America we are BACK! What’s up TikTok?”





Two more videos soon followed, one of which featured quick cuts of the White House exterior accompanied by the caption “We’re so back,” while the other showcased several heavily edited moments of Trump smack-talking, insulting critics, and dancing to the YMCA.

Among them was a clip of the now-infamous Oval Office argument between Trump and Zelensky back in February, in which the president yelled, “You don’t have the cards.” Edited out of the clip was Zelensky’s retort, in which the wartime president tells Trump and JD Vance, “We’re not here to play games.”


The two leaders want to patch up their rift. / Anna Moneymaker / Getty Images

The clip’s inclusion is a curious one, given that both sides were keen to downplay the disagreement and repair tensions during Monday’s summit at the White House. Zelensky, donning a suit instead of his usual combat attire, gifted Trump a golf club and presented the first lady a handwritten letter from his wife, Olena, thanking her for challenging Russia’s Vladimir Putin.

Trump, meanwhile, presented Zelensky with symbolic keys to the White House and later posted a video of himself praising the Ukrainian president’s golf game.

“I just watched your swing. I know a lot about golf, and your swing is great,” Trump said in the video shared by the Ukrainian veterans organization, United by Golf. “You’re an amazing person, and you just keep playing golf and doing all of the other things. Your country is a great country. We’re trying to bring it back to health.”


The two had a blazing argument when they last met at the Oval Office. / SAUL LOEB / AFP via Getty Images

The White House is desperately trying to keep both Russia, which launched its full-scale invasion in February 2022, and Ukraine onside as Trump attempts to organize a three-way meeting between himself, Zelensky, and Vladimir Putin.

Putin has previously shown no interest in meeting Zelensky, but Trump insists that position has now changed.

White House Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt later said Putin had “agreed to” a meeting with Trump and Zelensky following the call. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov later suggested that was still to be confirmed and that, “Any contacts involving top officials must be prepared with the utmost care.”

Congress previously voted overwhelmingly to ban TikTok last year if parent company ByteDance did not sell to a U.S. buyer, although the deadline for a sale has been extended three times with no concrete deal in sight. The current deadline is less than a month away, on September 17.

The White House’s presence on the app, which Trump is known to have a soft spot for after crediting it for helping him reach younger voters during the 2024 presidential campaign, is perhaps a sign that the app is here to stay.

“The Trump administration is committed to communicating the historic successes President Trump has delivered to the American people with as many audiences and platforms as possible,” Leavitt said in a statement after the account went live.

The Daily Beast has reached out to The White House for further comment.