When bison have room to roam, they reawaken the Yellowstone ecosystem
image:
Bison Grazing in spring near Roosevelt Arch in Gardiner, MT.
view moreCredit: Jacob Frank National Park Service
On Aug. 28, scientists from Washington and Lee University, the National Park Service and the University of Wyoming published research in Science magazine shedding new light on the value of bison recovery efforts in Yellowstone National Park.
Bill Hamilton, John T. Perry Jr. Professor in Research Science at Washington and Lee University, and Chris Geremia, a researcher with the National Park Service at Yellowstone, served as co-first authors, with co-author Jerod Merkle, associate professor and Knobloch Professor in Migration Ecology and Conservation at the University of Wyoming.
While momentum is building to restore bison across North America, most efforts focus on small, managed herds, leaving it unclear how large, migrating herds shape landscapes and whether their effects enhance or degrade ecosystems. The study by Geremia, Hamilton and Merkle considered large migrating herds of bison at Yellowstone National Park, observing their grazing habits as they concentrate in the park’s river valleys during spring and summer.
With a population of around 5,000 animals (stabilized since the mid-2010s, after recovering from a low of 23 animals in 1902), bison today travel about 1,000 miles each year, making back-and-forth movements along a 50-mile migration route. Along their route, the bison graze intensely, consuming young growing plants emerging after snow melts; to many, this might look overgrazed, but they found that it is far from the whole story.
The research team’s study suggests that bison speed up the nitrogen cycle as they graze; the plants grow as much as they would if they weren’t grazed but, strikingly, are 150% more nutritious.
The nitrogen cycle is how nitrogen moves between the plants and animals of the ecosystem and the air and soil. Microbes in the soil recycle nitrogen from decaying plants and animals into forms typically seen in common fertilizers (ammonium and nitrate). Those forms are favored by plants to reuse. The authors found that as bison graze they increase the amount of microbes, resulting in more nitrogen available for plants to use and, ultimately, more nutritious plants for plant-eating animals.
As the bison’s grazing continues throughout the summer, this cycle is reinforced, keeping plants short, dense and nitrogen rich.
“What we’re witnessing is that as bison move across the landscape, they amplify the nutritional quality and capacity of Yellowstone,” Hamilton said. “Their grazing likely has important consequences for other herbivores and for the food web as a whole, similar to the changes that occurred in the Serengeti when the wildebeest population recovered.”
To understand how bison create these changes in the nitrogen cycle, the researchers conducted field experiments from 2015 to 2021, monitoring plant growth, nutrient cycling, plant and soil chemistry, herbivory, plant community composition and soil microbial populations. They used movable exclosures to compare grazed and ungrazed conditions, and they combined these experiments with landscape-scale satellite imagery and GPS collar data. This allowed them to map bison impacts across the entire migratory landscape.
“With the current large herds of bison, Yellowstone grasslands are functioning better than in their absence,” Hamilton said. “And this version is a glimpse of what was lost when bison were nearly wiped out across North America in the late 1800s.”
Over the course of the study, the researchers found that the soils sustained their nutrient storage. Plant communities changed in some areas, but productivity was maintained, and the biodiversity of plants increased across the migration corridor. Overgrazing is often characterized as a landscape where plant productivity and diversity go down and soils become compacted with resulting reductions in nutrient storage and cycling. “Yet, we found pretty much the opposite of that” said co-author Merkle. “The return of a large-scale bison migration provides clear benefits to the ecosystem services that underlie Yellowstone. Heterogeneity is what bison seem to provide. When I look out across the bison migration, there is strong variation in the amount of grazing — some places appear to be very short lawns while others remain untouched.”
Yellowstone has long served as a model of ecological restoration, and this new research highlights the overlooked power of restoring large herbivores in large, free-moving numbers. Unlike traditional bison conservation efforts focused on small, fenced areas and controlled numbers based on grazing management principles, Yellowstone shows the value of restoring movement and scale. Migrating bison reshape the land not by being managed — but by moving.
Journal
Science
Method of Research
Observational study
Subject of Research
Animals
Article Publication Date
28-Aug-2025
Aerial view of large groups of bison during late summer in the Lamar Valley where grazing lawns are formed.
Credit
Chris Geremia National Park Service
A fixed exclosure at one of the grazing lawn sites in mid-summer. Fixed exclosures are installed in spring and stay up until October to quantify the amount of biomass produced in the absence of grazing.
Credit
Chris Geremia National Park Service
A grazing lawn site in the Lamar Valley showing heterogeneity in grazing patterns during summer.
A grazing lawn site in early spring showing movable exclosures. Exclosures were moved every 30 days to quantify the amount of biomass consumed by bison and other herbivores.
A moveable exclosure at one of the dry habitat sites in summer. Exclosures were moved every 30 days to quantify the amount of biomass consumed by bison and other herbivores.
Credit
E. William Hamilton
Yellowstone’s free roaming bison drive grassland resilience
Summary author: Walter Beckwith
Yellowstone’s roaming bison herds enhance nutrient cycles and boost ecosystem health at landscape scales, according to a new study. The findings, which challenge conventional grazing wisdom, suggest that restoring large-scale migrations could unlock the species’ full ecological power. Historically, North America supported tens of millions of bison whose seasonal migrations transformed the continent’s vast grassland ecosystems. Today, these once massive herds of wild, free roaming bison are no more; only about 400,000 bison remain, and almost all exist in small managed herds on private land or within parks and reserves. Although research suggests that bison play a powerful role in shaping ecosystems by diversifying habitats, influencing plant communities, and driving processes like nutrient cycling and productivity, the broader ecological impacts of large, migrating herds remain poorly understood because modern bison are mostly confined to limited areas. The restoration of bison migrations in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem, however, provides a rare natural laboratory for understanding how large herbivores shape ecosystems at the landscape scale.
Between 2015 and 2022, Chris Geremia and colleagues tracked bison grazing dynamics across 16 sites representing the animal’s three main habitats, and measured their impact on carbon and nitrogen dynamics, plant communities, and soil microbiology. Geremia et al. found that bison stabilized plant production while accelerating nitrogen cycling, boosting aboveground nitrogen and improving landscape nutritional quality, particularly in wet, nutrient-rich areas that hosted bison densities and grazing at levels higher than typically recommended. Soil microbe density and nitrogen content in soils and plants also increased in grazed areas. According to the authors, the findings show that the ecological power of large, migrating herbivores lies not only in their size but in their numbers, density, and freedom to migrate. “To move forward with conserving migratory herbivores and grassland ecosystems, we must embrace landscape-scale heterogeneity – not at the scale of individual ranches or pastures, but at sizes that allow for thousands of migrating large herbivores to move freely across the landscape,” write Geremia et al. “Our findings emphasize that ecosystems with large native herbivores, such as bison, can function successfully in today’s world.”
Journal
Science
Article Title
Yellowstone’s free moving large bison herds provide a glimpse of their past ecosystem function
Article Publication Date
28-Aug-2025
