Tuesday, September 09, 2025

 

The Department of War


Restoring the original and non-Orwellian name to the U.S. Department of War ought to have a positive impact on people’s speech and understanding.

Yes, of course, Trump did it in order to celebrate the sadistic malevolence associated with the word “war.” He did it while pursuing horrific wars in Palestine and Ukraine, threatening (and beginning) wars on Venezuela and Iran, and moving massive resources from human and environmental needs into war preparations in the U.S. and its vassal NATO members. He immediately threatened to invade Chicago and show it the meaning of the newly restored name.

Yes, of course, 78 years of propaganda will not be undone quickly. All or most of the governments around the world that copied the U.S. in renaming their militaries “defense” will fervently resist switching back. Even peace activists relentlessly talk about “the Defense Department,” “the defense industry,” “defense contractors,” etc. If decades of passionate advocacy by some of us for not parroting the very propaganda we work against has had virtually no impact, it can be expected to take at least a few weeks before people flip their linguistic habits in obedience to a fascist buffoon.

But flipping those linguistic habits, for whatever reason, remains something that would benefit us all. Words shape our thinking as much as communicate it. We shouldn’t applaud Trump for dropping the pretense that wars are waged for something other than sadism, power, and profit, because he’s trying to normalize the glorification of sadism, power, and profit. But if those who oppose evil were to drop the pretense that the greatest evil in the world is “defensive” and “humanitarian,” we’d be much better off.

If Congress had to pass National War Authorization and Appropriations Acts instead of so-called Nation “Defense” Acts, it might suddenly be possible to nudge the gears in a Congressional head or three into motion. The U.S. Constitution allows Congress to raise and support armies for no longer than two years at a time. It does not envision the permanent Military Industrial Congressional “Intelligence” Media Academic Think Tank Complex. Endless massive, ever-growing War Authorization Acts could make Congress stop and notice the absence during the past 84 years of any Declaration of War, or of any moment in which the U.S. War Department was not at war, or of any war that could be said to have accomplished anything useful.

Trump believes that restoring the name “War Department” will restore an imaginary age in which the United States “won” wars — a powerful admission that for 78 years, the U.S. government has spent trillions of dollars killing millions of people, destroying societies, ripping down the rule of law, causing horrific and lasting environmental damage, fueling bigotry, restricting civil liberties, corroding culture, and depriving positive initiatives of resources that could have transformed the world for the better. But — in the words of Jeanette Rankin, who voted in the U.S. Congress against both of the “beautiful” world wars — you can no more win a war than a hurricane. The U.S. “won” imperialist and coalition wars in the days of the Department of War by committing genocidal slaughters of a sort deemed grotesquely unacceptable in the age leading up to the current livestreamed genocide in Gaza, and by allowing allies like the Soviet Union to do most of the killing and dying (rather like Ukrainians today) before producing countless Hollywood movies suggesting a different story.

Restoring the acceptability of genocides, carpet bombings, and nuclear bombings doesn’t flow inevitably from restoring the name of the institution responsible. If we choose, the unconscionable horror of such things can instead mean that admitting what the Pentagon is, and stamping that disgusting, barbarous title over its front door could allow the development of a significant anti-war contingent in the United States. Such a contingent should not be simply anti-Trump. We should not be bothered by what he calls the war machine, but by the war machine itself — even when the name change is resisted or reversed.

One way to help this along would be to conscientiously remove from our speech and our thoughts, not just “defense” but all variety of insidious war propaganda terms. We might try also giving honest names to every governmental department. We might consider alternatives to war, and the case for war abolition.

David Swanson is an author, activist, journalist, and radio host. He is director of WorldBeyondWar.org and campaign coordinator for RootsAction.org. Swanson's books include War Is A Lie. He blogs at DavidSwanson.org and War Is a Crime.org. He hosts Talk Nation Radio. Follow him on Twitter: @davidcnswanson and FaceBookRead other articles by David.

 

Trump Down: There is Hope at the Grassroots



How is Trump doing in the polls? Over the last week and a half, averaging polls done by CBS, NBC, The Economist, Reuters/Ipsos and Quinnipiac, he is doing terribly: an average approval rating of 41.6% and a disapproval rating of 55.4%. He is down 14 points.

As significant, however, are the results from the Quinnipiac poll as far as strength of support for Trump. Those polled were asked if they strongly approved, or strongly disapproved. Here the margin widened by a lot: only 28% approve of Trump, compared to 49% disapproving.

I was struck by these numbers when first hearing about them last week. I remembered back to the lowest point for Richard Nixon as the Watergate criminal conspiracy unraveled and Congress was moving toward impeachment. This led to Nixon’s ultimate resignation in August, 1974, 21 months after he had won re-election in a landslide, garnering 61% of the vote and winning 49 states.

What were Nixon’s approval numbers in July of 1974? 25%, just three points less than Trump’s “strong approval” numbers.

This is a big deal.

The Quinnipiac polling on issues was similar. By a 60 to 32 percent margin, those polled opposed US military aid to Israel. By a 55-37% margin, people disapproved of Trump’s handling of the job of President. By a large 62-37% margin, people disapproved of Trump’s handling of the economy. But the largest margin was on handling the Epstein files: 19% in support to 67% disapproving.

I was surprised by these margins when I learned about all of this last week, but it fits with my sense of what is going on in the country and my experiences interacting with other people, which I’ve just done a lot of. For eight weeks between mid-July and yesterday, I was either at a week of family reunions in Virginia, traveling in my 2018 Chevrolet Bolt electric car out to Montana to visit my son, daughter-in-law and 4 year old grandson, spending five weeks with them, or returning home to New Jersey over 2,300 miles in our car.

One of the reasons my wife and I decided to travel this way was to experience very directly areas of the country we had never been to or not been to for a long time. We hoped all would go well mechanically, as well as our interactions with people along the way as we stopped to charge the car, camp or stay overnight in motels, eat in restaurants, get food and drink during rest stops and then, in southwest Montana, interact with others for the five weeks we were there.

I returned with a lot more hope about this country than I had before this trip. In the 12 states we went through or spent time in, most of them “red” or “purple,” we saw and heard very few signs of much support for Trump and his authoritarian government. I would estimate that, in all those eight weeks and thousands of miles, we saw no more than a dozen Trump signs and even fewer Trump hats or t-shirts being worn. People overwhelmingly were polite to us, as we were to them. There was virtually no evidence from these very many brief encounters that the USA at the grassroots has become a nasty, brutish, mean place.

I am sure that if we had gotten into ideological/political discussions with the people we interacted with, most of them of European descent, that there would have been some disagreements and tensions, but my sense is if that, even when that were true, there would have been some points of agreement to be found.

Trump and his regime are in big trouble, and they know it. Our resistance movement is winning victories and putting up a strong fight on local, state and national levels. The US American people as a whole are clearly open to and supportive of our message. Let’s keep building and growing that movement, incorporating more and more people into it who have never been activists before. That is a central, continuing task if we are serious about truly revolutionary change, in the very best sense.

Ted Glick works with Beyond Extreme Energy and is president of 350NJ-Rockland. Past writings and other information, including about Burglar for Peace and 21st Century Revolution, two books published by him in 2020 and 2021, can be found at https://tedglick.com. He can be followed on Twitter at twitter.com/jtglickRead other articles by Ted.

 

Destroying Gaza City


Destroying cultures and eradicating the legacies of a people is a game the parochial and the dim-witted delight in. While this should be shunned and punished in international law, a general discomfort of purpose seems to trouble the friends of Israel as the state goes about its business of ruining what vestiges of living might exist in the Gaza Strip. As Israel’s warriors of vengeful virtue go about demolishing one of the last parts of Gaza that has any infrastructure worth mentioning, the usual ceremony of impotent effusion and concern is registered across the networks of the world.

By the end of October 2024, Corey Scher and Jamon Van Den Hoek noted that the Gaza Strip had been subjected to “one of the most intense bombing campaigns of the twenty-first century, driving widespread urban damage.” With a focus on northern Gaza, the authors noted that 191,263 (three-fifths) of all buildings were either damaged or destroyed. In such outlets of sober discernment as Lawfarewe find the authors aghast that the operations in Gaza eclipse those of more recent operations of levelling mayhem, be it the destruction of Mariupol in Ukraine, where 32 percent of the buildings were destroyed or damaged, or the Syrian town of Aleppo, an ancient city victim to a war that saw damage to 40 percent of its buildings during three years of remorseless conflict.

In language so corrupted it conveys the opposite of what is intended, Israel has again used the term “humanitarian zone” in areas it repeatedly bombs, whose residents are being consistently killed. Leaflets dropped over Gaza City on September 7 made the bold and mendacious claim: “From this moment it is announced that the al-Mawasi area is a humanitarian zone and steps will be taken to provide better humanitarian services there”. (They were evidently not up to scratch before.) The Gaza Ministry of Interior could only capitalise on this in a statement. “We call on citizens in Gaza City to beware of the occupation’s deceitful claims about the existence of a humanitarian zone in the south of the Strip.”

Al Jazeera’s Hani Mahmoud reports that the IDF is “using remotely controlled explosive robots, and detonating them in residential streets, destroying neighbourhoods.” He goes on to say that homes, public facilities, schools and a mosque were also hit in Sheikh Radwan. The head of the Palestinian NGOs network, Amjad Shawa, also observed that Israeli forces were “aiming to force Palestinians to the southern areas using these explosions, but everyone knows that there is no safe place in the south or any humanitarian zone.”

Demolitions are now taking place at will, with the high-rise buildings in Gaza City falling to attacks. BBC Verify notes that the IDF is replicating its pattern of demolishing structures in southern Gaza. “Thousands of buildings in areas including Rafah and Khan Younis have been demolished by controlled explosions and demolition contractors in the area”.

Along the way, tents have disappeared in such areas as Zeitoun. Palestinians, treated like much incidental livestock in war, have again been forced to move on under callous direction. Israeli military spokesperson, the gruesome Avichay Adraee, growled his bit of advice that residents leave the city to move to a designated coastal area of Khan Younis risibly called a “humanitarian zone”. On social media, Adraee assures his own conscience – and those of his colleagues: residents are told to leave such specific buildings as the Al-Ruya complex because of alleged Hamas “terrorist infrastructure” in it.

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu adds a vicious flourish, treating the systematic destruction of Gaza City’s infrastructure as entailing the necessary removal of “terror towers” and “nests of terror” (50, to date, having been destroyed). “Now all of this is just an introduction, just a prelude, to the main intense operation – a ground manoeuvre of our forces, who are organising and gathering in Gaza City.” Paying lip service to humanitarian considerations, he also wished it to be on record that those in Gaza “take advantage of this opportunity and listen” with care to his words: “You have been warned. Get out of there.”

The time given for leaving such structures is a question of debate. Aida Abu Kas, resident of the now demolished Sousi Tower, claims that a mere 20 minutes was given by the IDF to take what belongings they could and leave the building before its razing. A better perspective of Israeli intentions is offered by defence minister Israel Katz. In posting a video on social media featuring the destruction of Sousi Tower, he ecstatically claimed (war crime prosecutors, take keen note) that, “The gates of hell are being unlocked in Gaza City.”

In another post of ample blood lust on the X platform, Katz “a last warning to the murderers and rapists of Hamas in Gaza, and in luxury hotels abroad: Release the hostages, and put down your weapons – or Gaza will be destroyed and you will be obliterated.” In such exercises, distinguishing between civilians and combatants no longer takes place. Targets, and culpability, are conflated, as they have been from the outset. The next hellish stage is being set.

Binoy Kampmark was a Commonwealth Scholar at Selwyn College, Cambridge. He lectures at RMIT University, Melbourne. Email: bkampmark@gmail.comRead other articles by Binoy.

 

The Peoples Conference for Palestine: Another Step Forward



The well-organized Palestine conference in Detroit brought over 4600 there, with a heavy Palestinian presence. Most of the speakers in the plenaries were genuine Palestinian activists tested in battle, not well-known writers or professors. The over 270 journalists who have been targeted and murdered for informing the world of the endless US-Israeli slaughter of civilians were honored throughout the three days that included over 20 sessions and plenaries, exhibits, including Palestinian cultural performances, a grand vendor fair and art exhibits.

It was made clear that Israel is the US garrison state in the Middle East, out to break the Palestinian people’s resistance. US-Israel aim to destroy their confidence in their ability to resist and fight back, and as the Final Solution, to wipe Palestinians off their homeland. The US-Israeli military operations, through relentless carpet bombing, mass shootings of civilians, and starvation, aim to kill Palestinians until they decide to flee. If this is a war, then so are the mass shootings in the US, with the perpetrators shooting school children and civilians presented as an army of snipers in an armed conflict against their recalcitrant enemy.

Dr. Mohammad Mustafa, a Palestinian emergency doctor, now living in Australia, has done medical missions to Gaza, spoke in the plenary Gaza is the Center of the World said, “Healthcare in Gaza is not a failure by accident but sabotage by design with doctors killed and aid blocked. That is the reality of Gaza. It is a mirror that is being held up to humanity. Why is it that baby formula is banned from Gaza? Why is it that feeding a child considered a threat? Why are ambulances and hospitals turned into targets of war? When did bread and milk become weapons? When did saving lives become a crime? Gaza is the only place on earth where nourishing a baby is an act of resistance. It is the only place where life itself is viewed as a weapon of war.”

The plenary No Weapons for Genocide: The People Demand an Arms Embargo referred to the UN Special Rapporteur on the Occupied Palestinian Territories Francesca Albanese’s report on “the corporate machinery sustaining the US-Israeli genocide’s settler-colonial project.” In the plenary, Aisha Nizar in gave an excellent review of their grassroots worldwide campaign to disrupt Maersk shipping company’s weapons deliveries to Israel. Over $19 billion in military materials have gone to Israel since the genocide began, mostly by commercial shipping companies. Maersk makes up over 50% of this shipping fleet. Aisha explained the work involved in organizing against Maersk, and have Spanish and Moroccan dock workers strike over servicing their ships.

In the workshop entitled “Unmasking Genocide Enablers in the United States,” Writers Against the War on Gaza presented their campaign against The New York Times, condemning its apologist reporting of Israel’s onslaught on Gaza. One demand of the campaign is making the newspaper retract the December 2023 article, “Screams Without Words,” which claimed rape and sexual violence by Palestinian resistance fighters. This was dubbed “the most dangerous piece of propaganda published since the Iraq War.”

The plenary Documenting Genocide: Gaza, Before and After October 2023  outlined the process of the US-Israel systematic genocidal campaign. Even before October 2023 the Palestinians in Gaza were corralled in an open air prison. Gaza is surrounded by 100 kibbutzes, set up under the cover of being socialist communes, as military outposts outside Gaza. Since October 7, Israel has weaponized and targeted all aspects of life in Gaza: food, health care, water, sewage, energy, education, shelter, and infrastructure. To cut off the people’s own Gaza-grown food, Israel bombed and chemically sprayed the agricultural lands (46% of the strip). Israel controls access to much of Gaza’s water, though Gaza does have aquifers. Gaza’s desalination plants were all targeted and bombed, as were the water treatment plants; water wells were bombed. Israel flushes sea water into the strip to pollute the freshwater aquifers. The one Gaza electrical power plant Israel bombed a week after October 7. US-Israel cut off fuel, electricity, wifi, lighting. Every single hospital, 36 of them, were bombed, one with white phosphorus, which burns right through your body. To date, 1600 health workers have been killed. Every single school in Gaza, preschool to university, Israel bombed.

Israel bombed food aid sites, bakeries, and markets in the mornings, when people go there. In the evening they bomb residential areas, when families gather for dinner. The over 400 food and aid sites, US-Israel shut down in May 2025. They are now only four, each a sniper death trap operated by US-Israel. Several hundred Palestinians have already starved to death.

Gaza is now 90% destroyed.

When people of Gaza are told to move from one area to another, they go through checkpoints which register their photos and IDs, for Palantir, which are then used for the murder program “Where is Daddy?” When Israel wants to murder particular Palestinians, it tracks them to their homes, using US tech company tools, then wipes out the whole family.

The Sunday plenary delved into the obstacle of the Palestinian Authority, now kapos for the Israeli occupation. The PA is like a little brother of the regimes that rule the Arab countries, forces for keeping the people under control and beaten down. These regimes know any liberation for the Palestinian people will set off popular earthquakes throughout the Arab world and destabilize their own rule.

The conference ending was highlighted by an excellent closing speech by Palestinian US Congresswoman Rashida Tlaib, who now faces Congressional censure for it.

The conference would have benefited by having reports on the work of Jewish Voice for Peace, the BDS Movement (Boycott, Divest and Sanctions), and the Freedom Flotillas to Gaza, especially since the largest one is in route.

The conference organizers called for a massive demonstration At the United Nations on Sept. 26 when Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is expected to address the General Assembly. The Palestine NGO Network called a Global Day of Action and Strike September 18th.

This Palestine conference invigorated the movement against the US-Israeli genocide. It made clear the US empire is heavily invested in maintaining Israel as its imperial weapon against the peoples of the Middle East, as the neighborhood cop protecting US oil interests in the region. But today, for the first time, there is now widespread – and outspoken – sympathy in the US people for the suffering of the Palestinian people inflicted by US-Israel. Dislike for Israel has risen to new heights.

The conference also explained that the US government and corporations invest in Israel since it is a lab with actual human subjects, not just rats or guinea pigs, where it can experiment with new methods of control, manipulation, and mass murder. As Rashida Tlaib wisely warned in her speech, “what our government is willing to do to Palestinians, it is willing to do to all of us.”  For instance, the US government has already used some of its citizens in gauging the deadly impact of nuclear fallout, in the CIA Program MK Ultra, and in the decades long Tuskegee experiment.

By the end of the conference it was easy to comprehend that this genocide was planned in advance of October 7. Planned out in US-Israeli research institutes, in US-Israeli think tanks. In “The Academy,” the Ivory Tower, institutes exist to develop the most efficient manuals for mass murder of populations. And how to carry this out in the public eye while hiding it from them, while talking about freedom, democracy, and human rights. The manuals await the pretext and the sadistic politicians, like October 7 and Netanyahu, to put one into practice.

US Genocides

US history is full of genocides, against the Filipinos, the Koreans, the Vietnamese, the East Timorese, the Guatemalans, the Iraqis. It was the US and Britain who carpet bombed German civilian centers in cities, killing many tens of thousands – the Soviet Union did not, it fought German troops. The US is the only country to use the atomic bomb on civilian centers, at a time when Japan was surrendering.

The struggle against the other apartheid settler regime, South Africa, long and hard, took many decades. It was ultimately aided by revolutions and solidarity from neighboring Mozambique, Angola, and Zimbabwe. Unfortunately, this situation hardly exists with the Arab neighbors of Israel. A turning point for South Africa came with Cuban troops defeating the apartheid occupation army in Angola. This is not on the horizon for Palestinians either. These key factors in the defeat of South African apartheid don’t exist to help us.

The struggle against the even more barbaric US slave system likewise took nearly a century, if we start with Vermont first abolishing it, in 1777. It was not defeated by African slave resistance and the Abolitionist movement, forebearers of our Palestine movement today, but by outright war provoked by the slaveocracy. And yet, the victories in the US and South Africa have remained partial victories, unfinished. Unfortunately, the arc of justice in history progresses two steps forward, one step back.

The model for US genocidal operations comes from the wiping Native Americas off their land, and the enslavement of Africans, breaking them, stripping them of their humanity.

The entitled, genocidal attitude of white “civilization” that it owns the world and will civilize it with the sword and Bible has continued for 500 years. The astounding hypocrisy of the US rulers, committing mass murder while talking about freedom and human rights, goes back centuries. The writer of “all men are created equal,” who referred to “the merciless Indian Savages” in the same Declaration, owned other humans, as if they were cows or pigs. The same Thomas Jefferson wrote these genocidal words ten years later: “Our confederacy must be viewed as the nest from which all America, North and South is to be peopled…My fear is that they [the Spanish] are too feeble to hold [their colonies] till our population can be sufficiently advanced to gain it from them piece by piece.”

In Mein Kampf, Hitler noted the US was “the one state” that created the racist society the Nazis wanted. He praised the “Aryan” US conquering “its own continent” by clearing the “soil” of “natives” for more “racially pure” occupiers. In 1937 Winston Churchill, of similar mind, said of the Palestinians, “I do not agree that a dog in a manger has the final rights to the manger, even though he may have lived there for a very long time.”

Israeli Prime Ministers continued this racist genocidal thinking, saying Palestinians “do not exist,” another calling them “two-legged beasts” and a third “grasshoppers to be crushed.” They treated the two state solution in the same way the US did with treaties with Native Americans.

European Union leader Josep Borrell embodies the same entitled white racism when publicly describing Europe as a “garden” and warned that “most of the rest of the world is a jungle, and the jungle could invade the garden”.

This Palestine conference invigorated the movement against the US-Israeli genocide. It emphasized “Palestine is the Compass,” a key class struggle for opponents of the US empire to organize around. Winning this struggle against this white chauvinist US-Israeli destruction of the Palestinian people, has been and will be a long arduous struggle. Today the US empire may be in economic decline, but it still remains an overwhelming foe. It knows their losing this struggle will be another nail in its coffin.

Stansfield Smith, ChicagoALBASolidarity.com, stansfieldsmith100@gmail.com. Stan has been involved in anti-war organizing for 45 years, and has written a number of articles about Venezuela, Bolivia, Cuba, Nicaragua, as well as previous articles related to the subject here. They have appeared in Monthly Review online, Orinoco Tribune, Dissident Voice, Counterpunch, Popular Resistance, and others. Read other articles by Stansfield.


The older we get, the fewer favorite songs we have




University of Gothenburg
Consert 

image: 

Our taste in music tends to become more narrow as we get older. Even though new artists and songs are still being released, nostalgia plays a greater role in middle age.

view more 

Credit: Photo: Olof Lönnehed





Do you think that Spotify's suggestions for new music becomes stranger all the time? It may be because of you. In a unique study with researchers from University of Gothenburg, 15 years of listening data shows that musical taste becomes more refined with age.

Music is a strong marker of identity – but what we listen to changes with age. The results may not be that surprising, but now there is scientific evidence for the first time through an analysis of how listening habits change over time.

The international study from University of Gothenburg, Jönköping University and University of Primorska, shows that younger users listen to a wide range of contemporary popular music and follow trends in popular culture. In the transition from adolescence to adulthood, music habits broaden – more artists and genres are explored, and listening becomes increasingly varied. With age, this spectrum narrows, while music choices become more personal and influenced by previous experiences.

40,000 users

“When you're young, you want to experience everything. You don't go to a music festival just to listen to one particular band, but when you become an adult, you've usually found a style of music that you identify with. The charts become less important,” says the study's co-author Alan Said, associate professor of computer science at the University of Gothenburg.

The researchers used data from the music service Last.fm, where users share music listening habits from platforms such as Spotify. This makes it possible to build a personal music profile and gain overview of one’s own music listening. Since Last.fm users can enter their age when they register, it was possible to link listening habits to age. The study is based on data spanning 15 years and covering more than 40,000 users. The data contained over 542 million plays of more than 1 million different songs.

“In the study, we can follow how music listening changes over a longer period of time. When companies like Spotify try to develop music recommendations for their customers, they don’t necessarily look at listening habits throughout users’ lives,” says Alan Said.

Nostalgia a strong driving force

It turns out that music listening continues to change throughout life. In middle age and beyond, nostalgia becomes a strong driving force; the music from one's youth accompanies one as a ‘soundtrack of our lives.’ Among older listeners, the patterns is twofold; they continue to engage with new music, but at the same time repeatedly return to songs from their youth.

Musical taste also becomes more unique the older the listener is. Teenagers can find many favourite songs in common with their peers. This becomes more difficult with age. Your neighbour listens to death metal all the time, while you are obsessed with Genesis or reggae.

“Most 65-year-olds don't embark on a musical exploration journey,” says Alan Said.

Improved recommendations

For companies or individuals behind a recommendation system, such as Spotify's suggestions for new music to its users, the study's findings present important challenges and opportunities. This type of lifelong analysis of listening habits hasn’t been possible until recently, simply through the fact they haven’t been around for long enough until now.

“A service that recommends the same type of music in the same way to everyone risks missing what different groups actually want. Younger listeners may benefit from recommendations that mix the latest hits with suggestions for older music they have not yet discovered. Middle-aged listeners appreciate a balance between new and familiar, while older listeners want more tailored recommendations that reflect their personal tastes and nostalgic reminiscences,” says Alan Said.

 

Freeze-drying preserves sulfonated lignin’s functional integrity, new study finds



Research reveals how drying temperatures alter the chemical structure and performance of sulfoethylated kraft lignin




Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts

Structural Insights of Sulfoethylated Kraft Lignin at Different Drying Temperatures 

image: 

Research reveals how drying temperatures alter the chemical structure and performance of sulfoethylated kraft lignin

view more 

Credit: Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay P7B5E1, Canada.





Lignin, the world’s second most abundant biopolymer, has long been recognized for its potential as a sustainable raw material in industries ranging from textiles to construction. However, one critical challenge in scaling up its use lies in processing and stabilization. A recent study in the Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts provides unprecedented insights into how drying temperatures affect sulfoethylated kraft lignin (SEKL), a water-soluble derivative designed to expand lignin’s industrial applications.

Researchers synthesized SEKL under alkaline conditions and subjected it to different drying treatments: freeze-drying at –55 ℃ and oven drying at 55, 80, 105, and 130 ℃. They then analyzed the chemical and physical properties using a suite of advanced techniques, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

The results were clear. Freeze-drying preserved SEKL’s functional integrity, producing samples with the highest charge density (–1.95 meq/g), complete solubility in water, and well-maintained sulfonic acid groups. By contrast, oven drying triggered chemical changes that compromised performance. At 55 and 80 ℃, sulfonic acid groups underwent alkylation, reducing solubility and charge density while increasing glass transition temperature. At higher drying temperatures of 105 and 130 ℃, hydrolysis of sulfonic acid groups at phenolic positions occurred, further lowering molecular weight, charge density, and solubility.

These findings underscore the dual role of drying: while necessary for product preparation, it can dramatically alter lignin’s structure and properties. For instance, industries requiring high solubility and electrostatic charge for dispersants would benefit from freeze-dried SEKL, whereas applications such as adhesives might favor thermally dried forms with higher glass transition temperatures.

The study also highlights practical implications for large-scale production. Industrial lignin is often dried at 105 ℃ to remove moisture, but the research suggests this could degrade desirable functionalities. By fine-tuning drying temperatures, manufacturers could balance cost efficiency with targeted material performance.

Ultimately, this research demonstrates that drying is not a neutral step in lignin processing but a transformative stage that dictates downstream usability. The authors recommend carefully optimizing drying protocols to tailor SEKL for specific applications, paving the way for more sustainable and versatile lignin-based products.

 

See the article:

DOI

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2025.09.001

Original Source URL

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2369969825000611

Journal

Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts