By AFP
December 29, 2025
Estella, 14, a homeschooled student, does a Spanish class from her bedroom in Shanghai - Copyright AFP Hector RETAMAL
Mary YANG
Fourteen-year-old Estella spends her weekdays studying Spanish, rock climbing or learning acupuncture in her living room as part of her homeschooling since she left China’s gruelling public school system.
Her parents withdrew her from her Shanghai school three years ago, worried she was struggling to keep up with a demanding curriculum they believe will soon be outdated in the era of artificial intelligence (AI).
They are among a small number of parents in China who are rethinking the country’s rigorous education system, in which school days can last 10 hours, with students often working late into the evening on extra tutoring and homework.
“In the future, education models and jobs will face huge changes due to AI,” Estella’s mother Xu Zoe told AFP, using a pseudonym.
“We wanted to get used to the uncertainty early.”
Homeschooling is banned in China, although authorities generally overlook rare individual cases.
Just 6,000 Chinese children were homeschooled in 2017, according to the non-profit 21st Century Education Research Institute. By comparison, China had roughly 145 million primary and middle school students that year.
But that number of homeschoolers had increased annually by around 30 percent from 2013, the institute said.
Supporters say looser schedules centred around practical projects and outdoor activities help nourish creativity that is squashed by the national curriculum.
In Shanghai, Estella’s school day ended at 5:00 pm, and she often spent around four hours a night on homework.
“Instead of just doing a stressful exam in school, I will do the things I was interested (in),” said Estella, who, unlike many students her age, will not be cramming for high school entrance exams she would have taken next year.
Her parents have hired tutors in science, maths, Spanish and gym, and together with Estella decide her schedule.
On a Tuesday afternoon, she was the youngest at a nearby climbing gym, hoisting herself up the wall after a day of online Spanish studies from her living room and an acupuncture lesson taught by her mother.
Xu, 40, said her daughter has grown more confident since leaving the highly competitive public school system.
“We don’t use societal standards to evaluate ourselves but rather, what kind of person we want to be,” she told AFP.
– ‘Jobs are disappearing’ –
Experts say Chinese people are increasingly questioning the value of traditionally prized degrees from elite universities in an oversaturated market.
In 2023, fewer than one in five undergraduates from Shanghai’s prestigious Fudan University found jobs immediately after graduation.
The country’s unemployment rate for 16- to 24-year-olds reached a two-year high of 18.9 percent in August, according to the National Bureau of Statistics.
“(China) has out-produced. Too many PhDs, too many Masters, too many undergraduates. The jobs they are trying to get are disappearing,” Yong Zhao, an author on China’s education system, told AFP.
Chinese authorities have tried to counter the competitive learning culture by cracking down on cram schools in recent years — but tutoring, paid under the table, remains in demand.
While homeschooling is technically illegal, Zhao said families can generally “get away with it without causing too much attention”.
One mother in Zhejiang province, who wished to remain unidentified for fear of repercussions, said she used an AI chatbot to create a lesson plan on recycling for her nine-year-old homeschooled son.
“The development of AI has allowed me to say that what you learn in a classroom, you don’t need anymore,” she told AFP.
Her son studies Chinese and maths using coursework from his former public school in the mornings and spends afternoons working on projects or outdoor activities.
However, his mother, a former teacher, plans to re-enrol her son when he reaches middle school.
“There’s no way to meet his social needs at home,” she said.
– ‘Don’t be afraid’ –
Time with children her age was one of the biggest losses for 24-year-old Gong Yimei, whose father pulled her out of school at age eight to focus on art.
She studied on her own with few teachers, and most of the people she called friends were twice her age.
But at home, Gong told AFP she had more free time to consider her future.
“You ask yourself, ‘What do I like? What do I want? What is the meaning of the things I do’?” said Gong, who hopes to launch an education startup.
“It helped me more quickly find myself.”
Back in Shanghai, college is an uncertainty for Estella, whose family plans to spend time in Europe or South America to improve her Spanish.
Her mother, Xu, is hopeful that homeschooling may become more mainstream in China. Xu said she would encourage other parents considering it to take the leap.
“You don’t need to be afraid,” she said.
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