Friday, June 06, 2025

 

The Holberg Prize conferred upon Professor Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak


(Bergen, Norway) – Today, the Holberg Prize was conferred upon Indian Professor Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, by HRH Crown Prince Haakon of Norway

Expressing her deepest gratitude as well as her surprise on receiving the award, Spivak accepted the Holberg Prize “in the name of peace, in Palestine, in Ukraine, for the Rohingyas, for our battered world.”


The University of Bergen

Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak 

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Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak received the Holberg Prize today. 

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Credit: Alice Attie





At a prestigious award ceremony today in the University Aula in Bergen, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak received the international research award from HRH Crown Prince Haakon of Norway. Spivak is University Professor in the Humanities at Columbia University.

The Holberg Prize is worth NOK 6 million (approx. USD 600,000) and is awarded annually for outstanding contributions to research in the humanities, social sciences, law or theology.

Expressing her deepest gratitude as well as her surprise on receiving the award, Spivak accepted the Holberg Prize “in the name of peace, in Palestine, in Ukraine, for the Rohingyas, for our battered world.”

Spivak also stressed how it is her responsibility to mention the “prizes of another kind” she has received through decades of grassroots educational work in rural Bengal. For over forty years, she has supported the creation of elementary schools in marginalized communities, often beginning with makeshift shelters built by locals. Spivak recounted how landless illiterate sharecroppers donated a bit of land between their adobe huts for building a small school. “Never in history has a so-called Untouchable donated land to a caste-Hindu and a white man and never since then”, Spivak said. “This is a prize that I cherish in another way from a grand prize such as the Holberg.”

Spivak is considered one of the most influential global intellectuals of our time. She receives the prize for her groundbreaking interdisciplinary research in comparative literature, translation, postcolonial studies, political philosophy, and feminist theory. Her main research focus has been on post-Hegelian philosophy, and the position of the subaltern, i.e. small social groups on the margins of history who cannot exercise their rights and whose perspectives cannot be included in generalizations about the nation state.

In her acceptance speech, Spivak emphasized the importance of the humanities in helping us recognize and respond to the unpredictable and accidental elements that exist outside of rigid systems—how the humanities foster the imagination and critical thinking needed to challenge orders that seek to control or explain everything. “Without this moment,” she said, “available to the imaginative activism of the humanities, we see totalitarianisms committed to preserving the system at all costs, all over the world—regardless of left and right.“

Spivak also highlighted how the humanities teach the practice of learning, not just the accumulation of knowledge. This is a practice that mirrors the ideals of democracy and ethical living, where understanding others is essential. Thus, a just society depends on changing how we think, not just what we know. “No hope of a just society if every generation is not persistently weaned from the basic human affects of greed, fear, and violence; disregarding race-class-gender apartheid”, said the Laureate. “Unless there is persistent, sustained, and worldwide epistemic change, democracy and ethics cannot be desired and knowledge is managed for greed, fear, and violence.”

About the Holberg Laureate
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak has held the post of University Professor in the Humanities at Columbia University
since 2007, where she is also a founding member of the Institute for Comparative Literature and Society. She was educated first at the University of Calcutta and then at Cornell University, where she completed her Ph.D. degree in 1967. She has since taught at more than 20 universities, including University of Ghana, Princeton University, University of California at Irvine, New School for Social Research, University of Pittsburgh, Brown University, University of Iowa, Northwestern University, and Cornell University.

Spivak is a Corresponding Fellow at the British Academy, a Guggenheim Fellow, and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, as well as of the American Philosophical Society. She has received more than 50 faculty awards, and her many honours include the Kyoto Prize in Art and Philosophy (2012), the Padma Bhushan (2013), and the Modern Language Association Lifetime Scholarly Achievement Award (2018). She holds fifteen honorary doctorates from around the world.
 
About the Holberg Prize
Established by the Norwegian Parliament in 2003, the Holberg Prize is one of the largest annual international research prizes awarded to scholars who have made outstanding contributions to research in the humanities, social science, law or theology. The Prize is funded by the Norwegian Government through a direct allocation from the Ministry of Education and Research to the University of Bergen. Previous Laureates include Julia Kristeva, Jürgen Habermas, Manuel Castells, Onora O’Neill, Cass Sunstein, Paul Gilroy, Griselda Pollock, Martha Nussbaum, and Sheila Jasanoff.
To learn more about the Holberg Prize and the call for nominations, visit: https://holbergprize.org/en

GAYATRI CHAKRAVORTY SPIVAK policies, institutions, and culture; in the nationalist and neo-nationalist writings - to Indian elite personalities ...

... Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. An aesthetic education in the era of globalization I Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and ...


GAYATRI CHAKRAVORTY SPIVAK policies, institutions, and culture; in the nationalist and neo-nationalist writings - to Indian elite personalities ...

... Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. An aesthetic education in the era of globalization I Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and ...


GAYATRI CHAKRAVORTY SPIVAK. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS. NEW YORK. Page 2. CHAPTER 1. CROSSIng borDERS. Since 1992, three years after the fall of the Berlin Wall ...

... pdf/103/2-3/523/469376/S. A. Q. 103-0203-15S. pivakF pp.pdf by UNIV. O. F. P. E. NNS. Y. LV. A. NIA user on 09 November 2023. Page 2. 524 Gayatri Chakravorty ...

Critical Inquiry 12 (Autumn 1985) ? 1985 by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. All rights reserved. Permission to reprint may be obtained only from the author. 243 ...

Mar 28, 2024 ... Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's 1992 essay constitutes a feminist intervention into postcolonial translation issues as well as a working translator's manifest...

Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. What is it that one “compare”-s in Comparative ... Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak is University Professor in the Humanities at.



 

NZ study supports evolutionary theory of `punctuated equilibrium’



Paleontologist Niles Eldredge sees paper as `tipping point' for acceptance of long-contentious theory




University of Auckland

Dr Jordan Douglas 

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Dr Jordan Douglas

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Over the past 500 million years, nearly all evolutionary changes in octopuses and squids occurred in rapid bursts during the emergence of new species, according to research from the University of Auckland.

The findings support the theory of `punctuated equilibrium’, first proposed in the 1970s by paleontologists Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge. This controversial theory suggests that evolution is mainly not a slow, continuous process but instead happens in short, intense periods of change, followed by long stretches of stability.

The study was led by evolutionary biologist Dr Jordan Douglas from the University of Auckland’s Department of Physics. Douglas refined a probabilistic model for use with BEAST 2, a software tool for constructing evolutionary trees to test how species evolve over time.

Douglas and senior scientist Peter Wills applied the model to cephalopods (including octopuses, squids, cuttlefish, and vampire squids), as well as to the evolution of Indo-European languages, and ancient enzymes required for genetic coding. Their analysis of cephalopod traits—such as shell shapes, tentacle numbers, and fin structures—suggested that gradual evolution played only a “trivial role.”

The Indo-European languages and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases—enzymes dating back to the dawn of life—also evolved in sudden leaps, said the scientists and co-authors Dr Remco Bouckaert, Associate Professor Simon Harris, and Professor Charlie Carter, an origin-of-life scientist from the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill.

For the Indo-European languages, the research supported the so-called “hybrid theory,” which posits that they originated south of the Caucasus Mountains before spreading northward.

Eldredge, 81, is a curator emeritus at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. In an email to the authors of the paper, he said the new research may serve as a “tipping point” for acceptance of the theory, which has remained controversial for decades.

Over the past 50 years, the concept has been applied to everything from bacteria to dinosaurs, cancer, and even human culture, but doubts have remained about its general applicability, he said.

The new paper, using advanced mathematical techniques, confirms that rapid evolutionary change almost always coincides with the branching of new species. The paper “removes all doubt,” he said.

“Saltative branching” is the term that the University of Auckland scientists prefer to punctuated equilibrium, highlighting that the rapid evolutionary bursts take place when a new species emerges, branching off from the family tree.

 

Vigilance and targeted public health measures are essential in the face of the diphtheria epidemic that has affected vulnerable populations in Western Europe since 2022




Institut Pasteur
Corynebacterium 

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Corynebacterium

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Credit: Institut Pasteur





A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) reveals that the largest diphtheria epidemic in Western Europe for 70 years, which broke out in 2022 among migrants and in 2023 spread to other vulnerable populations in several European countries, is the result of contaminations occurring during migratory travel or in destination European countries, and not in the countries of origin. However, the geographical area and conditions of these initial contaminations are still unknown. A genetic link has also been established between the strain that circulated during the 2022 epidemic and an epidemic that occurred in Germany in 2025, suggesting that the bacterium has been circulating silently in Western Europe. While demonstrating the effectiveness of vaccination programs for the general population, this research, carried out by an international team including researchers from the Institut Pasteur and epidemiologists from Santé publique France, underlines the importance of maintaining a high level of vigilance and public health support dedicated to diphtheria (vaccination, screening, clinical examination) among vulnerable populations in Western Europe.

In 2022, several European countries observed an unusual spike in cases of infection with the bacterium responsible for diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae), mainly among migrants who had recently arrived in Europe. Three hundred sixty-two cases were recorded in Europe that year by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). By the end of 2022, rapid intervention measures such as contact tracing and screening of secondary cases had mitigated the epidemic. In 2023, 123 cases were reported in Austria, France, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands and the UK (March 2025 - Emerging Infectious Diseases). Despite this decline, rare infections have been observed in these countries among migrant populations and other vulnerable populations, particularly the homeless, since 2022 and up to the present day. A total of 536 cases, including at least three deaths, have been reported in Europe since the start of the 2022 epidemic.

A clearer epidemiological picture, but the origin and scope are still unknown

The researchers analyzed 363 isolates from 362 patients in ten European countries. The data reveal that 98% of patients were male, with a median age of 18, 96% of whom had recently migrated to Europe. The majority of infections (77%) were cutaneous, with 15% of more severe respiratory forms.

The study shows that the epidemic, which has mainly affected migrant populations from Afghanistan and Syria, is not the result of initial contamination in these countries of origin, but rather contamination during migratory journeys or in reception centers in European countries. Genomic analysis of the bacterial strains circulating during the epidemic showed a very high degree of genetic proximity between the strains observed in people from different countries, implying the existence of a recent point of contact, outside the country of origin, which led to contamination. The most likely hypothesis is that this point of contact is one or more places frequented by migrants on their journey from their country of origin or in the destination countries. The exact scale of the epidemic remains difficult to determine due to the limitations inherent in screening these vulnerable populations.

Significant results for public health

"This study highlights the crucial importance of cross-border epidemiological surveillance and international collaboration in epidemic response," says Prof. Sylvain Brisse of the Institut Pasteur, one of the study coordinators. "The rapid sharing of sequencing data between countries has made it possible to define the common characteristics of diphtheria strains and adapt the health response."

In view of the major unknowns that persist with regard to this epidemic, public health experts are calling for vigilance and the strengthening of public health measures aimed at vulnerable populations in Western Europe: raising awareness of disease symptoms among doctors and, more broadly, people in contact with the vulnerable populations concerned, checking (and updating if necessary) vaccination status, appropriate antibiotic therapies, etc. Overall, the results highlight the need to step up surveillance of infectious diseases in vulnerable populations, improve access to healthcare and vaccination for migrant populations, and maintain heightened vigilance in the face of emerging antibiotic resistance.

Isabelle Parent du Châtelet, unit manager at Santé publique France states that "the study shows how important it is to ensure that diphtheria immunization levels are up to date, particularly for vulnerable population groups, such as migrants, and that diphtheria poses a risk especially among homeless people, injecting drug users, unvaccinated individuals and elderly people with pre-existing illnesses, as well as people with professional ties to these groups. It also means that clinicians need to be aware of and pay attention to the common symptoms of diphtheria, especially when their patients have a professional or other link with these vulnerable populations."

Collaborative research on an international scale

This study was conducted with financial support from the Institut Pasteur and Santé publique France as part of the missions of the National Reference Center (CNR) for diphtheria. The center was recently appointed as one of the members of the European Reference Laboratory for Diphtheria and Pertussis. The study is part of a concerted approach to diphtheria monitoring and control in Europe, led by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and an ad hoc consortium of research and public health institutions in the countries concerned.

 

Engineers make a big splash, turning water treatment sludge into sustainable concrete



University of South Australia





By combining sludge – a byproduct of the drinking water purification process – and blast-furnace slag, University of South Australia (UniSA) engineers have demonstrated that a new, corrosive-resistant material is more than 50% stronger than cement and resistant to acid-induced degradation.

Concrete is widely used for making sewage pipes due to its availability, affordability and structural strength, but it is highly susceptible to acid and microbial corrosion in sewers, requiring ongoing repairs and maintenance that cost Australian taxpayers close to $70 billion each year.

The scale of sewage networks is immense; for instance, South Australia alone maintains over 9300 km of sewage piping [1,2], and globally, the combined length of these networks is estimated to circle the equator multiple times.

new study published in the Journal of Building Engineering evaluates the effectiveness of the alkali-activated materials (AAMs) and demonstrates why they could revolutionise sewage infrastructure worldwide.

Samples containing 20% to 40% of alum-based water treatment sludge (AWTS) retained over 50% higher compressive strength compared to 100% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), which is used in the production of cement.

The new material also limited the penetration of sulphur-oxidizing bacteria and slowed acid-reduced degradation.

UniSA civil engineering PhD candidate Weiwei Duan, whose research is based on this project, says there is another major benefit: finding a cost-effective and environmental use for water treatment residue.

“Sludge is usually disposed of in landfill sites, which not only reduces available land for other uses, but also harms the environment, creating CO₂ emissions from transporting the waste,” Weiwei says.

Principal supervisor and lead researcher on the project, Professor Yan Zhuge, says the findings suggest that partially replacing the blast furnace slag with 20-40% of water treatment sludge makes them “promising candidates” for use in sewers.

“This has the potential to extend the service life of sewage pipes, reduce maintenance costs, and promote the reuse of water treatment byproducts, thus contributing to the circular economy.

“The construction industry is one of the world’s biggest greenhouse gas emitters, so if we can cut down on the need for cement, we will be helping to lower carbon emissions,” Prof Zhuge says.

In May, Weiwei Duan took out the 2025 Australian Water Association’s Student Water Prize for his research – the first UniSA student to receive this national honour in 60 years.

“Evaluating microbiologically influenced corrosion in alkali-activated materials incorporating alum sludge” is authored by UniSA researcher Professor Yan Zhuge, Weiwei Duan, Dr Yue Liu, Professor Christopher Chow and Alexandra Keegan from the SA Water Corporation. DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112682