Showing posts sorted by relevance for query PEASANT WAR GERMANY. Sort by date Show all posts
Showing posts sorted by relevance for query PEASANT WAR GERMANY. Sort by date Show all posts

Friday, September 11, 2026

'The Uprising' shows the poor of medieval England fighting to be free

11.09.2026, DPA

Photo: Mickael Chavet/ZUMA Press Wire/dpa

By Sabrina Szameitat, dpa

Bloodshed comes fast to the screen in the historical drama "The Uprising," which tells us of brutal uprisings in the 14th century.

The action-packed movie has a very modern feel about the fight for justice despite being set so long ago.

Starring Andrew Garfield ("The Amazing Spider-Man"), it tells of the English Peasants’ Revolt of 1381. It is the story of a group of rebels, determined to take action, head for London to confront the king and other holders of power.

The film combines historical events and figures with the fictional story of the peasant Ploughman, played by Garfield.

British director Paul Greengrass (“The Bourne Ultimatum”) uses the backdrop of Nuremberg, for example, to recount a chapter of European history from the late 14th century.

It is set as England reels from the aftermath of the Black Death, which wiped out large swathes of the population.

But the Crown levies a heavy poll tax to support wars abroad, forcing all to pay the same sum, even those who have barely anything left.

Anger with the young King Richard II (Woody Norman) and his advisers is mounting. Amidst the unrest, the humble peasant Ploughman rebels against the Crown’s demands.

He joins the rebels led by Wat Tyler (Cosmo Jarvis) and the preacher John Ball (Jamie Bell).

Together, they set off for London to present their demands. Faced with escalating violence, Richard II is forced into negotiations.

But this much can be said: he is not as clumsy as he initially appears. On the contrary, he knows how to play on people’s hopes.

Brace yourself for many brutal fight scenes. Greengrass captures the anarchy of the uprising in a visually striking way.

At its core, the film is about the self-empowerment of an oppressed population.

And it asks us how much a rebellion can achieve in the pursuit of your own individual freedom.

It is the lead actors who make "The Uprising" so compelling. But when it comes to narrative structure, however, the film is often overloaded and, at more than two hours, it starts to feel a little bit too long. The characters also remain rather one-dimensional on the whole.

It was not filmed in England, but in southern Germany and British director Paul Greengrass (“The Bourne Ultimatum”) uses the backdrop of Nuremberg and other areas with medieval buildings to recount this chapter of European history.

The production company says it was filmed entirely in Bavaria, in Nuremberg and two other locations in Franconia, alongside the Penzing Studios in Munich.

Lead actor Garfield raved about shooting in the rural regions where the late 14th century was recreated for the big screen.

“Honestly, it was wonderful shooting in Germany, in Bavaria. We had a really great time with a great German crew and some people from Budapest as well,” Garfield told US trade magazine "Deadline."

"And all these beautiful medieval towns in Nuremberg itself. It was a voyage of discovery in the same way that it was for the Ploughman in a way." He particularly enjoyed filming in natural surroundings, he says.

Thursday, February 27, 2025

Faith that the Protestant Reformation stood for freedom was dashed by Martin Luther and the nobility

(The Conversation) — The German peasants were among the first to try to unlock the revolutionary potential of Reformation teachings to fight social and economic injustice.




A sketch of groups of peasants wandering around the countryside during the German Peasants' War. (Warwick Press via Wikimedia Commons.)
Michael Bruening
February 26, 2025

(The Conversation) — Five hundred years ago, in the winter of 1524-1525, bands of peasants roamed the German countryside seeking recruits. It was the start of the German Peasants’ War, the largest uprising in Europe before the French Revolution. The peasants’ goal was to overturn serfdom and create a fairer society grounded on the Christian Bible.

For months, they seized their landlords’ monasteries and castles. By March 1525, the peasant armies had grown to encompass tens of thousands of peasants from Alsace to Austria and from Switzerland to Saxony.

The peasants had economic grievances, to be sure, but they also drew inspiration from the message of freedom, or “Fryheit” in German, being preached by theologian Martin Luther, who had recently launched the Protestant Reformation

Luther’s rejection of the peasants’ cause, however, would help lead to their crushing defeat.

I am a scholar of the Reformation, and I included the peasants’ list of demands in my book on the debates of the era. The question of the legitimacy of the peasants’ uprising was one of the most consequential debates of the era.
Luther’s message of freedom

In 1517, eight years before the German Peasants’ War, Luther launched the Reformation with his 95 Theses. The theses reflected Luther’s belief that the pope and the Catholic Church were preying on the poor by selling them indulgences, taking their money for a false promise that their sins would be forgiven.

Luther taught instead that God freely forgives the sins of believers. In one of his most famous early treatises, “The Freedom of a Christian,” written in 1520, Luther argued that because they are saved or “justified” by faith alone, Christians are entirely free from the need to do works to merit salvation. This included fasting, going on pilgrimages and buying indulgences.

Luther’s attacks on the Catholic Church, clergy and monks quickly grew more vehement. He and his allies lambasted them for fleecing the peasants and the poor through usury, a practice of lending money at high rates of interest. Since the Bible provided no support for such practices, they argued, the poor should be free of them.
The Twelve Articles

In her 2025 book “Summer of Fire and Blood,” Reformation scholar Lyndal Roper argues that the religious element of the peasants’ war was central. The German peasants were among the first to try to unlock the revolutionary potential of Reformation teachings to fight social and economic injustice.

The peasants’ efforts to do so can be seen in the most important statement of their demands: The Twelve Articles. The articles are rooted in Reformation ideas and demanded, among other things, each village’s right to elect its own pastor and to be exempt from payments and duties not found in the Bible.


A pamphlet that peasants distributed with their Twelve Articles in 1525.
Otto Henne am Rhyn: Cultural History of the German People, via Wikimedia Commons

Most important was the message of freedom in the third article: “Considering that Christ has delivered and redeemed us all, without exception … it is consistent with Scripture that we should be free.” It was a cry for equality based on Christ’s redemption of all, rich and poor alike.

The Twelve Articles were hugely successful, going through 25 printings in just two months. Since the vast majority of peasants were illiterate, this was an astounding number.

For the lower classes, the Reformation promised to break up not just the spiritual monopoly held by the Catholic Church but the entrenched feudal system that kept them oppressed. Their desire for freedom was at the same time a denunciation of serfdom.

The peasants were willing to take up arms to secure their freedom. In winter 1524-1525, the peasants were able to capture castles and monasteries without much bloodshed. But starting in the spring of 1525, the uprising became increasingly violent. On Easter Sunday, the peasants shockingly slaughtered two dozen knights in the city of Weinsberg, Germany. A torrent of bloodshed would follow.
Luther’s rejection of the peasants

Although Luther may have provided the initial inspiration for the peasants, he denounced their revolt in the harshest terms. In his treatise “Admonition to Peace,” Luther complained that the peasants had made “Christian liberty an utterly carnal thing,” which “would make all men equal … and that is impossible.”

Responding to the revolt, Luther produced a tract entitled “Against the Murdering and Robbing Hordes of Peasants.” “Let everyone who can,” he infamously wrote, “smite, slay, and stab” the rebellious peasants. The rulers did just that.

The nobility had been slow to react to the peasants’ initial incursions, but when they finally organized their own armies, the peasants didn’t stand a chance. On the battlefield, the nobles’ cavalry and superior artillery brutally cut down the rebels. Many who escaped the battlefield were hunted down and executed.

The exact number of those killed are not known, but estimates place the number at around 100,000. As Roper notes, “this was slaughter on a vast scale.”

Consequences for the Reformation

English historian A. G. Dickens famously described the Reformation as an “urban event”, meaning that the movement’s important developments took place in cities. The German Peasants’ War shows the idea to be wrong.

In its first years, the Reformation galvanized the hopes and dreams of Germans in both town and country. To peasants and townsfolk, it seemed to promise the chance for a complete reordering of an unjust society.


Luther’s rejection of the peasants had important long-term consequences. His decision to side with the princes transformed the Reformation from a grassroots movement into an act of state. Everywhere the Protestant reformers went, they sought to work with the proper authorities. The close cooperation of Christian leaders and secular authorities would last for centuries.

For their part, the European peasantry grew wary of the Christian leaders who seemed to have abandoned them. Social uprisings over the next centuries lost the religious character of the 1525 conflict and would climax in the decidedly secular French Revolution.

(Michael Bruening, Professor of History, Missouri University of Science and Technology. The views expressed in this commentary do not necessarily reflect those of Religion News Service.)


The Conversation religion coverage receives support through the AP’s collaboration with The Conversation US, with funding from Lilly Endowment Inc. The Conversation is solely responsible for this content.



LA REVUE GAUCHE - Left Comment: Search results for PEASANT WAR GERMANY


Marxists.org
https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1850/peasant-war-germany/index.htm

The Peasant War in Germany by Frederick Engels 1850

Jun 6, 2023 ... The Peasant War in Germany was the first history book to assert that the real motivating force behind the Reformation and 16th-century peasant ...



Libcom.org
https://libcom.org/article/third-revolution-popular-movements-revolutionary-era

The Third Revolution: Popular Movements in the Revolutionary...

Jun 15, 2020 ... pdf (17.78 MB). ThirdRevVol2Pt1.pdf (12.23 MB). ThirdRevVol2Pt2.pdf (28.3 MB) ... Audiobook of Murray Bookchin's Ecology and Revolutionary Thought.

Thursday, September 19, 2024

Sacred chapel destroyed during German Peasants’ War rediscovered

Image Credit : LDA

By:Mark Milligan
Date: September 18, 2024
Archaeology

Archaeologists from the State Office for Monument Preservation and Archaeology (LDA) of Saxony-Anhalt have rediscovered the Mallerbach Chapel at the site of the Kaltenborn monastery.

Between 1524 to 1525, a large number of peasants, urban lower classes, and lesser nobles living in the German-speaking areas in Central Europe rebelled against a combination of economic, social, and religious factors. These include:
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Economic hardship and inequality: Peasants faced heavy burdens from taxes, dues, and rents imposed by landlords, the church, and secular rulers.


Feudal oppression: Many peasants grew increasingly resentful of the limitations placed on their freedoms by feudal lords, including restrictions on hunting, fishing, and access to communal lands.

Religious influence: The Reformation inspired many peasants who saw in it a call for social and economic reform against a corrupt church.


Legal grievances: Peasants sought greater control over local governance and justice. They were frustrated by the arbitrary decisions made by their lords and demanded more influence over the laws and rules that governed their daily lives.


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Image Credit : LDA

Following the outbreak of the Peasants’ War, insurgents from the nearby villages of Riestedt and Emseloh plundered the Kaltenborn monastery near Allstedt in the German district of Mansfeld-Südharz, leading to the monastery’s decline and eventual dissolution in 1538.


According to a press statement by the LDA: “It’s destruction – an act of rebellion against the Cistercian convent of Naundorf, which was in charge of the Chapel of St. Mary and to which the Allstedt residents were subject to taxes – can be seen as the first flare-up and harbinger of the coming uprising of the ‘common man’ against the authorities.”

Recent excavations at the monastery site have located the 12th/13th century Mallerbach chapel, a sacred place of worship for pilgrims who came to witness a weeping image of the Virgin Mary.

Archaeologists have uncovered the original floor plan of the chapel, which measures around 17 metres in length with a rectangular choir and semicircular apse. Excavations have also found the altar foundations, as well as traces of burning from the time of the German Peasants’ War.

Header Image Credit : LDA

Sources : State Office for Monument Preservation and Archaeology (LDA)


Jun 6, 2023 ... The Peasant War in Germany was the first history book to assert that the real motivating force behind the Reformation and 16th-century peasant war was socio- ....

Saturday, August 15, 2020


A vast plague of field mice in Germany is devouring crops on a massive scale

Sophia Ankel AUGUST 15,2020
Wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) head emerging from nest while leaving burrow. Arterra/Universal Images Group via Getty Images

Field mice have destroyed swathes of farmland in Germany in what is the worst rodent infestation in over thirty years, according to the country's national farming association.
An estimated 300,000 acres have been stripped bare by the small furry animals, which has resulted in significant crop loss for farmers.
Farmers have blamed the infestation on the weather as well as highlighting a reduction in pesticide use, which has helped the rodents flourish in recent years.
While there have been calls on the government to relax the rules on the use of pesticides, environmentalists say that other endangered species will be at risk of being killed off.

Plagues of field mice have destroyed thousands of acres of farmland in Germany, which has been described as the worst rodent infestation in over 30 years, according to the country's national farming association.

An estimated 300,000 acres (120,000 hectares) of fields across the country have been stripped bare by the ravenous rodents, leading to significant crop loss and calls for compensation.

The country's agricultural minister, Julia Klöckner, has called the decimation of land an agricultural emergency and is now asking for a reassessment of laws governing the use of pesticides.

"We've already seen huge damage, and more is to be expected," Klöckner said, according to the Guardian.

Farmers in the worst-affected states of Thuringia and Saxony-Anhalt have complained that the mice, which are around 5-inches (15 cm) long, are devastating their food crops.

In the worst-affected state of Thuringia, as much as a quarter of the crops are affected. The damage is estimated at around $530 for every acre of wheat, the Guardian reported.

"They are eating everything," said Matthias Krieg, who manages an agricultural firm near the town of Zeitz in Saxony-Anhalt told German news website Der Spiegel. "Not even the sugar beets are safe."

Some farmers blame a succession of dry summers and mild winters for the infestation — but a reduction in the use of pesticides has also helped the rodents flourish, they say.

Joachim Rukwied, the president of the German Farmers' Association, said: "The farmers must be given the possibility to protect their harvest with appropriate measures. Right now environmental restrictions are preventing an effective control of the mouse population," the Guardian reported.

But while there have been calls on the government to relax the rules on the use of pesticides, environmentalists say that endangered species, such as hamsters, hares, and migratory birds, will be at risk of being killed off.

Magnus Wessel, of the Association for the Protection of the Environment and Nature, told German media that poison was not a solution and that the "side effects would be enormous."

"Not only would it kill off the field mice, but also the highly endangered common hamster. Birds that ingest the poison would also die," Wessel added, according to Der Spiegel.


According to the Guardian, some campaigners are calling for a ban on fox hunting that kills 400,000 annually. A fox can eat up to 5,000 field mice a year, they say.

Over 80% of Germany's land is used for agriculture, with chief agricultural products including milk, pork, beef, potatoes, wheat, barley, cabbages, and sugar beets.

Apr 23, 2015
As the story goes, in 1284, townspeople hired a rat catcher to lure away the vermin that had overrun their village ...

The Pied Piper of Hamelin · I Hamelin Town's in Brunswick, By famous Hanover city; · II Rats! · III At last the people in a body · IV An hour they sat in council, · V " ...
by F Engels - ‎Cited by 105 - ‎Related articles
https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1850/peasant-war-germany/index.htm. The 1848 uprisings in Germany put Engels in mind of the last great peasant ... Miracles supposed to have been performed by the Piper were being related;.

Thursday, July 22, 2021

 

Parsing the Witch Hunt 

Doug Ingold's There Came a Contagion

click to enlargeDoug Ingold's There Came a Contagion.
  • Doug Ingold's There Came a Contagion.

Humboldt author Doug Ingold's new novel There Came a Contagion lays out a dystopic vision of a countryside gripped by drought and famine, where frightened people seek scapegoats. Religious and civic leaders rise to prominence by mastering the articulation and gradual augmenting of that fear, assigning blame to outsiders in ways that dovetail with extant biases. These leaders say "the contagion" has come from outside and that punishing or purging figures at the group's margins will put things back to rights, encouraging townspeople to overcome inhibitions that previously constrained the open expression of hate. Rhetoric functions as an accelerant, fanning long-standing bias and resentment into murderous intent.

A Contagion is a work of historical fiction set among peasants in a 16th century German village and, yes, it's about a witch hunt, but the hunt proper does not commence until the book's second half. The novel's early chapters methodically set the stage for this grotesque event, building a world from the sights, sounds and cognitive horizons of a medieval village, and situating young protagonist Elsebett in a multigenerational narrative therein.

Ingold's medieval tale is propelled in part by a desire to illustrate the range of human response to societal crisis, and no one who's been paying attention to U.S. headlines since the COVID-19 pandemic hit will be surprised by its inglorious nature. Readers who are moved to superimpose the story in mind's eye over the map of recent U.S. history, like a template will likely raise their eyebrows at the passages of overlap and exhale at the parts where the stories diverge.

Present day parallels aside, Ingold's chronicle follows two generations of a German-speaking farming family in a tiny Western European village. Bereaved father Basil Helgen indentures his 7-year-old daughter Elsebett to village midwife/healer Rachel Mueller after the child's mother dies in childbirth. His family's life is difficult, like any pre modern subsistence farmer's: hard outdoor labor, close family and community ties, narrow economic margins, intermittent hunger and vulnerability to external forces like unpredictable weather and extortionate feudal masters. These aspects of community life figure in the book's earlier chapters, told largely from Basil's point of view. By the book's midsection, when Elsebett begins her apprenticeship, the narrative shifts to adopt her perspective with lyrically imagined passages detailing Frau Mueller teaching her to forage for medicinal plants and compound medications, how to assist in childbirth and, controversially, how to read.

The author's previous novel Rosyland plotted points of contact between old San Francisco money, the theater world of Ashland, Oregon, and the cannabis culture of Southern Humboldt. In this plot, place is a constant, while characters' connections unfold in time. Ingold is competent at describing an intensely local existence where, especially for women, opportunities for exposure to the outside world are rare.

Ingold practiced law in Garberville for many years before retiring to write full time, which may have served him well when it comes to writing about rural village life. His plainspoken narrative is attentive to familial triangulations and conflicts across generations. It forays readily into the interior, noting how a dynamic between two people might be experienced as "a private physical sensation," and how a person ensconced in a close-knit family can feel creeping isolation "growing around him like a thick skin."

In the novel's second half, a sense of impending disaster takes hold. Theories blaming drought and famine on a particular marginalized group gain feverish adherents, as initially halting efforts to identify a scapegoat become a juggernaut. Elsebett and her mistress Rachel possess knowledge about the natural world — much less the intimate functions of the supposedly sinful female body — that has not been incorporated within the discipline of medicine. In the eyes of their friends and neighbors, these features become enough to certify the women as a threat.

There Came a Contagion deftly crafts a portrait of a world before science, where calendar time is reckoned in terms of saints' days and the church is sole arbiter of truth. "Contagions want to happen," Frau Mueller says to Elsebett at one point. "What a contagion calls for is a cause, someone or something to blame .... The contagion produces a sleight of hand to draw attention away from itself." Witch hunts, she says, are entertaining by design: They appeal because they are associated with "excitement, drama and suspense." Before they do anything else, it seems, they answer the craving for a cool story.

The book's final third surveys the motives that make it easy for the good folks of the village to accommodate evil. Fear and a sense of grievance motivate some characters' fascination, while for others it's malice mingled with an inchoate desire to stick it to authority.

At one point, Rachel predicts that someday in the future a young nun in a convent, leafing through chronicles, "will find our time noted there, and she will marvel that such madness could have happened." Such a quasi-modern confidence — in the power of the written word and society's trope toward reason — sets Rachel apart from her peers. Today's readers might mull this commentary, which the author has placed in the mouth of a 16th century peasant midwife, and be struck by the audacity of its optimism.

Gabrielle Gopinath (she/her) is an art writer, critic and curator based in Arcata. Follow her on Instagram at  @gabriellegopinath.

  1. The Peasant War in Germany by Frederick Engels 1850

    https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1850/peasant-war-germany/...

    1996-01-04 · The Peasant War in Germany was the first history book to assert that the real motivating force behind the Reformation and 16th-century peasant war was socio-economic (class conflict) rather than “merely” religious. Contents. Author’s Preface to the Second Edition (1870) Author’s Addendum to the Preface (1874)